0 Introduction On February 18, 2003, a fire accident occurred in Daegu subway in South Korea, which caused nearly 200 deaths, hundreds of injuries, damage to station facilities and other serious consequences. This major accident has aroused the concern of countries all over the world about the completeness and importance of the subway disaster prevention and rescue system. Experts believe that the subway equipment in the world is basically the same as that in South Korea. How to deal with sudden disasters in subway disaster prevention and rescue system is an urgent problem facing all countries. 1 Overview of subway disasters (fires) 1. 1 Types of subway disasters and their examples Disasters that may occur during the construction and operation of the subway are divided into natural disasters and man-made disasters. Judging from the historical lessons of the world subway 100 years, fire is the most frequent subway disaster, which also causes the greatest loss. This article will focus on the prevention and rescue of subway fire. Several subway fire cases in history are as follows: 199 1 a subway fire broke out in Berlin, Germany, 18 people were taken to hospital for emergency treatment; In June 5438 +2003 10, a subway train in London, England, crashed into a platform, causing a fire accident and injuring at least 32 people. The recent arson accident of Daegu subway in South Korea. 1.2 Characteristics of subway fire Due to the relatively closed environmental characteristics, a subway fire will be more dangerous than a building fire on the ground. The main characteristics of subway fire can be summarized as follows: (1) People are in a high degree of psychological panic and their actions are in a high degree of confusion. Subway tunnel has few entrances and exits, narrow passages, long evacuation distance and many people, so the degree of panic and chaos caused by people is much more serious than that caused by ground buildings, and it is prone to stampede accidents. (2) The smoke will not disperse. The closed environment inside the subway makes it difficult for substances to burn fully, and the smoke volume of combustible materials is very large during the fire. However, the intake and exhaust of the subway only rely on a small number of tuyeres, so it is difficult to rely on natural ventilation to remedy the failure of mechanical ventilation system, and the control and elimination of smoke is more complicated. The continuous accumulation of smoke will bring great obstacles to escape and fire fighting. (3) The temperature rises rapidly and the peak value is high. Because the subway building is a relatively closed space, after the fire, a lot of heat can't be dissipated, and the space temperature rises rapidly, and the temperature can reach 1 000℃ or above in the intense stage of the fire. High temperature sometimes causes the change of airflow direction, which has a great impact on evacuation personnel and will cause great damage to the station structure. (4) It is difficult to evacuate people. People's evacuation from the inside of the subway to the open space on the ground must have a vertical upward process, which consumes more physical strength than downward, thus affecting the evacuation speed. At the same time, the bottom-up evacuation route is consistent with the natural flow direction of smoke and hot air inside, so the evacuation of people must be completed before the diffusion speed of smoke and hot air exceeds the walking speed. This time difference is very short and difficult to control, so it is very difficult to evacuate people. (5) overcome difficulties. Due to the limitation of underground space, smoke, high temperature, lack of oxygen, toxicity, unclear vision, communication interruption and other reasons, it is difficult for rescuers to understand the scene situation; Because large-scale fire-fighting equipment cannot enter the site, the rescuers who enter need special protection, which makes it difficult to save people and put out the fire. 1.3 principles of disaster prevention design The principle of "prevention first, combining prevention with elimination" should be implemented in disaster prevention design. The disaster prevention design should conform to the relevant design codes and regulations of our country, and consider the disaster prevention design of building structures, the design of monitoring, alarm and fire fighting system, the fire prevention design of subway vehicles and the emergency plan in case of fire, and establish and improve the disaster prevention system of "prevention, monitoring, alarm, rescue and fire fighting" of subway. 2 subway fire prevention measures In addition to various considerations in subway design, fire prevention should also strengthen the usual safety management. Since the Daegu incident, China's subway management departments have gradually improved and strengthened fire prevention measures. The subway fire prevention measures have the following aspects. (1) is designed in strict accordance with the fire protection code. Subway must carry out comprehensive fire protection design in terms of architecture, structure, electromechanical and other aspects according to its own traffic function, the characteristics of large daily passenger flow and the corresponding fire protection design specifications. Among them, in the design of station building and train body, the greatest possible conditions should be created for the safe evacuation of personnel: ① the width of platform should meet the requirements of passenger evacuation in disaster or emergency; (2) The entrances, exits and passages should be located in places with large passenger flow, dense pedestrians and sufficient distribution space. The number and width of entrances, exits and passages shall meet the requirements of evacuating passengers within 6 minutes in case of emergency; (3) Evacuation passages and exits shall be provided with guiding signs and emergency lighting equipment, which shall be connected with emergency standby power supply to guide personnel to evacuate safely in time in case of emergency; (4) Reasonably divide the fire and smoke prevention zones of the station, and set up firewalls, fire doors or fire shutters between independent fire prevention zones; Divide smoke prevention zones in the fire prevention zone, and eliminate smoke as much as possible in combination with the smoke exhaust system to reduce the harm of smoke to people's escape. ⑤ Screen door system can block the flame