Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China's rural economic system reform has been continuously deepened, effectively mobilizing the production enthusiasm of the majority of fruit farmers and promoting the rapid adjustment of agricultural industrial structure. Up to now, the output value of fruit production in agricultural planting in our province is second only to grain and vegetables, ranking third, and has become a pillar industry of agricultural economy. In order to smoothly implement the "two fundamental changes" put forward by the central government and the requirements of the provincial party committee and government for the healthy development of fruit industry, and realize the increase of farmers' income and rural stability, according to the market demand at home and abroad, after careful investigation and soliciting opinions from many parties, the strategies and countermeasures for the development of fruit trees in our province were put forward.
I. Supply and demand of fruits in domestic and international markets
(1) General situation
There are 176 countries in the world that produce fruits, mainly apples, oranges, grapes and bananas. 1996, the total fruit output in the world was 4 139 billion kg, including 57.4 billion kg of deciduous fruit grapes, 50 billion kg of apples, 0.3 billion kg of pears and 0.04 billion kg of peaches. The output is the largest in Asia, the second in Europe and the least in Oceania (see table 1). The main producers are China, India, Brazil and other 20 countries (see Table 2). From 65438 to 0998, China's total fruit output has reached 54.5 billion kilograms, ranking first in the world. In recent years, the annual import and export trade volume of fruits in the world is about 40 billion kilograms, accounting for 10% of the total fruit output, mainly including apples, oranges, bananas, pears and grapes. From 65438 to 0998, China's fruit imports were slightly larger than its exports, both of which were over 700 million kilograms (according to customs statistics), accounting for 3.6% of the world's fruit exports and imports respectively.
Judging from the circulation situation, developed countries have clear fruit circulation subjects and sound market systems, forming a relatively complete industrial chain. From postharvest treatment, storage and transportation, marketing and consumption of fruits to consumers, it has realized constant temperature environment and controlled atmosphere storage, long industrial chain extension and high degree of industrialization. At present, more than 80% of fruits in these countries enter the market and consumers through this way of circulation. In developing countries, the main body of fruit circulation is not clear, the degree of industrialization is low, the market competitiveness is not strong, and the operating efficiency is not high.
Judging from the consumption situation, the annual per capita consumption of fruits in the world reached 70 kg from 65438 to 0996, and the developed countries and regions kept around 100 kg for many years, exceeding 200 kg; The level of fruit consumption in developing countries is low, which belongs to seasonal consumption, and the annual per capita fruit consumption is below 50 kg. The per capita annual fruit consumption in China is about 45kg. Fresh fruit occupies a dominant position in the total consumption, and processed products also occupy a certain position in the total consumption.
(2) Market requirements for fruit quality, etc.
Foreign markets require beautiful appearance, correct shape, smooth surface and large and tidy fruit; Colored varieties are uniform in color and completely red; The fruit has good intrinsic quality, rich inherent flavor and moderate sugar-acid ratio. It belongs to pollution-free fruit and has no quarantine object, so it must be commercialized after harvest. European and American markets have strict requirements on the quality of fruits, which cannot contain living things. Orchards are produced according to their proposed plans. Russia, Mongolia and other countries and regions have less strict requirements on the quality of fruits, and generally middle-grade fruits are acceptable; Because fruits from all over the world are pouring into the Middle East market, it is very picky about tropical fruits, and it is very welcome to pears, apples and other fruits in deciduous fruit trees, but it is also very strict in quality requirements. In addition, fruits entering the international market require exquisite packaging and various forms; The packaging equipment is suitable in size, resistant to storage and transportation, and not easy to deform. At present, packaging is developing towards miniaturization and transparency.
The demand for fruit quality in the domestic market is also increasing year by year. Fruit supermarkets, high-end hotels and restaurants in large and medium-sized cities have basically the same requirements for fruit quality as exported fruits, especially some famous fruits, out-of-season fruits and seasonal fruits are welcomed by consumers. The requirements for fruit quality in rural markets are not strict. According to the survey, at present, the demand for high-quality fruits in the domestic market accounts for about 15%, the demand for middle and high-grade fruits accounts for about 50%, and the demand for general fruits accounts for about 35%.
