The behavior or function of the previous generation of organisms to pass on a set of their own genetic factors to the next generation has extremely stable characteristics.
Genetic type
Also known as genotype, it refers to the sum of all genetic factors contained in an individual organism, that is, genes.
Phenotype
The sum of all the external and internal characteristics of a living body is the concrete embodiment of genetic types in a suitable environment.
Variation (change)
Changes in the structure or quantity of genetic material caused by an organism under some external or internal cause, that is, changes in genetic types.
Modify (modify)
Phenotypic changes that do not involve structural changes in genetic material but only occur at transcription and translation levels.
gene mutation
The abbreviation of mutation refers to a sudden and heritable change in the molecular structure of genetic material in an organism. The mutation probability is generally 10-6~ 10-9.
rate of mutation
The probability of mutation of a character in each cell in each generation. Mutations generally occur independently, and the probability of double mutations is the product of the probability of each mutation.
auxotroph
Wild-type strains lose the ability to synthesize one or more growth factors due to gene mutation, so they cannot grow and reproduce normally on basic media.
Resistant mutant
Due to gene mutation, the original strain is resistant to chemical drugs or lethal factors.
Conditional lethal mutant
A type of mutation in which a strain or virus can normally grow, reproduce and realize its phenotype under certain conditions, but cannot grow and reproduce under another condition.
Morphological mutant
Non-selective variation of individual or population morphology caused by mutation.
Antigen mutant
A variant in which the structure of an antigen is mutated due to gene mutation.
Production mutant
The mutant strain survived by gene mutation has higher yield of useful metabolites than the original strain.
Minimum medium (mm)
The minimum composition combination medium can only meet the growth needs of wild-type strains of microorganisms.
Completely medium (cm)
Any natural or semi-combined culture medium that can meet all nutritional requirements of malnutrition.
Supplementary medium
Any combination medium that can only meet the corresponding needs of auxotrophic growth.
wild type
The original strain of any microorganism isolated from nature before auxotrophic mutation.
Prototrophic type
Generally speaking, it refers to the strain produced by the auxotrophic strain after recovery or recombination, and its nutritional requirements are the same as those of the wild type in phenotype.
gene recombination
Among them, the genetic genes in two individuals with different characteristics are transferred together and recombined between genetic molecules to form a new genetic individual.
Deformation (transformation)
Directly absorb DNA fragments from donor bacteria, integrate them into their own genome through exchange, and then transform themselves into transformants through replication. This phenomenon that recipient bacteria accept DNA fragments from donor bacteria and obtain some new genetic traits is called transformation.
change
Small fragments of DNA from donor cells were introduced into recipient cells through the culture medium of completely defective or partially defective phage, and the latter obtained some genetic traits of the former through exchange integration.
generalized transduction
Through the "wrong packaging" of any small DNA fragment of donor bacteria by completely defective phage, the transduction phenomenon that its genetic traits are transmitted to recipient bacteria is realized.
Restrictive transduction
Some defective temperate phages carried a few specific genes from donor bacteria into recipient bacteria, and obtained the phenomenon of expression transduction.
Lysogenic transformation
When temperate bacteriophage infects its host and lysogenizes it, the genes of bacteriophage are integrated into the nuclear genome of the host, so that the latter obtains new characters except immunity.
combine
Donor bacteria ("male") contact with recipient bacteria ("female") through their sex fimbriae. The former transmits single-stranded DNA with different lengths to the latter, and the latter's DNA is double-stranded in the latter's cells or further exchanged and integrated with nuclear chromosomes, so that the latter can acquire the genetic characteristics of donor bacteria.
protoplast fusion
In this method, two cell protoplasts with different genetic traits were fused, and then genetic recombination was carried out to produce a genetically stable fusant with two parental traits.
Genetic engineering (genetic engineering)
In genetic engineering, the genetic material of donor organisms-DNA macromolecules are extracted by artificial methods, cut with suitable tool enzymes in vitro, connected with DNA molecules as carriers, and then introduced into recipient cells which are easier to grow and reproduce together with carriers, so that exogenous genetic materials can be "settled" in them for normal replication and expression, thus obtaining a brand-new new breeding technology for new species.
Sexual hybridization (sexual hybridization)
A reproductive technique that occurs between hermaphroditic cells of different genotypes and subsequent chromosome recombination, and then produces offspring of new genotypes.
Quasi-sexual hybridization
Somatic cell fusion of two different strains of the same organism does not cause low-frequency gene recombination, but produces recombinant through meiosis.
renew one's youth
Rejuvenation in a narrow sense is only a negative measure, which refers to a measure to find a few individuals who have not declined from the declining group by means of purebred separation and production performance measurement in order to restore the original typical characteristics of the strain. Rejuvenation in a broad sense should be a positive measure, that is, before the production performance of the strain declines, pure-bred separation and production performance measurement should be consciously carried out to gradually improve the production performance of the strain.
Translation:
Genetics (heredity)
The behavior or function of the older generation passing on their own set of genetic factors to the next generation has characteristics and stability.
