Volume 25,No. 1
March 2004
abstract
How to understand the essential connotation of modern city parks? This is the fundamental problem of urban park landscape planning. The original design of ancient gardens was based on the artistic conception of the landscape and had no commercial purpose. In modern China, garden land was used as a commercial profit-making place, full of chaotic commercial atmosphere, which seriously damaged the green landscape of the garden and distorted the ecological essence of the garden itself. In foreign countries, there is no fence for garden land, and the city and park landscape are integrated. Garden green space is a public welfare social undertaking. Parks are mainly based on green landscapes, so it seems to be simpler than domestic parks on the surface, but this is not our profound reason, but our misunderstanding of "modern gardens".
Key words: modern garden planning, ecological effect, playground, green landscape.
1 Evolution of Garden Connotation
Before discussing the landscape planning, we should first discuss the essential characteristics of the origin of gardens, which is of great significance to grasp the evolution of the main veins of gardens in the historical process. In the natural environment, there are many forms of human planning, and each form has different purposes. Economic forests, farmland, reservoirs, towns, villages, etc. It has various functions used by human beings, and sometimes building better projects also has aesthetic effects. There are only two forms of human aesthetic planning for the natural environment: gardens and scenic spots. Introducing the natural landscape into the courtyard or urban environment where human beings live, imitating the natural landscape, thus the "garden" was born. When the ancient world civilization developed to a certain stage, there was a surplus of social economy, especially when the architectural technology and artistic appreciation developed to a certain level. Only then did gardens appear as entertainment. The three systems of ancient gardens in the world, including ancient Greek gardens, Babylonian gardens and China gardens, all originated from serving the emperors, nobles and other minorities. Under the social conditions at that time, gardens must be privately owned. Many people have never seen a garden in their lives. The Summer Palace in Beijing and the Wang Shi Garden in Suzhou that we saw today were absolutely forbidden to ordinary people at that time. The architectural space of ancient literati gardens in China is very narrow. The pavilion can only be used for sightseeing by one or two people. Landscape design is also static and can only be the charm of individual fine crystals. It doesn't belong to a scenic spot for public sightseeing at all. This is an absolute private space. Only temples and natural scenic spots are public sightseeing places, and anyone can visit, appreciate and play. The proposition, conception and gardening techniques of classical gardens in China are exactly the same as those of China's landscape paintings, which are completely accompanied by freehand brushwork landscape paintings, so this kind of gardens is also called "literati freehand brushwork landscape gardens". It is the product of people's desire to build a beautiful and harmonious natural environment in the agricultural era. It is also the private property of the upper class of the nobility. It only serves very few people. From the "garden" for hunting and entertainment to the imperial garden with immortal artistic conception and the literati garden in the realm of Peach Blossom Garden, all gardens have never been the base for generating commercial profits, and their landscape design has never had the purpose of "cultivating gardens by gardens". Therefore, ancient gardens were built entirely for landscaping, and their development history began with the artistic conception of mountains and rivers. There is no commercial purpose in this. Corresponding to the ancient "private garden" is the "public garden" after the birth of modern industrialized society, that is, the garden that everyone can enter, which is what we call "park" today. China has been in a feudal society for a long time, and its ideology and social mechanism have been closed for thousands of years, which makes the traditional gardens in China develop gradually with little external influence. Its change is slow. The theory and practice of modern gardens were born in America. The first city park designed by F.L. olmsted, the founder of modern gardens, was named "Central Park", located in the center of new york, USA. This is the product of the development of material civilization and spiritual civilization in modern industrial society, which embodies the capitalist thought of "fraternity, equality and freedom". Modern public garden is a bordered place in the city, and everyone can enter it. This is a great leap compared with the gardens in history. Modern gardens are all "public gardens", which embodies the civilization and progress of modern society. In the capitalist society where everything is commercialized, public gardens have no fences, never sell tickets, and never are places where commercial profits are pursued to make money.
2. Some mistakes in modern urban gardens in China and their analysis.
2 1 1 pavilion style
The forms of classical gardens in China have been misinterpreted and abused. Literati's freehand landscape garden is a private product, which is completely enjoyed by individuals and is a part of residential compound. Their form is completely "an inseparable part of residential places". Some books call this kind of garden "home garden", so the courtyard walls are deep, the cloisters are winding and the building density is high. This is totally unsuitable for public gardens. There should be a large area of water and trees in public gardens. What is given to tourists is the natural scenery, not the pavilions of "how deep the courtyard is". Thousands of tourists crowded into the classical private courtyard, and the poetry of "changing scenery" simply did not exist.