(3) Market forecast at home and abroad
At present, fruit consumption at home and abroad is still dominated by apples, pears, oranges, bananas and other bulk fruits, supplemented by extra-rare fruits, seasonal fruits and out-of-season fruits, which are produced seasonally and sold all year round. The general characteristics are multi-demand, multi-level and diversity. In the international market, the market demand in Europe, North America, Oceania, Japan and Southeast Asia is relatively stable, and the fruit output in these places is also relatively stable; Africa, Middle East, Russia, Mongolia and other countries and regions have small fruit production and great market potential. In the future, China and our province should focus on Europe, America, the Middle East, Japan, Southeast Asia, Russia, Mongolia and other countries and regions to enter the international market and expand their exports. In the domestic market, with the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption of fruits in urban and rural areas will further increase. According to China's food composition development plan and balanced diet standard, the demand potential is nearly doubled, especially in rural areas, and the northeast, northwest, north and southwest markets have the broadest prospects.
Generally speaking, with the rapid development of fruit production and the substantial increase of output in the world, especially in developing countries, the relationship between supply and demand of fruit has undergone fundamental changes, and the market competition has become increasingly fierce. At the same time, consumers' pursuit of fruit and consumption habits are also changing greatly, and they have gradually formed the consumption psychology of seeking novelty, novelty and fame and the habit of buying fruit several times. The general trend is that the demand for bulk fruits tends to be stable, and the sales price is stable and declining; Some famous new fruits, seasonal fruits, out-of-season fruits and dried fruits, such as chestnut, walnut and almond, have increased their market competitiveness, and their sales prices have risen or been basically stable, resulting in obvious production and operation benefits.
Second, the present situation and existing problems of fruit industry in our province
(A) the status quo of the fruit industry
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of fruit trees in our province has experienced three climaxes. The first climax was in the mid-1960s, mainly developing apples and pears. The second climax was in the mid-1980s after the reform and opening up, with apples, pears, peaches, red dates and chestnuts as the main products. The third climax was in the early 1990s, when the production of fruit trees developed in an all-round way, and the area, output and output value increased greatly (see figure 1, 2). Up to now, the area of fruit trees in the province has reached 6.5438+0.87 million mu, including more than 9 million mu, with an annual output of 6.38 billion kg, ranking second in the country (see Table 3). Among them, the output of pears, red dates, chestnuts, persimmons and apricots ranks first in the country, the output of grapes ranks second in the country and the output of apples ranks fourth in the country. The storage capacity of fruit reached/kloc-0.5 billion kg, accounting for nearly 25% of the total fruit output in the province; The fruit processing capacity reached 500 million kilograms, accounting for about 7% of the total fruit output in the province; The annual output value of fruits is more than 8 billion yuan, accounting for 10.3% of the total agricultural output value and more than 80% of the total forestry output value. Pear, apple, chestnut, etc. It is the main product, with an annual fruit export of 65.438+0.8 billion kilograms, accounting for 25.7% of the total fruit export in China, and earning more than 88 million US dollars.
Our province is located near the line of 38 degrees north latitude, and the development of fruit trees has unique natural conditions and geographical advantages. At present, there are 0/03 kinds of fruit trees/kloc-,mainly including more than ten kinds of apples, pears, red dates, chestnuts, peaches, apricots, grapes, persimmons, walnuts and hawthorn, mainly apples, pears, red dates and chestnuts (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). Hebei Yali Pear, JD.COM Pear, Cangzhou Jinsixiaozao, Zanhuang Jujube, Fuping Jujube, Baoding Mopan Persimmon, Xuanhua Milk Grape, Shenzhou Peach, Zhuolu Xingping, Huanghua Winter Jujube, etc. It has enjoyed a high reputation in the market for a long time and is well-known at home and abroad. Pears, apples, peaches, chestnuts, red dates and other bulk fruits produced in our province account for 40% of the country's output, one-seventh of the world's, and are sold outside the province, accounting for about two-thirds of its total output. The main body of circulation is nearly 2000 non-governmental comprehensive organizations and tens of thousands of individual traders. Domestic sales are mainly in the southern market and urban market, accounting for about 75% of the total sales. According to the survey, during the period of 1998, our province provided 300 million kilograms of fruit for Beijing and Tianjin markets, accounting for about 40% of its imported fruits. Foreign sales are mainly in Southeast Asia, Japan and other countries and regions, with less markets in Europe, America and the Middle East.