and control the flow of smoke in case of fire, create conditions for fire fighting and personnel escape, and avoid accidents caused by crowded people in case of fire. ⑥ Reasonably design subway trains, and take measures such as connecting carriages and installing escape systems on trains. (2) Reasonable selection of building and car body materials. Building and decorative materials used in production materials such as subway, station equipment, train body and vehicle equipment must meet the requirements of flame retardancy and flame retardancy. (3) Adopt reasonable and necessary fire fighting equipment. Set up reliable automatic detection, alarm and fire extinguishing system, fire fighting equipment should be arranged according to specifications, and the control system has high reliability. (4) Strengthen daily management and maintenance. Arrange security officers to patrol the subway entrance and platform to prevent man-made accidents. Metro equipment should be maintained in time to eliminate electrical fires; It is necessary to manage all kinds of fire detection and fire fighting facilities and equipment to keep them in good working condition and ensure timely prediction and extinguishing of fires. (5) Formulate fire emergency plans and strengthen fire drills. The subway management department should pay attention to the prevention of emergencies and formulate multiple sets of emergency plans; Strengthen the fire education and training for employees and passengers, organize fire drills with the fire department, and enhance the emergency response ability of subway station staff. (6) Improve relevant laws and regulations. Promulgate targeted laws and regulations to supervise and guarantee the fire safety of public transport from a legal perspective. Monitoring and alarm of subway fire. 1 type fire detector The fire detector is the most important part in the fire alarm system. Common fire sensors can be divided into smoke-sensitive fire detectors, temperature-sensitive fire detectors, flame detectors, gas sensors and composite detectors. Different types of sensors respond to different fire parameters and send signals to the fire alarm controller. 3.2 Types of fire monitoring and alarm equipment According to the environmental conditions in which the equipment is located, subway fire monitoring and alarm equipment can be divided into the following three types. 3.2. 1 Field-level fire monitoring and alarm equipment (1) Fire sensors are used to automatically detect fires in equipment rooms, station halls and passenger areas on platforms. (2) Manual alarms should be installed in the passenger public area, equipment room area and train in the station to inform the fire in time. (3) The temperature-sensitive cable is used to automatically detect and alarm the fire of the cable interlayer under the substation on the platform floor. (4) Emergency telephone jack, located in the passenger public area, equipment room area, interval tunnel and fire hydrant box outside the track in the station. 3.2.2 The alarm controller of the station dispatching room level fire monitoring and alarm equipment (1) can monitor and accept the alarm signals of each detection point at any time, send out audible and visual alarm signals, and automatically or manually execute the linkage control of relevant fire control facilities. (2) The analog graphic display terminal can display the detailed information of the station system in different levels and regions according to the building plane of the station, including fire alarm position, equipment installation position, equipment operation state, fault alarm signal, action return signal of relevant fire control facilities, etc. , and can print out related data reports in real time.
(3) Video transmission system: Install omni-directional monitors in public places such as station platforms, station halls, etc., collect video information in the station in real time, and reflect it to the closed-circuit television monitor in the duty room, which will be monitored and processed by the personnel on duty. 3.2.3 The function of analog graphic display terminal of fire monitoring and alarm equipment in central control room is the same as that of station-level analog graphic display terminal. 3.3 Composition of Monitoring and Alarm System The subway disaster prevention monitoring and alarm system is set to two-level monitoring mode. The first level is the central control room level, which implements centralized monitoring and management of the whole line alarm system and keeps abreast of the dynamic situation of the whole line; The second floor is the station dispatching room floor, which is set in each subway station. It is an independent alarm subsystem, which can monitor and alarm the fire situation within its jurisdiction, and can implement related fire fighting operations. All the above monitoring and alarm systems are connected with the field equipment to form a network loop, so as to ensure that the alarm signals sent by each detection point can reach the monitoring centers at all levels in time, correctly and smoothly. 4 subway fire rescue once a fire breaks out in the subway, the first problem is to ensure the safe evacuation of personnel. In terms of personnel rescue, the following aspects should be considered. 4. 1 Emergency evacuation of sudden fire Different evacuation plans should be made for subway fires in different places and situations. 1.The train caught fire while running. The subway fire is the most difficult to control and the most likely to cause casualties. Pay special attention to the emergency handling of this situation. There are two situations in which a train catches fire while running. (1) The fire happened near the platform. Trains are generally in the state of just leaving the station or about to arrive. In case of fire, the driver should inform the station of the fire by radio in time, and the station staff will rush to the platform to prepare for evacuation and rescue work. At this time, if the fire is not very serious, the driver will drive to the nearest platform, open the door and organize passengers to evacuate with the station staff. If there is a fire in the train, the driver should immediately disconnect the external power supply, start the standby power supply and maintain the lighting of the carriage. At the same time, the station rescuers should immediately drive the trailer to drag the train to the platform, and then quickly open the door to evacuate passengers.