2 1 2 types of commercial blocks In order to manage the welfare of employees in the park, commercial buildings have been built, and even large commercial buildings and commercial blocks have been built in famous historical sites. Natural scenery, historical sites and green landscapes have all been commercially packaged by the "new" planning concept. "Park" is not a big urbanization for tourists. The "Twenty-four Bridges of the Slender West Lake in Yangzhou" is taken from Du Mu's poem "Castle Peak is Far away" in the Tang Dynasty. Twenty-four bridges, moonlit night, where is the jade man called blowing Xiao? "Twenty-four Bridge Scenic Area, built in the 1990s, is a large-scale commercial building complex for tourists' commercial shopping. Although the architectural modeling is classical in China, it does not have the artistic realm of remoteness, calmness and elegance in Du Mu's poems.
2 1 3 misunderstood the rest and entertainment activities of the "park" in the form of playground, and thought that the purpose of adding facilities such as small trains, flywheel turntables and roller coasters in the park was to modernize the park landscape. The planning and construction of Xuanwu Lake Park in Nanjing has been praised in China in the past, which has the advantages of protecting natural terrain and vegetation planning, but it also has great defects, that is, it does not show the history of the royal gardens in the Six Dynasties. There is not even an inscription describing this history, but Xuanwu Lake has been planned as an ordinary park. Residents of Nanjing and tourists at home and abroad don't know this glorious historical chapter of Xuanwu Lake. However, now a railway bridge runs through Xuanwu Lake, which greatly destroys the natural scenery of lakes and mountains. In addition, Xuanwu Lake also has several large amusement buildings such as golf courses. All these are acts of "tourism development" that destroy the essence of Xuanwu Lake. However, the builder thinks it makes Xuanwu Lake Park a "modern garden". In the chapter "Protection of Famous City Style" of Nanjing Urban Master Plan, it was written: "There should be fewer buildings on all continents in Xuanwu Lake, and buildings unrelated to scenic spots should not be arranged. The surrounding area of Xuanwu Lake should be a mountain city feature. " There are large businesses, entertainments and residences around Xuanwu Lake Park. Various buildings in the park are also increasing year by year. Xuanwu Lake is losing its poetic natural landscape, and the overall space of the lake is becoming more and more cramped and narrow. The first modern city park "Central Park" appeared in the United States, and the first modern amusement park "Disneyland" also appeared in the United States. However, American urban planners and landscape planners clearly realize that Disneyland and public gardens are completely different forms of entertainment! Their aesthetic connotations are completely different. In landscape planning, these two forms are completely different. Amusement park is not a garden, let alone a green block in the overall urban planning. Amusement park is not a green space to improve the urban ecological environment at all. Many folk culture villages, windows of the world, Westward Palace, San'guo City, Song Cheng and Underwater World that have appeared in recent years should belong to the public.
3 tickets, fences, ecological parks, etc. In recent years, some papers have proposed the establishment of urban "ecological gardens". In fact, the real gardens in modern western countries are all ecological, with green landscape as the overall appearance, and buildings are just embellishments. This is an indisputable problem. In modern China, garden land was regarded as a commercial profit place, which was full of chaotic commercial atmosphere and seriously damaged the green landscape. It also distorts the ecological essence of the garden itself. In the ancient feudal society of China, gardens were completely privately owned, hidden in deep houses and never opened to the public. However, the landscape design in the garden is entirely from the aesthetic point of view. Yao Yifeng,No. 16: The problems of urban parks and landscape planning in modern China have no commercial purpose. In the modern western fully commercialized society, only gardens are used as urban ecological green spaces, and the land is completely owned by the government. There is special legislation to treat parks as public venues, which can not be used for private real estate speculation, and the garden management department sent by the government can not use garden land as a profitable venue. The landscape design in the park is also entirely for beautification rather than commercial purposes. Management and maintenance costs come from public taxes. Rath than tickets or business point in that park. The primary consideration of modern China park landscape design is "making money". The fence separates the green landscape of the city from the park, and you can enjoy the garden landscape just by buying a ticket. There is another fence in the park to set up the "Garden in the Garden", and you have to buy tickets for each scene. The fence further separates the common landscape in the park. The fence and ticket system of China Modern Park is understandable under the existing socio-economic conditions. It is the inevitable result of the policy of "cultivating gardens by gardens". With the gradual integration of China and the world economy and the increasingly close cultural exchanges, we believe that the landscape design of China Park will be synchronized with the modern culture of the world, and the urban park in China should be integrated with the urban landscape, not an "independent park" isolated by walls, not to mention the pursuit of commercial profits on the garden land, which makes the garden landscape unrecognizable. Therefore, the problem of calling for the establishment of an "ecological park" has arisen. The significance of the garden should not be limited to the interests of its own plots. The broader significance of garden land is to improve the overall ecological environment of the city, cultivate people's sentiments and cultivate social spiritual civilization. Garden green space is a public welfare undertaking, so garden land abroad is public green space. The significance of Nanjing Xuanwu Lake Park is not only the profit of the park management department. The more important significance lies in the overall ecological environment, urban landscape and spiritual civilization construction of Nanjing. The parks I saw in Germany and Sweden have no walls, and the city and the park landscape are integrated. Flowers, shrubs and trees on the lawn are naturally arranged in the artistic composition. Because the landscape is mainly green, there are not too many building facilities and too many "garden sketches", it looks simpler than the domestic park design, but this is not our profound reason, but our misunderstanding of "modern garden".
