Overview:

Time: about 1600 to 1750, also known as continuous bass period.

It is divided into three stages: early 1600- 1640 is the formation period of baroque style;

The middle period of 1640- 1690 is the setting period of baroque style.

The later period 1690- 1750 is the heyday and perfect period of barrow style.

Background: (reasons for the rise)

The important driving force of this style is the humanistic trend of thought in16th century.

The development of scientific culture, especially the progress of experimental science.

Religion is still very prosperous, and the struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism is serving it with this new style.

Specific content:

The main characteristics of baroque music

* * * Six o'clock

1. Two synthetic conventions

Monteverdi put forward the idea of "two conventions". That is to say, "ancient style" is the first set of ways, and my new technique is the second set. This thought seems to be rooted in Plato, emphasizing that music should serve the lyrics.

2. Sustained bass

It is the main theme and sound texture different from the Renaissance polyphonic texture.

Origin:/kloc-organ bass used in church organ music at the end of June.

Realization: at least two musical instruments; 1 Basic instrument for playing chords 2 Bass instrument for playing bass.

The first person to put forward the term basso continuo was Vidana.

Significance: The application of basso continuo ran through the whole Baroque period and became one of the most important technical features of Baroque music.

3. Emotional theory

4. Tone harmony and counterpoint

During the Baroque period, the tonality and harmony system of major and minor tended to be mature.

The first musical work with fully mature tonality and harmonic language was created by Italian composer corelli.

The first theoretical explanation of this harmony system was given by the French composer Ramo, whose book Harmony Acoustics was published in Paris in 1722.

5. Rhythm and symbols

In the history of music, the change of rhythm usually leads to the change of notation.

Typical baroque and walking are generally divided into two categories: one is very regular; The other is very free.

Bar lines appeared in the Baroque period and were systematically used in regular beats.

It has become a common practice for composers to mark clef at the beginning of their works.

6. Vocal music and instrumental music

The development of instrumental music and vocal music in Baroque period was parallel.

Vocal music: Monosyllabic songs, operas, oratorios and new styles of oratorios have emerged.

Instrumental music: The genre of pure instrumental music has been greatly developed.

Musical instrument manufacturing: the formation of violin family; The original piano appeared in the later period; Wind instruments have been developed.

The Birth and Early Development of Opera

Time: 1600 appeared in Florence, Italy.

Definition: Opera is a kind of drama expressed by music. It is a comprehensive art form that integrates art, music, literature, drama, dance and other related arts.

The production of the first opera was directly related to the "Camerata" activity in Florence.

Formation: There were tragedies related to music in ancient Greece; Medieval ritual drama is a kind of singing drama; During the Renaissance, drama with music developed more fully, and pastoral opera appeared. /kloc-at the end of 0/5, some inter-act dramas appeared in some Italian courts (all inter-act dramas are composed of music, mostly decorative melodies and simple harmonic accompaniment).

The most direct source of opera is the palace entertainment in northern Italy at the end of 16 and the inter-act drama produced in this activity.

Early Opera: Daphne is an idyllic drama created by Leigh Nuccini and composed by Colsy. It took Perry three years to complete it, and it was staged at 1598.

Eurydice is the first opera with complete music, composed by Perry and Caccini and written by Leigh Nuccini.

Cavari Elie was also one of the earliest opera composers.

In early Chinese operas, some important roles were usually played by eunuchs, which is a common practice.

It lasted until the time of Mozart, Gluck and Meyer Bell.

It was not until the early 20th century that the Pope officially banned the use of eunuch singers in the choir.

Monteverdi and Oflo

Claudio monteverdi is a great composer in the early Baroque period, and his works are an important bridge from the late Renaissance to Baroque.

160 1 year, he established his own reputation and was promoted to be a musician in Gongzara Palace.

1607 February, his first opera, Oflo, was staged in mantua.

Existing works include: three operas, one ballet, twelve volumes of pastoral songs and five religious music works.

His last opera was Postscript of Popia.

In Mr. Flo's five-act music, the proportion of pure recitation is very small, but pastoral, monosyllabic songs, recitation and various forms of instrumental music are widely used. It clearly shows Monteverdi's profound insight into human nature and his ability to portray personality with music.

Although this is not the earliest opera, it is the highest artistic achievement in early operas.

Opera in Rome, Venice and Naples

Rome

Background: Opera was developed in Rome mainly through the interest and sponsorship of wealthy church members.

Composer and Works: Yumilio by Agaga Lee

Randy's death, o' Flo and San Alessio.