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Last update: 2014-01-04 08: 43: 07 (2) A fire broke out in the center of the tunnel. At this time, the train is far from the platforms at both ends, so it is too late to drive the train to the platforms. In addition to contacting the station by radio, the driver should immediately cut off the external high-voltage power supply and start the emergency standby power supply. According to the location of the train and the fire situation, the station dispatching room turns on the emergency mode of the ventilation system to keep the smoke away from the passengers. The driver opened the train evacuation door, guided the passengers to evacuate along the center of the tunnel against the wind, and quickly evacuated the scene. 4. 1.2 station fire When a fire breaks out at the station, the station staff will evacuate the passengers stranded on the platform through the broadcasting system, and at the same time start the ventilation and smoke exhaust mode of the station emergency mode to create conditions for people to escape. Adjacent stations should issue instructions to stop or turn back the trains running in this section of the tunnel, so as to reduce casualties. 4.2 The organization of the rescue team can be divided into three levels: drivers, station staff and specialized rescuers. The fire severity faced by the first two rescuers is relatively light, so strengthening the emergency training of these two rescuers will play a great role in fire control and evacuation. You can't wait to rely on three-level professional forces for personnel rescue and fire fighting. 5. Fire extinguishing system of Metro Line 5. 1 classification and characteristics of fire extinguishing systems According to the types and methods of fire extinguishing agents used, fire extinguishing systems can be divided into the following types: ① fire hydrant fire extinguishing system. Water has the characteristics of convenient use, wide sources, good fire extinguishing effect, low price and wide application range, so the fire hydrant fire extinguishing system is the most basic fire extinguishing facility in buildings at present. ② Automatic sprinkler system. It has the advantages of automatic sprinkler in the early stage of fire, less water consumption, high fire extinguishing success rate, small loss, no casualties, sensitive response and rapid fire extinguishing, but the cost is high. ③ Gas fire extinguishing system. Compared with the automatic sprinkler system, it has the advantages of less post-treatment workload and good effect of controlling the spread of oil and gas fires, but the cost is high, which may also cause air pollution and harm to human body. ④ Foam fire extinguishing system. It has the characteristics of small water loss, high fire extinguishing efficiency and easy foam removal. ⑤ Dry powder fire extinguishing system. It has the characteristics of short fire extinguishing time, high efficiency, good insulation, small loss after fire extinguishing, no fear of freezing, no use of water and long-term storage. ⑥ Fire extinguisher. Light and flexible, widely used, it has obvious effect on extinguishing initial fire. 5.2 The selection of fire extinguishing system should be based on the environmental conditions, equipment installation, equipment characteristics and other requirements of different parts of the subway, and the corresponding fire extinguishing system and equipment should be selected. The public area of the station should be based on the fire hydrant system and cover the whole station under the protection of the fire hydrant; In the equipment room of the station, due to the numerous instruments and complicated equipment, gas fire extinguishing system should be mainly used in this relatively closed area; The function of automatic sprinkler system in public areas is not very obvious, and it may even cause ground slip, which may affect the evacuation speed of people. Automatic sprinkler system is not needed in the public area of the station; Fire hydrant fire extinguishing system should be laid along the tunnel, and mobile fire extinguishing system can be installed in the tunnel when conditions permit. Mobile fire extinguishing system should use foam extinguishing agent. No matter in stations, tunnels or subway trains, a certain number of fire extinguishers should be equipped. 5.3 General measures for post-disaster treatment After the subway fire, the first thing to do is to transfer the wounded to the hospital or treat them on the spot, clean up the scene and count the losses. After that, it is necessary to start post-disaster reconstruction and traffic recovery, such as organizing experts and relevant personnel to conduct a detailed inventory and evaluation of the damage of stations, interval tunnels and subway trains. , repair and rebuild the damaged road section structure, eliminate the safety hazards left by the fire, and resume use and traffic as soon as possible. At the same time, we should immediately investigate the cause of the fire, investigate the responsibility of relevant personnel, and put forward lessons and improvement measures to provide valuable experience and reference for future subway design and fire prevention work.
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