4 landscape and landscape aesthetic characteristics
Garden art is very different from other pure arts such as painting, music and drama. Painting art is displayed on a piece of paper, music art is displayed as a musical instrument, and drama art is displayed on the stage. Garden art is displayed in real life space. Garden is not only a realistic material environment for people's spiritual life and material welfare life, but also an art that reflects social ideology and Zhi Tao's spiritual civilization and aesthetic requirements. Therefore, garden beauty, which is different from pure art, requires a high degree of unity between real life and artistic beauty. In the complex and mysterious evolution of the earth, rich and colorful landscapes of nature have been formed. Mountains and rivers, vegetation, storm, rain, thunder, moon, stars, insects, fish, birds and animals are all important themes of garden beauty, and they must be skillfully imitated or used for reference to become important landscape components in the garden. Acoustic beauty in gardens refers to natural sounds, such as wind, rain, spring and waves. It does not refer to the music art created by composers. The music performance in the park is performed by people, not the sound from nature, nor is it a part of garden art. Listen to the wind of nature, and there are often the sounds of "rolling pines and rustling poplars". Listening to the sound of rain, there is often a saying that "the rain hits the banana" and "the rain hits the duckweed". Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, has a famous poem "Leave the residual lotus to listen to the rain", which is easy for Bai Juyi to have. Listen to streams, waterfalls and springs gurgling. Listen to birds, and attract birds with various shrubs and fruit-paddle plants, such as grapes, hawthorn, pears, plums and mulberry trees. Sudden changes in dusk, cloudy and sunny days, morning and dusk, day and night, and spring and autumn are all components of the natural beauty of the garden. Design "sunset pavilion" and "dawn" weeds, swamps, dead trees and dry rivers, but it is impossible to reproduce this landscape in garden creation. Gardens should turn deserts into oases, wasteland into lush forests, dead trees into spring and beautiful scenery. In poetry, ruins can be depicted, in drama, the tragedy of war can be reproduced, movies can show horror, and paintings can also show cruelty, but the landscaping of gardens is always perfect, and beautiful youth is always maintained. Inspire people's noble sentiments, love life and love the motherland. The natural landscape of the garden is sometimes full of flowers and sometimes lush foliage, which has a feeling of "coming and going with the four seasons", but it finally reflects the vigorous vitality of "spring breeze blowing high" The deeper level of garden beauty is to create an artistic realm that forms rich feelings in the natural landscape. In landscape planning, water, topography, rocks, plants, buildings and other factors are combined and refined on the basis of natural beauty. Then create an artistic realm full of humanistic thoughts. The artistic features of classical gardens in China are the crystallization of more than 5,000 years of historical and cultural accumulation in China. The ancient sages of China advocated "harmony between man and nature", which reflected the perfect combination of man's inner world and natural landscape in China classical gardens. "There are people in the depths of cold mountains and white clouds." The poetic nature is not the steep mountains and rivers in wild at heart. In the Song Dynasty, Lu You wrote: "When the bridge is broken outside the post station, the flowers can't help themselves. It's dusk, and it's stormy. If you don't want to fight for spring, everyone will be jealous, only the fragrance will remain. " Facing the metabolism of flowers in nature, the poet compared the feelings of complete independence and detachment.
5. Site selection and landscape planning of parks in urban planning
5 1 1 Park location in urban planning
1) Make full use of the city's natural topography, rivers and lakes, such as establishing Luxun Park along the seashore in Qingdao and establishing Binhu Park along the West Lake in Hangzhou. Nanjing is located near the Yangtze River, but there are only small swallow fan parks and no strip-shaped riverside parks. The shogunate mountain near the Yangtze River has been cut off by quarrying.
