Among the most powerful city-states in ancient Greece, Athens was the first and Sparta was the second.
Spartan education is famous for training fierce sergeants.
Sparta was one of the largest slave countries in ancient Greece established around the 8th century BC. In order to suppress slave resistance and foreign invasion, Sparta turned every city-state into a big military camp, and every Spartan would become a soldier through long-term strict military sports training. The so-called polis is a country with the city as the center and towns and villages around it. Sparta is located in the Ragogna Plain in the south of the Greek Peninsula. Lagonia is surrounded by mountains on three sides and a small plain in the middle. The original meaning of "Sparta" is "a plain that can be cultivated". About 1 1 century BC, a group of Greek tribes named Dorians invaded Lagonia southward, destroyed the original city-state and settled here. This is the Spartan city of Dorians-but it has neither walls nor decent streets. Spartans are Dorians who came here.
In the process of conquering Ragogna, the Spartans turned the original inhabitants into slaves, which were called Shiloh. In the 8th century BC, Spartans waged a war against neighboring Messenia for 10 years, and finally conquered Messenia, turning most Messenians into slaves and Silos. Hilo people are fixed on the land, engaged in hard agricultural labor, and give more than half of their harvest to slave owners every year, leading a life of being half hungry and half full, not as good as cattle and horses. There is a poem that says:
Carrying an unbearable burden like a donkey,
They are oppressed by violence;
The fruits of hard work,
Half will be sent to the owner's barn.
Spartans often wage wars abroad, so the burden of military service of Luo people in Riccardo Chailly is very heavy. During the Greek-Persian War, the Spartans recruited 35,000 heroes at one time to go out with the army. They were forced to take the lead and use their lives to find out the enemy's actual situation and consume the enemy's troops.
Where there is oppression, there is resistance. Heroes can't stand the cruel exploitation and cruelty of Spartans, and often hold armed uprisings. In addition, there are many more heroes than Spartans, so Spartans persecuted and destroyed heroes in a way called "Kriputi". Kriputi means covert action, and the epic records: "Officers often send a large number of the most cautious young soldiers to the countryside, with only daggers and some necessary supplies. During the day, they scattered in remote places and killed everyone they could catch. Sometimes, they come to the fields where Luo people in Riccardo Chailly are working and kill the strongest and best of them. " In a war between Sparta and Athens, 2,000 heroes made great contributions. The Spartans promised to set them free and take them to templo mayor to thank God. But they were slaughtered by slave owners who were lying in ambush in the temple. Heroes are the public property of all Spartans. Spartans have no right to buy or sell heroes, but they can hurt them at will. In festivals, Spartans often get heroes drunk with bad wine and drag them to public places to insult them. Heroes are whipped once a year, even if they are not at fault, to remind them of their slavery. In order to maintain the oppression and exploitation of heroes and suppress their resistance, Spartans need a strong army. Spartans formed a unique political system, the whole society lived a militarized life, and the education children received from childhood was military training. In order to prevent the polarization between the rich and the poor in Sparta, Spartans were not allowed to engage in industry and commerce. Instead of using gold and silver as money, they used low-value iron coins. Spartans were not allowed to make a living except soldiers. Spartans advocate the spirit of force, and the whole Spartan society is like a big military camp with strict management. In Sparta, the state practiced the system that all the people were soldiers. Spartans did not engage in any production activities, but devoted themselves to military training to prepare for war. Therefore, the purpose of their education is to exercise strong physique, tenacious perseverance and indomitable spirit, and cultivate qualified soldiers. Around this goal, they carried out a harsh racial elimination: Spartan boys were tested and washed by the gods in their infancy, and they were trained from an early age not to be afraid of darkness, loneliness, crying and impatience. Boys were brought up by their parents before they were seven years old. After the age of seven, the boy joined the youth league organized by the state and received strict and arduous training. They demand absolute obedience to their leaders and enhance their courage, physical strength and cruelty. They practice running, discus throwing, boxing, fencing and fighting. In order to cultivate children's obedience and patience, they will be whipped once a year when they worship God at festivals. They knelt in front of the temple and the burning whip rained down, but they were not allowed to beg for mercy or shout. In order to cultivate their hard-working spirit, they were made bald, barefoot, undressed, bathed in cold water and slept on thick reed mats during training. In order to cultivate their perseverance, a whipping system is implemented; In order to train their agility and wit, let them steal. If they are not caught stealing, they will be praised and rewarded, otherwise they will be considered stupid and punished. /kloc-at the age of 0/8-20, Spartan men received formal armed military training and participated in actual combat exercises to cultivate their ability to adapt to the war environment. At the age of 20, he became an ordinary soldier and served until he was 60. In the meantime, married men can only meet their wives in secret. They usually live in the military camp all day, losing the liveliness and freedom of their individuality and devoting their lives to the military camp. Years of tenacious training have cultivated their perseverance and loyalty to the country.
