Argumentative writing method is also one of the three elements of argumentative writing, which refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments. It is the link between argumentation and logical relationship between argumentation. If argument solves the problem of "what needs to be proved" and argument solves the problem of "what to prove", then the argument method is used to solve the problem of "how to prove".
There are four methods of argumentation, each with its own characteristics and advantages. Now I'll explain it to you in combination with the 2006 senior high school entrance examination questions:
I. Types and functions of argumentation methods:
(A) demonstration methods
Argumentation method: referred to as example method, it is a method to prove the correctness of views by citing some facts according to needs. The facts are required to be sufficient, conclusive and representative.
Example1:(The middle school affiliated to Nanjing Art College was deleted in 2006) The information age is for people who can use information. People who regard all the fragments of data as information cannot use information correctly; Those who cram all the useful and useless things into their minds can't successfully use information. Only the information that is really meaningful to you can be called information, and the rest is rubbish, which will only make you more ignorant. Maybe we've all had such "overload amnesia". After listening to a meaningless speech, we not only didn't remember a word, but even forgot where the car was parked.
Q: What argumentation method is used in this paper? What role did it play?
Reference answer: demonstrate with examples. An example of "overload amnesia" is mentioned. Its function is to prove the serious consequences (harm) of indiscriminate access to information.
In 2006, the experimental area of curriculum reform in Hainan Province was deleted. Goethe spent almost half his life learning painting, but he failed. Facing the constant obstacles of life, he adjusted his life goals in time and made some achievements on the literary road. When Sun Yat-sen was young, he practiced medicine by hanging pots. Finally, he found that treating a person could not save society, so he turned to revolution and finally achieved great achievements admired by the world. Numerous successful examples tell us that successful people find the road to success through constant practice, rather than standing at the right starting point from the beginning. Therefore, we should not blindly believe in our own interests and rely on our own feelings, but try various development paths as much as possible and adjust our efforts with the times.
The central argument of this paper is that only by finding yourself can we choose the right path and realize our greatest value.
Q: What demonstration method is used in this paragraph and what is its function?
Reference answer: model law (example law). The function is to use this example to prove that successful people find the road to success in the process of continuous practice, so they should learn to try various development paths in practice and adjust their efforts with the times.
The role of example argument: facts speak louder than words, and proving opinions with hard and typical facts will enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
(B) cited argument method
Citation and argumentation: citation for short refers to citing correct scientific principles, incisive opinions in Marxist classics, famous sayings and aphorisms in ancient and modern times, at home and abroad, and universally recognized theorem formulas to prove arguments.
Example 1, (Suizhou revised in 2006) The ancients said, "It is better to believe in books than to have no books." The ultimate goal of reading is to read the "dead" books alive and make them work. "Death" and "life" serve each other and complement each other. We emphasize reading "death" books, but we don't insist. "Death" and "life" are for people. If people want books to "die", books will "die"; If people want books to live, books will live. This is the so-called "wonderful use, one heart." A good reader has a golden key in his hand, which can unlock the mystery of books. The book is dead, but the golden key is alive. The relationship between "death" and "life" is probably like the relationship between books and golden keys. We must have books before the golden key can play its role. What's the use of having a beautiful golden key? So, when it comes to reading, you have to read first.
Title: The article adopts the method of citation. Please find it and explain its function.
Reference answer: The ancients said that "it is better to believe in books than to have no books". The function is to quote the old saying to clarify that "death" and "life" are not absolutely isolated, but use each other and complement each other.
Function: Use authoritative words to make reasoning more profound, thorough and convincing, and pay attention to the strength of theory and the ideological depth of the article.
(3) Metaphorical argument
Metaphorical argument: Metaphorical argument for short, people use familiar things as metaphors to prove their views.
(Baise City, 2006) What is the most bitter thing in life? Poor? Not depressed? No. Old? Dead? Neither. As I said, the hardest thing in life is to bear an unfinished responsibility. If people can be satisfied, they are poor and not bitter; If you can be quiet (don't make extra hopes), although frustrated, it is not bitter; Old age is an inevitable thing in life, and suffering is nothing to a philosophical person. It's just that a person should do something as long as he is alive. If you don't finish what you should do, it's like having a few thousand pounds of burden on your shoulders, and there is no more pain. Why? Because of conscience, there is nowhere to escape!
(Attachment: The central argument of this article is: Life is the most bitter thing, and Mo Ruo bears an unfinished responsibility. )
Question: What argumentation method does this article use to prove the central argument? What is its function?
Reference answer: Metaphorical argument (Metaphorical argument)
"If you don't finish what you should do, it's like you have a few thousand pounds of burden on your shoulders", which vividly shows the most bitter thing in life, and Murray is shouldering an unfinished responsibility.
The function of metaphor argument: explain the viewpoint in a simple way, prove the viewpoint vividly, make the viewpoint clearer and easier for readers to understand.
(4) Comparative demonstration method
Comparative argument: a method of proving an argument by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of a thing or its advantages and disadvantages.
Example: (deleted in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province in 2006) Tao Yuanming is not bent over by five buckets of rice, Li Bai is not bent on serving the powerful, and Gu is not a big official of the Qing Dynasty ... People with lofty aspirations and backbone in ancient and modern times are not proud of their high officials, and they live a modest life and strive for self-improvement. Their noble qualities will always be praised by future generations. On the contrary, those who were once brilliant and prosperous have long been washed away by the long river of time.
Q: Besides the example model law, what model law is used in this paragraph? What is its function?
Reference answer: The function of comparative argument is to make the argument more thorough and profound through positive and negative comparison.
The function of comparative argument: it can make the contrast between right and wrong clear, make right and wrong more clear and give people a vivid and profound impression.