(2) Main problems
1, the quality of fruit does not meet the market demand, there are few famous brands, and the market share of fruit is not high.
2. Tree species and variety structure can't meet the market demand. First, the fruit area is too large, and the dry area of excellent fruit is too small; The area and yield of famous and rare fruits, seasonal fruits and out-of-season fruits are relatively insufficient; The proportion of early, middle and late maturing varieties of main tree species such as apples, pears and peaches does not meet the market demand. Second, the breeding and introduction of new varieties are not strong enough, and the updated varieties, especially the processed varieties, which meet the market demand and the situation in our province are insufficient.
3. The degree of fruit industrialization is low, there are few leading enterprises and organizations, the industrial chain connection is very fragile, the information is not well informed and the degree of organization is low; The storage and transportation facilities of fruits are backward, the processing capacity of fruits is small, and the added value of deep processing of fruits is low, which does not meet the market demand; Fruit market system
Imperfect, the situation with market and no market has not been fundamentally changed.
4. Some fruit trees have poor site conditions; Agricultural specialty tax returns less fruit tree production, and fruit tree funds are seriously insufficient; The management mechanism does not meet the requirements of market economy and needs to be improved urgently.
Generally speaking, at present, the total amount of fruits in our province is insufficient, especially dried fruits, famous and excellent new fruits, seasonal fruits and out-of-season fruits, which coexist with local fruits in relativity, structure and low quality.
Three, the development strategy and countermeasures of fruit trees in our province
The general idea of fruit tree development in Hebei Province in the future should be: market-oriented, science and technology as the driving force, efficiency as the center, optimizing layout, adjusting structure, improving fruit quality, strengthening post-harvest processing and storage processing, accelerating the pace of fruit industrialization, and making positive contributions to increasing farmers' income, rural stability and building a strong economic province. Around this idea, the focus of fruit tree work in the near future is: first, stabilize (steadily increase the area and output), second, adjust (adjust the layout and structure), and third, improve (improve quality, increase efficiency and industrialization). By 2005, the total area of fruit trees in the province has steadily developed to 20 million mu, the total fruit output has reached 7.5 billion kg, the commercial fruit rate has reached 90%, the storage capacity has reached 30% of the total fruit output, the processing capacity has reached 15% of the total fruit output, and the per capita fruit possession has exceeded 120 kg, achieving an output value of12 billion yuan. It accounts for 65,438+to 20 10 years in China. The total area of fruit trees in the province is stable at about 20 million mu, the total fruit output reaches 8 billion kilograms, and the output value reaches/kloc-0.5 billion yuan. In order to successfully achieve the above objectives, the following countermeasures must be taken:
(A) to adapt to market demand, establish four concepts and realize four changes.
First, establish the concept of market-oriented decision and development of production, gradually realize "order production" and provide "table fruit". The second is to establish the concept of quality first, stabilize production and improve quality, win by Excellence, increase market share, and achieve quality improvement and efficiency improvement. Third, establish the concept of market development, establish and improve the fruit wholesale market, strengthen the construction of brokers, carry out various promotional activities, and vigorously explore domestic and foreign markets. Fourth, establish the concept of reputation first, strictly follow the contract, stress credibility, contact long-term customers and achieve mutual benefit. Realize the transformation from planned production to market-oriented production as soon as possible, from quantity to quality, from speed to efficiency, and from extensive management to intensive management.