Rossi's magic palace

Cavari Elie's Plays about Soul and Body

Venice

1637, Venice established the first public opera house-San Casino Theatre.

Composer and Works: Andromeda in Mannelli.

Most of cavalli's 33 operas were staged in Venice.

Callisto, Chiasson and others.

Sesti's Golden Apple

Naples

At the end of 17, the opera creation and performance in Naples became increasingly prosperous, reaching an unprecedented peak, forming the standard form of Italian opera in 18.

Standard form:

Two different forms of recitation: 1 dry-singing recitation, which is used for long dialogues or monologues, and the solo part is only accompanied by basso continuo.

A recitative with accompaniment, used in emotional and dramatic scenes. The solo was accompanied by a band.

Back to the beginning, aria has developed greatly.

Scarlatti

He is the author of 1 15 opera and many oratorios and oratorios.

Representative works include Grizelda.]

Features: There are few mythological themes in his operas, and he likes historical themes with rigorous plots; Most of the protagonists are aristocrats who have experienced love storms, and the endings are usually happy endings; He usually uses dry singing recitative to deal with scenes with more dialogue.

Scarlatti's band organization: stringed instruments, basso continuo instruments, oboe and bassoon, occasionally using trumpet or horn.

Early operas in France, England and Germany

France

Background: There is a profound drama tradition; Outstanding dramatists Gao Naiyi, Racine and Moliere.

Ballet has a long tradition; The influence of Italian opera.

Composer and Works: Lurie is the main representative of early French opera. * * * Opera (Lyric Tragedy) 13, including Almeid and Alceste. His opera overture is called French overture (there are two parts: 65,438+0 is adagio and theme style; 2 is allegro, fugue style)

1669, the first French public opera house was established in Paris.

Britain, England

British opera is influenced by both France and Italy.

The siege of Rhodes is generally regarded as the first opera in Britain.

There are Venus and adonis by John Blau and Dido and Inny by henry purcell (he is the greatest composer in English Baroque period, and this is his only real opera, and the story is based on the tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage).

Germany

Heinrich Schutz is an important author of German religious music.

1678, the public opera house was established in Hamburg, northern Germany.

Composers and Works: The most important opera composer in Hamburg is Kaiser, who wrote 75 operas in Hamburg in 1696- 1734.

Others include J. Mattheson, Teleman and Gandel.

Other large vocal music schools

oratorio

Oratorio is a large vocal genre similar to opera;

It originated from the singing of the church congregation in the ceremony, which was almost produced at the same time as the opera;

Most oratorios are religious and performed in churches or concert halls;

It has storytellers, more emphasis on chorus, no stage action and costume scenery;

In addition to chorus, it also adopts various arias, recitations and chanting used in opera;

The most important composer who wrote oratorios was giacomo.

oratorio

Oratorio can use religious and secular genres, regardless of size.

Rome is the main center of Cantata's early creation. Two prolific composers are Rosie and Marazzo Leigh.

Ya scarlatti is the most important and prolific chorus composer (about 600).

Religious oratorios reached a perfect peak in Bach's creation.

Painful music

An ancient genre that uses music to express the story of Jesus' crucifixion in the Gospels of the Bible.

1650, a new kind of oratorio-style suffering music appeared in Germany.

Concerto-style religious music

It is a combination of vocal music and instrumental music.

An important composer

Xu Ci's Saul, Why Do You Persecute Me, a Christmas oratorio and Poems of David (his first religious work).

Development of instrumental music

Fugues, sonatas and concertos were born.

conservatorio di musica giovan b. martini di bologna

Background: The public music life in Bologna centers on many local churches.

St Peter's Church is one of the most important places;

The famous Bologna School started here.

Sonata refers to instrumental works in Baroque period, while Cantata refers to vocal works.

1600 or so, sonatas are divided into church sonatas and indoor sonatas.

1 7th century sonata features:1composes for two tenor instruments and basso continuo.

A unique sonata gradually became popular after 1700.

Sonata for solo accompaniment by Kubinashi and sonata played by the band.

Composers and Works: Kazati, Vitaly, corelli.

Corelli was the most influential violinist in the Baroque period. He composed almost exclusively for bowstring instruments, most of which were popular trio at that time. Sonata for Trio in F minor

Keyboard music in different countries

Keyboard music in Baroque period includes organ and clavichord.

Germany

organ

/kloc-in the 0/7th century, the most developed place of organ music and manufacturing industry was Germany, and most famous organ composers were concentrated in the central and northern parts of Germany, which believed in Lutheranism.

Genre: There are three kinds-Tokata, fugue and works based on hymns.