Genetic type (genotype)
Also known as genotype, it means that all genetic factors contained in a biological entity are the sum of genes.
phenotype
All living things have an inherent feature, and the sum of physical features and genetic types is a concrete manifestation in a suitable environment.
Variation (change)
The influence of some external or internal factors in organisms causes changes in the quantity or structure of genetic material, which is the type of genetic change.
Decoration change (modification)
Genetic material does not involve structural changes, but only phenotypic changes at the level of transcription and translation.
Gene mutation (gene mutation)
Short-term mutation, that is, the molecular structure of genetic material in the body can suddenly undergo genetic changes. The mutation probability is generally 10-6 to 10-9.
Mutation rate (mutation rate)
Every cell in each generation is at risk of mutation of specific traits. The probability of mutation is generally independent, and the probability of double mutation is the product of various mutations.
Undernutrition (malnutrition type)
A wild-type strain loses the ability of one or more growth factors due to gene mutation, so it can't grow and reproduce the normal variant in the basic medium.
Resistance mutation (resistance mutant)
This genetic mutation causes the original strain to occupy the death of the mutant resistant to a chemical or drug.
Conditionally lethal mutant (conditionally lethal mutant)
This virus strain or gene mutant can grow, reproduce and realize their phenotype under certain conditions, but it can't grow and reproduce mutant under another condition.
Morphological mutant (morphological mutant)
Because mutation results from non-selective variation of individual or population morphology.
Antigen mutant (antigen mutant)
Gene mutation causes structural mutation of antigen mutation type.
Yield mutant (production mutant)
The useful life of metabolites produced by gene mutation is higher than that of the original mutant strain.
Medium (mm, minimum medium)
These microorganisms can only meet the growing demand for the minimum component culture medium for wild-type strains.
Completely medium (cm, completely medium)
Any natural or semi-natural combination culture medium that can meet the nutritional needs of all undernourished people.
Adding culture medium (SM, supplementary culture medium)
Where only the needs of the undernourished for the combination of corresponding growth media can be met.
Wild type (wild type)
Any microorganism isolated from nature has a mutation in its original strain before its nutrient deficiency.
Prototroph of the original file.
Nutritional deficiency generally refers to the strain produced after the change or recombination of the strain, and its nutritional requirements are the same in wild-type phenotype.
Gene recombination (gene recombination)
Where two different genetic traits of an individual are transferred together and re-molecularly inherited, it is a new type of individual inheritance.
Conversion (transformation)
Absorb DNA fragments directly from donors through exchange, put them into our own genome, and then transform ourselves into a transformant by replication. It is part of a new phenomenon that this receptor accepts DNA fragments from donors, which is called genetic trait transformation.
Transduction (transduction)
Through the exchange and integration of all defective or insufficient phage culture media, donor cells and I. recipient cells with small fragments of DNA, the latter obtained the genetic characteristics of the former phenomenon.
Universal Transduction (Generalized Transduction)
The transduction phenomenon of genetic traits transmitted by the donor-defective phage DNA is completely realized through the "misuse package" of any small fragment.
Restricted transduction (restricted transduction)
Some defects give bacteria a small number of specific receptor genes through moderate donor phage, and express their phenomenon through transduction.
Dissolution change (lysogenic transformation)
When a moderate phage infects its host to understand its origin, because the phage gene enters the host genome, the nucleus enters the autoimmune phenomenon except new characters because of the latter.
Combination (conjugation)
Donor bacteria ("male"), through the contact between its fimbriae bacteria and the receptor ("ER"), the former transfers single-stranded DNA with different lengths to the latter, and exchanges and integrates double-stranded or more distant chromosomes in the latter's cells, thus causing the latter to have the phenomenon of donor genetic traits.
Protoplast fusion (protoplast fusion)
By this method, the protoplasts of two cells with different genetic traits are fused, resulting in recombinant inheritance, and the integration process with two parental traits and genetic stability occurs at the same time.
Genetic engineering (genetic engineering)
At the gene level of genetic engineering, the method used is to extract the macromolecules from the genetic material-DNA that needs donors, and connect them with the DNA molecule as a carrier in vitro, and then enter a recipient cell that can grow and reproduce better with the carrier, so that the foreign genetic material can "settle down" in it for normal replication and expression. This is the breeding technology of new species and new species.
Sexual hybridization (sexual hybridization)
A genetic breeding technique in which chromosomes of different genders combine and then recombine to produce a new generation.
Quasi-sexual hybridization (quasi-sexual hybridization)
Somatic fusion with two different types of biological strains is not the result of low-frequency gene recombination and meiosis that produces recombinant.
renew one's youth
Rejuvenation is only a negative measure in a narrow sense. It refers to the measures to find out the individuals who have not declined from the declining minority groups by separating and purebreeding when the bacteria have declined, and to realize the restoration of the original characteristics of typical bacteria. It should be a positive measure in a broad sense, that is, the production performance has not been consciously and frequently separated and purebred before the bacterial decline, in order to gradually improve the strains and production performance.