(2) relying on science and technology to comprehensively improve the quality and efficiency of fruits.
1. Strengthen the research and introduction of high and new technologies. Make full use of the existing scientific and technological strength to support and strengthen the research of high-tech fruit trees; Continuously introduce advanced management technology and apply it to fruit tree production in our province as soon as possible.
2, increase the popularization of practical technology and the promotion of new technologies. Assemble and match the high quality, low consumption and high efficiency pattern cultivation techniques of different tree species and varieties to form a "fool" technique, which is strongly popularized in the form of comprehensive standards or technical regulations. At present, the key technologies such as excellent varieties, balanced fertilization, fine management of flowers and fruits, and protected cultivation are emphasized. The key points of Hebei Yali pear are to increase the sugar content of fruit (above 12%), improve the flavor and increase the weight of single fruit (above 200g); The focus of red Fuji apple is to produce products with a single fruit weight of more than 300g, and make great efforts to make the fruit all red. Through the establishment of standardized, standardized and intensive demonstration orchards at the provincial, city and county levels, high quality and high efficiency will be achieved.
3 establish and improve the technical service system of fruit trees, implement the combination of Industry-University-Research, speed up personnel training, and strengthen technical guidance and training. Give full play to the functions and functions of grass-roots forestry stations, further strengthen technical guidance, technical consultation and technical services, and the vast number of scientific and technical personnel go deep into orchards to conduct research, guidance and demonstration, solve problems in production in a targeted and timely manner, and constantly write excellent papers on orchards. Continue to carry out activities such as "striving for Excellence" and "improving quality and efficiency" in the province, strengthen various management and improve the overall level.
4. Strengthen the breeding and introduction of improved varieties of fruit trees and improve the breeding system of improved varieties. All provinces and localities should set up seed funds, increase the selection of fruit trees in this province, introduce and select excellent varieties at home and abroad, especially pear, jujube, chestnut, persimmon, apricot flat and other tree species that occupy an important position in the country, and take part of the funds from the "improved seed project" to increase investment in seed selection; Strengthen the introduction and follow-up management of germplasm resources, focus on the introduction of early and late maturing fine varieties and processed varieties, and select and breed excellent new varieties suitable for Hebei Province and welcomed by the market as soon as possible, and popularize them in production. Strengthen the construction of excellent traditional culture system, and give key support to the established provincial and municipal key nurseries of excellent traditional culture. Strengthen law enforcement and strictly implement the "three certificates" management system.
(3) Adjust the structure and further optimize the layout of fruit trees.
1, optimize the layout
The production and development of fruit trees will continue to adhere to the layout of six bases: Taihang Mountain jujube, persimmon, walnut, Yanshan apple, chestnut, almond apricot, hawthorn, plain pear, Heilonggang golden jujube, winter jujube, Zhangjiakou, Changli grape and seasonal fruit around the town. In accordance with the principles of aiming at the market, adapting the land and trees, and properly concentrating, more than 5 million mu of fruit trees outside the base will be gradually cleared by using the results of zoning and economic regulation. Focus on key counties (cities) with different tree species and varieties to form a characteristic economy; Adopt pollution-free and green food production technology, combine greening with beautification, and continuously concentrate on both sides of traffic trunk lines with good conditions in suitable areas to build a green economy.
Step 2 adjust the structure
(1) Adjust the industrial structure. According to the market demand, seize the opportunity of the new round of agricultural structural adjustment, accelerate the development of some famous new fruits, seasonal fruits and anti-season fruits that are urgently needed and marketable in the market, especially increase the development of protected fruit trees; In concentrated fruit production areas, the commercialization of postharvest fruits, the development of storage and processing industry and the construction of market system will be accelerated in a planned and step-by-step manner. Development efforts should be adjusted to steadily develop the primary industry, actively develop the secondary industry, vigorously develop the tertiary industry, and gradually form a pattern of coordinated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries.