At the same time of military training, Spartans also instilled in children the idea that Spartans were noble and heroes were humble. Instructors often insult and whip Luo people in Riccardo Chailly at will in front of children, and even take them to participate in "Kriputi" activities, directly killing Luo people in Riccardo Chailly. The boy reached the age of 12 and was incorporated into the youth team. Their life is more difficult. They only wear a coat in winter and summer, and usually have little food, but they are encouraged to steal food outside. If someone finds out, he will be hit hard when he comes back because he is not good at stealing. Legend has it that a teenager stole a fox and hid it on his chest. The fox bit his clothes. In order not to be discovered, he kept silent until he was bitten to death by a fox.
After reaching the age of 20, young men in Sparta officially became soldiers. Married at the age of 30, but still attend military training every day. Retired at the age of 60, but still in the reserve. Spartan girls stayed at home at the age of seven, but instead of weaving and doing housework all day, they engaged in physical exercise and learned to run, run, throw discus and fight. Spartans believe that only a strong mother can give birth to a strong warrior. Spartan women are brave and strong. They are not afraid to see their son injured or killed on the battlefield. When a Spartan mother sent her son to the battlefield, she did not wish him a safe return, but gave him a shield and said, "Take it or lie on it." It means that you can either come back with a shield and win with honor, or die with honor and be carried back with a shield.
Spartans despised culture and education. Teenagers only need to be able to write commands and notes. Spartans asked their children to be concise and straightforward, and formed the habit of silence from an early age. They talk like military orders. Once, a king threatened the king of Sparta to obey his orders, or he would raze Sparta to the ground. The king of Sparta replied, "Please!" This concise answer was later called Spartan answer. Similarly, Spartans despised literature, art and natural science. In the city of Sparta, there is hardly a magnificent building, and the Spartans have not produced a beautiful work of art to pass on to future generations. Spartans practiced "two kings". Two kings have unlimited power only when they are fighting. One king acts as commander in chief, and the other king stays at home. Usually all major issues are decided by the 30-member "Council of Elders". There are five consuls to assist the king in handling government affairs. All important matters concerning the polis are decided by the council of elders. However, in name, it must be approved by the General Assembly before it can take effect.
In the long-term foreign war, Sparta intensified its oppression and exploitation of the Luo people in Riccardo Chailly. The heroes held many uprisings. About 640 BC, Luo people in Riccardo Chailly launched an armed uprising for more than ten years. In 464 BC, Spartan heroes revolted again. Brave and tenacious, they reached the gate of Sparta and persisted in their struggle 10 years. Desperate Spartans released the rebels. The rule of Sparta was thus dealt a heavy blow. After the middle of the 4th century BC, Sparta gradually declined.
Despite the shortcomings of Spartan education, it is very successful in terms of Spartan education system and the closest goal. For centuries, citizens have been full of obedience, thrift and self-sacrifice. Plutarch said that like bees, they only act for the public interest; They are eager for honor, act with almost crazy enthusiasm, and have no other ideas except their own country. Unswerving highest values, enduring pains and hardships without regrets, and constant dedication to the overall survival are unique to Spartans. Long after many Greek city-states lost their independence and customs and ideas disintegrated, Spartans still had a considerable degree of autonomy. Many years. Spartans have always maintained the unity of spiritual concepts, even in the case of rampant individualism and social disintegration.