There are four kinds of music based on chorus: chorus fugue; A prelude to chorus;

Chorus variations; Hymn fantasia

/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Swerink of the Netherlands and Sajt of Germany were important organ composers.

Baxter Hood was the most accomplished German organ musician at the end of 17.

clavichord

Include clavichord and plucked clavichord.

Genre: Tokata; Fantasia; A prelude; Fugue; Change; Suite; Sonata; The most important things are theme, variation and suite.

Suite: Chamber Music Sonata from Italy, including Alamand Dance; Courant dance music; Salabande; Kig dance.

Composer: Floberg published three volumes of clavichord suite, and he contributed to the establishment of the standard form of Baroque suite.

Italy and France

/kloc-in the first half of the 7th century, the most important Italian keyboard composer was fresco baldi. His most important collection of works is Flower of Music.

The representative figure of French keyboard music is francois couperin, whose representative works include four volumes "Suite for clavichord" and two theoretical works "The Rules of Accompaniment" and "The Art of Harpsichord Playing".

concerto

Baroque instrumental concertos can be divided into two categories: grand concertos (the earliest form of instrumental concertos) and solo concertos.

Around 1682, corelli completed his first concerto in Rome.

Solo concerto is the most influential form.

Antonio Vivaldi strengthened, perfected and developed the style of Baroque Concerto.

Several masters in the late baroque period

Jean-Philippe Ramo

He is the most important composer, theorist and keyboard player in France in the18th century.

Main works: 4-volume harpsichord solo; 1 Volume Chamber Music Works; About 30 stage works

Features: His operas inherited many traditional things from Luli, strengthened the dramatic effect, used big band accompaniment and more melody recitation, and made the chorus and entertaining song and dance scenes in each scene longer.

His most important theoretical work is Harmony Acoustics published by 1722. His theory of functional harmony not only summarized the creative practice at that time, but also influenced the theory of harmony in the next two centuries.

Dominic scarlatti.

Representative works include: 555 keyboard sonatas, all of which are single movements, and each capital is similar to an etude, which requires the performer to solve some problems in skill application and music interpretation. Multi-purpose reproduction of two-part musical forms.

Ricky Gandel Georg Fred

1685 was born in Harley, Germany on February 23rd.

He spent most of his life composing operas, of which about 40 were the first oratorios sung in English.

His writing style is basically Italian.

Masterpieces: Water Music and Messiah (based on the poems of the Bible and the Episcopal Prayer Book) are divided into three parts, which describe the birth, suffering and resurrection of Jesus respectively. )

Johann Sebastian Bach

Born in a famous musical family in central Germany.

1708 worked as an organist in Weimar Palace, and composed organ works such as 18 Prelude to Praise.

17 18- 1723 He works as a band conductor in Baron Arklow, Coton, and his compositions are mainly secular instrumental music. The first volume of rhythmic piano music, unaccompanied violin sonata, Brandenburg concerto and so on.

1moved to Leipzig in May, 723, and served as the music director of Thomas School and Leipzig. At this time, he planned to write five sets of oratorios for the church year, and finally completed two sets. There are more than 200 existing Bach oratorios. He also created two kinds of happiness-the passion of Jesus. These works transcend the limitations of religious ceremonies, have strong drama, and embody the profound humanitarian spirit in Bach's works.

Important Works: The Collection of Balanced Piano Music is a very important work in his instrumental music creation, each with 24 preludes and fugues, 48 * * *. It shows that you can tune any key freely by using the law of twelve averages.

172 1 year, he collected his best six concertos and dedicated them to Christian Ludwig, marquis of Brandenburg, the famous six Brandenburg concertos. Shows his skill in writing concertos. This work is large in scale and uses a variety of solo instrument combinations.

1733 Creation of Mass in B minor. His later masterpieces include Variations on Goldberg, Dedication to Music and the Art of Fugue (he started writing in the mid-1940s and made a final summary of fugue which reached its peak in the Baroque period).

The characteristics of Bach's music: 1 The works widely absorbed various musical styles and forms popular in European countries in early 2008+65438, and developed them to a new height;

Harmony and polyphony, two opposing factors, have reached a perfect balance in the works:

There are not only very simple and individual themes, but also rich imagination and strong expressive force, as well as extremely perfect musical skills.

Contents of noun interpretation and listening in this chapter:

Noun explanation:

Modern style (decorative style) refers to the use of unprepared discordant or informal solutions in works.

Basso continuo: There is an independent bass that runs through the work; There is a gorgeous decorative treble on it.