(2) Adjust the tree species structure. First, stabilize the area of pears, apples and other fruits, and vigorously develop the area of dried fruits such as walnuts, chestnuts, red dates and kernel apricots. The ratio of dried fruit to fresh fruit is adjusted from the current 1:2.4 to1:2; The second is to stabilize the area of large fruit trees, moderately develop the area of famous new fruit trees such as nectarine, winter jujube, plum, pomegranate and cherry, and adjust the ratio from the current 8.4: 1.6 to 8:2.
(3) Adjust the variety structure. Apple is mainly compressed middle-maturing varieties, and the ratio of early-maturing varieties such as Tengmu 1No. and Gala to late-maturing varieties such as superior line Red Fuji will increase from 0.3:3.3:6.4 to 0.5: 2.5: 7. Eliminate old and inferior varieties such as cockscomb and Japanese brocade. Pear is mainly to stabilize the area of Yali pear and Xuehua pear, moderately update and develop early-maturing varieties such as Huang Guan and Zaosu, and late-maturing varieties such as Xue Xin and Gaoxin, and adjust their ratio from the current 0.6:9:0.4 to1:8:1; It is expected to become a substitute variety of Yali pear by speeding up the breeding of superior varieties of Yali pear and Xuehua pear and moderately popularizing excellent varieties (strains) with good comprehensive characteristics and great market response. Peach is mainly to stabilize the area of middle-maturing varieties such as Okubo, appropriately increase the area of early-maturing varieties such as Zaofengwang and Zaohualv and late-maturing varieties such as Chongyang Hong and Zhonghua Shoutao, and moderately develop series of shed peaches and processed varieties such as Ruiguang and Yan Guang.
(4) Strengthen services and promote the process of fruit industrialization.
1. Strengthen information guidance and comprehensive services. Strengthen the construction of information network, realize the connection of international and domestic networks as soon as possible, and provide all kinds of relevant information to producers and operators in a timely and accurate manner; Actively carry out comprehensive services before, during and after delivery, and strive to improve the degree of organization of fruit farmers. All provinces, cities and counties and key fruit producing areas should establish their own fruit associations or fruit purchase and sale organizations within two years. Where conditions permit, we should vigorously develop economic entities such as fruit purchase and sale, processing, storage and transportation, and provide good services for fruit circulation.
2, the implementation of quality projects, striving for brand-name products, to open up domestic and foreign markets. Further strengthen the awareness of fine products and creating famous brands, increase the production of fine fruits and creating famous brands, and strengthen publicity; At the same time, establish and expand the export production base of brand-name fruits and fine fruits to better occupy the market. While improving the wholesale trading market in the province, actively carry out different forms of fruit promotion and exhibition activities, and vigorously explore domestic and foreign markets; China should continue to squeeze the markets of Beijing, Tianjin and the south, and attach importance to and organize its efforts to continuously expand the rural market, especially the "three North" and southwest markets; While continuing to expand the fruit market in Japan and Southeast Asia, foreign countries focus on developing markets in Europe, America, the Middle East, Russia and Mongolia.
Processing level. Mainly through the cleaning, sterilization, grading, waxing and packaging of fruits, the commodity quality of fruits is improved and the market competitiveness of fruits is enhanced. City and key counties (cities) should build and install the 1-2 fruit selection assembly line as soon as possible, and develop all kinds of packaging products according to product quality standards.
4. Vigorously develop the fruit storage and processing industry. Increase the investment in fruit storage and processing industry, improve the storage and transportation conditions of fruits mainly by constant temperature and controlled atmosphere, and focus on the processing of apples and pears, and constantly develop new products that meet the market demand.
5, administrative promotion, accelerate the process of industrialization. We will continue to handle the relationship between the construction of ecological system and industrial system, take the promotion of fruit industrialization as an important task, increase investment, create conditions, establish and strengthen leading institutions, and establish and improve the market system. By 2005, each city and key fruit production counties (cities) should build two or more 1 Guolong economic organizations with relatively complete functions, and the Guolong economic organizations with an annual output value of more than 500 million yuan should be given key support.
(five) to establish and improve the mechanism to promote the healthy development of fruit industry.
In fruit production, we should focus on popularizing and developing the organizational form of "leading organization (company, professional market, etc.)". )+intermediary organizations (cooperatives, professional associations, etc. )+farmers. " In terms of operating mechanism, firstly, establish and improve the interest adjustment mechanism with "risk sharing and benefit sharing" as the core, with the focus on establishing the contractual relationship of interest distribution within the organization, actively promoting the joint-stock system and the joint-stock cooperative system, ensuring the long-term, legal and stable relationship between fruit production, processing and marketing, and gradually transitioning from loose to tight; Second, while improving the fruit tree service network, actively cultivate a service guarantee mechanism with leading enterprise services and cooperative economic services as the main body, and provide services such as information, technology, selling goods on credit, purchasing fruits at protective prices, and returning profits; Third, on the basis of making full use of the existing scientific and technological strength, cultivate and develop high-tech enterprises, and form a one-stop scientific and technological promotion mechanism such as scientific research, achievement transformation, technology promotion and popularization; The fourth is to set up institutions, focusing on planning and layout, organization and coordination, policy guidance, supervision and inspection. Establish and improve the macro-control mechanism.
(6) Strengthen leadership, organization, coordination and support.
1. Establish an organization and define the division of labor. It is suggested that provincial and local governments should set up a leading group for fruit quality improvement and efficiency improvement, headed by the competent leader of the provincial government and attended by responsible comrades of forestry, supply and marketing, foreign trade, light industry, science and technology commission, planning commission, finance, agricultural bank of China and other departments to study and solve relevant problems in the development of fruit industry regularly or irregularly to ensure its healthy and sustainable development. All levels and relevant departments should effectively put this work on the important agenda, do a good job in organization and coordination, go deep into reality, study fruit industry development plans and measures, do a good job in implementation, and achieve results.
2. Formulate preferential policies and increase support. Government departments at all levels give priority to supporting the healthy development of the fruit industry in terms of policies and funds, and formulate preferential policies to support the healthy development of the fruit industry while ensuring that the contract period of fruit trees remains unchanged for at least 30 years according to the requirements of the central authorities, such as establishing a fruit development fund, auctioning wasteland, encouraging multi-sector and multi-channel financing to develop and build orchards, adjusting the structure of fruit trees, reducing or exempting agricultural specialty taxes and returning part of them to fruit tree production, and encouraging scientific and technical personnel to contract or lead orchards at the front line; All levels should extract about 30-50% of fruit tree income from agricultural specialty tax and return it to fruit tree production, which is mainly used for variety improvement, structural adjustment, technology popularization, technology popularization and various management; Provincial finance should continue to increase fruit quality and efficiency and structural adjustment funds. Forestry departments at all levels should also take out part of the funds from the afforestation fund and bundle them with other funds to solve the main problems that need to be solved urgently.
3. increase opening up. Actively attract investment and establish orchards through joint ventures to promote the healthy development of fruit industry.
4. Establish different levels of responsibility system. Take the healthy development of fruit industry as an important part of assessing the achievements of local governments and forestry, strengthen supervision and inspection, and timely accept according to standards. Commend and reward the cities, counties, units and individuals who have worked hard to complete the task, and give preferential treatment in financial support and project arrangement; Informed criticism those who are procrastinating, mediocre or fail to complete the task. Forestry departments at all levels should be good staff members of the Party committees and governments at the same level, actively organize forces to prepare plans for the construction of a strong fruit tree province, put forward specific opinions, and do a good job in implementation; Take the initiative to cooperate with other departments, and make concerted efforts with Qi Xin to realize the goal of building our province from a big fruit production province to a strong fruit production province as soon as possible, and make positive contributions to building our province into a strong economic province by 20 10.