Monotonous songs: The general term for secular solo songs accompanied by basso continuo, which appeared in Italy in the first half of17th century.

Recitation style: a musical style close to language.

Intermittent drama: an allegorical, divine or pastoral drama performed during the intermission of comedy, which appeared in the Italian court in the15th century.

Italian overture: considered as the predecessor of symphony, it consists of three different parts: fast-slow-fast, with adagio in sharp contrast in the middle and allegro in three beats at the end, with a rhythm similar to jig.

Fugue: strictly use the polyphonic genre imitated by cannon.

Broken style: an arpeggio texture with exquisite rhythm.

Concerto: Solo and Chorus, two independent bands and different instruments are linked to play together. This paper briefly introduces the meaning of the word "Baroque" in the history of music.

Portuguese baroque, originally meant as an irregular pearl, now refers to 17 th century and early 8 th century European luxury architectural style. Musicians generally use this phrase to explain the musical style of the same period (see below).

2. What are the characteristics of baroque music melody?

Phrases vary in length and have a long breath. No matter vocal music or instrumental music, the melody is unprecedentedly gorgeous and complex, and there are quite a few decorative sounds and modes. Like the Renaissance melody, the development of melody is usually characterized by visualization and symbolism. What is striking is that there are obvious harmony attributes in the melody.

3. What was the music rhythm in the Baroque period?

There are two main rhythms: free rhythm and clear and regular rhythm. The former is used for recitation, toccata, prelude and so on. , while the latter is used for aria, fugue, dance music, etc. Stay the same in motion. These two rhythms are often used together, such as recitation and aria, prelude (or toccata) and fugue.

4. What mode does Baroque music adopt?

The big and small tone system replaced the "church tone" in the past.

5. What is the harmony of baroque music?

It has formed a complete system of major and minor sound functions and harmony centered on subject, subordinate and subordinate, and used disharmony to change tonality, which made harmonic progression full of strength and emotion. /kloc-the invention of the law of twelve averages in the 0/7th century is closely related to the full development of the harmony system.

6. What is a continuous bass (also known as digital bass or continuous bass)?

Unique composition techniques in baroque period. Write a clear note in the bass part of the score of a keyboard instrument (usually a clavichord) and mark it with a number to explain harmony (for example, the number 6 means that it should have its sixth and third notes on it). The player plays bass and harmony according to this prompt, and the arrangement and texture of chords are chosen by the player himself.

7. What is the texture of baroque music?

Polyphony texture is dominant, and its writing technology has reached an unprecedented peak. The difference between polyphony and Renaissance is that it is a counterpoint method based on functional harmony. At the same time, there are also many works that use the theme texture.

8. What was the form of music in the Baroque period?

It is mainly composed of multi-movement structures with contrasting rhythm, speed and style, such as suites, variations, concertos, oratorios and so on. And the collocation relationship between prelude and fugue, recitation and aria is often used. The internal structure of polyphonic music is a continuum written by imitation (not segmented), but we can see clearly the factors of presentation, development and reproduction. At the same time, there are also segmented structures, variations, Passacaglia and summer sky forms that change in a fixed bass melody. [Meet Canadian: rolia.net/forum Xia Feng Forum]

9. What was the main genre of music in the Baroque period?

Vocal music: Mass, classical music, hymns, operas, oratorios, oratorios, suffering music and various solo and chorus songs. Instrumental music: toccata, prelude, fantasia, fugue, variations, suites, sonatas (mainly solo sonatas and trio) and concertos (orchestral concertos, concertos and solo concertos).

10. What was the mood of music in the Baroque period?

Maintain a basic emotion in an action, and form a contrast between actions.

1 1. What was the musical strength of the Baroque period?

We don't pursue subtle changes that gradually become stronger and weaker, but adopt a clear "gradual strength".

Section one. The birth of opera and early opera

1. When and where was the opera born? How was it born?

/kloc-was born in Florence, Italy at the end of 0/6 and the beginning of 0/7. Buddy, Vincenzo Galilei and Florence scholar Mei, members of the camerata Club (meaning club or small group) in Buddy's court, were born on the basis of a lot of research on ancient Greek tragedies.

2. What are the musical forms of opera?

The combination of music and drama can be traced back to ancient times, including ancient Greek tragedy, medieval ritual drama, religious mystery drama, miracle drama, Renaissance pastoral suite, pastoral drama, inter-act drama and other forms.

3. Introduce musicals and pastoral dramas.

Intermittent drama is a short play in which music is played between two plays. Pastoral drama is a stage play with legendary or rural themes as music.

4. Which was the first opera in history? Who created it? Where is this story based?

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1597 Daphne was written by Rinuccini and composed by Perry, based on Greek mythology. But the score has been lost.

5. Which is the first opera in existence? Who created it? Where is this story based?

1600, Nuccini wrote a play, and Perry and Caccini wrote Eurydice. Based on Greek mythology.

6. What was the form of music in the earliest operas?

The vocal part is mainly recitation, supplemented by a small number of musical instruments, using basso continuo. The music form is relatively simple.

7. Introduce Monteverdi's idea of opera creation and his early opera forms.

Mainly to strengthen musicality and emotional expression. The specific method is to lengthen the melody line of the recitative so that it can be sung, in contrast to short songs, duets and pastoral duets. He used a large band to accompany him and produced a strong dramatic effect through the vibration, plucking and disharmony of stringed instruments. Add instrumental passages to the opera, such as the first Tokata (later overture) and the dance music in the middle. The basic pattern of opera is formed in his creation.

8. Name two representative works of Monteverdi.

Mr Flo (or translated as orpheus) and arianna.

9. After Monteverdi, who is the representative of Venice Opera (Venice School in the field of opera) in the17th century?

Monteverdi students: cavalli (1602- 1676) and Sesti (Sesti, 1623- 1669).

10. 18 who are the main representatives of Naples opera in Italy (Naples school or Naples school)? What are the characteristics of his creation?

Scarlatti (1660- 1725). He attached importance to the lyrical function of music in opera and emphasized the expressive force of aria, and founded the formal structure of Aba, which was called "Back to the original aria" or "Da Cabo aria". His band was more complete, and he also composed the "fast-slow-fast" opera overture (then called "symphony" sinfonia).

What are the characteristics of Naples opera?

Pay attention to the beauty of soloist's voice and the external effect of music, and pursue the stylization of music language and form. Music texture is relatively simple, mainly composed of solo melody and simple harmony accompaniment. The disadvantage is the lack of authenticity and dramatic power. This tendency led to the decline of18th century opera.

Introduce recitative and aria.

In opera (or oratorio), recitation is used for character dialogue and plot development. Its melody is close to recitation, and aria is used to express the feelings of characters and express singing skills. The music is beautiful and gorgeous, with a wide range.

13. What are vernacular recitation, recitation (also translated as clear recitation, dry recitation, regeneration of secco, dry recitation) and accompaniment recitation (regeneration of obbligato, accompaniment of nato)? Rolia.net/forum} Xia Feng Forum

The former is a narrative tune accompanied by harpsichord and bass instruments, which is mainly used for long dialogues and monologues. The latter is accompanied by a band and used in tense drama scenes. Because it has the characteristics of aria to some extent, it is also called aria or recitative aria.

14. What is "Da Capo aria"?

Aba three-step aria can be reproduced with some free and dazzling techniques according to the singer's preference.

15.a. what is the overture of Italian opera established by scarlatti?

(See the question in this section 10)

16. How did French opera come into being?

/kloc-was introduced from Italy in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, and immediately showed the characteristics of French: it attached importance to recitation and highlighted the unique rhythm and sense of rhythm of French; Add a lot of dance scenes to the opera; The stage decoration is extremely gorgeous, showing the style of imperial life; The overture of the opera adopts the speed arrangement opposite to that of Italy: slow-fast-slow.

17. Which composer laid the foundation of French opera?

Originally from Luli, Italy (1632- 1687). (For the opera style, see the above question 15)

18. A brief introduction to the historical contribution of the French composer Ramo.

He wrote a lot of opera and clavichord works, but more importantly, he published the Basic Theory of Harmony in 1722, which laid the foundation of modern harmony theory.

19. Who is the representative figure of British opera creation? Please give me a representative work.

Purcell (1659— 1695), whose masterpiece is Didong and Eni.

20. Introduce German "singing opera".

German folk opera with dialogue is very popular, and its music has distinctive national characteristics. It has an important influence on the development of German opera.

2 1. Introduce the passion of oratorio and oratorio.

Oratorio: The lyrics of religious or epic themes are accompanied by music, including solos, duets, choruses and orchestras, and performed in churches or concert halls. Unlike opera, oratorio has no complicated stage equipment and dramatic action performance.

Song of Passion: This kind of music, like oratorio, mainly tells the story of Christ Jesus being crucified.

Cantata: Also translated as chorus, it is a genre with solo, duet, chorus and orchestra, with religious and secular contents. Like oratorios, there are no stage installations and dramatic action performances.