2) Establish parks in areas with ancient and famous trees or dense forests. For example, there is a distinctive small park in Luoda Town, Yunnan, near the Myanmar border. There is only one extraordinarily large banyan tree in the park, and the name of the park is "a single tree makes a forest".
3) It is not advisable to build factories or houses in the ruins of historical sites. In order to protect historical sites and the corresponding overall space, parks should be established. Almost all parks in Nanjing have historical sites, such as Xuanwu Lake, Mochou Lake, Stone Town, Egret Island, Qingliang Mountain and Stone Town (now called National Defense Park). The park in Shanghai is just a green space in the city and a wonderful urban greening landscape in Nanjing.
4) Areas that are not suitable for urban construction projects, such as some geological fault zones or beaches, are not suitable for construction and can only be used as parks for greening. For example, Hangzhou "Taiziwan Park" is an excellent garden design award for the treatment of silt accumulation in the West Lake.
5) To balance the urban park system, we should consider that the number of parks is evenly distributed in the whole city. For example, there are more parks in the north of Nanjing, but there are fewer parks in densely populated areas in the south, so the number of parks in southern cities should be increased.
5 1 2 Park Landscape Planning Park tourist entertainment planning is generally divided into cultural activity area, sightseeing rest area and garden management area. The cultural activity area is located near the main entrance of the park or the main traffic road, and often includes cultural and recreational activity areas, sports activity areas, children's playgrounds, playgrounds and so on. Because it is a garden place for public meetings in the city, it must meet people's different hobbies. Although it is a lively venue, it is still a park venue. Buildings should be surrounded by green plants. It is by no means a continuous landscape of urban commercial shopping areas. Sightseeing rest area, or green landscape area, should occupy the largest area of the park and be dedicated to tourists' quiet rest, walking, sightseeing and enjoying the natural scenery. Even for entertainment, it is only static activities such as fishing, and even a good place for meditation. There should be many scenic forests, many characteristic gardens and more topographic changes in this area. There are flat land, undulating slopes and rocks, which is the most beautiful area in the park. Combined with the original natural landscape of the park, waterfalls, springs and winding forests are formed, with flowers in all seasons and colorful leaves, and the garden landscape is highly artistic. The landscape design of garden plants is based on the requirements of use function, artistic composition and biological characteristics. Reflect the beauty of individual and group plants in nature. In landscape design, isolated tree planting mainly shows the beauty of individual form of plants. The composition position of the solitary tree should be very prominent, the surrounding area should be empty, and a certain distance should be reserved for tourists to enjoy. It can also be arranged at cheerful waterside and highland overlooking broad prospects. Lonely trees should be especially huge in shape, with changeable crown contour, beautiful tree posture and lush flowers. Tree species with strong fragrance or rich seasonal changes in leaf color can become solitary trees, such as banyan, Huangguoshu, Pinus bungeana, Ginkgo biloba, Hongfeng, Cedar, Cinnamomum camphora and Magnolia grandiflora. At the corner of natural garden road or river bank stream, solitary trees with particularly prominent posture, lines and colors are often arranged to attract tourists to move on, so they are also called induced trees. The rockery in the classical garden is on the precipice, next to the boulder. However, lonely trees should be used to beautify the environment here. Moreover, the posture should be curvy and antique, so as to be in harmony with the grotesque rocks. The combination of trees and shrubs mainly considers the beauty of the group, and can also be combined with rocks and flowers. You can also place natural rocks under the trees, or place seats for tourists to rest. However, the garden road should not pass through trees, so as not to destroy its integrity. The planting elevation should be higher than the surrounding lawn or road, showing a gentle slope to facilitate drainage. At the same time, the composition is outstanding. The buildings dotted in this area are exquisite works of art and the finishing touch in landscape composition. The architectural settings in this respect are only "embellishment" and must not be "sliced". The viewing of water bodies should be combined with the comprehensive landscape planning of dikes, banks, islands, bridges and some aquatic plants. No matter how many recreational activities are carried out in the park, some water surfaces should be reserved for static viewing. Don't play water games like rowing boats and bumper boats everywhere. The landscape planning and design of Hangzhou "Taiziwan Park" is an excellent modern China park, numbered 1. Yao Yifeng: The Problems of Modern China City Parks and the Model of Landscape Planning. The whole park covers an area of less than 1%, with green trees, flowers, water surface and rocks as the main landscape layout elements. The overall design technique is smooth and natural. There is no delicate gesture, but there are few gardens in China that can reach this artistic realm at present. The urban environment is facing the most important problems: modern urban buildings are highly dense, residents live in reinforced concrete jungles, and urban air, water and soil are polluted. In the visual landscape, the layout of vertical geometry and the arrangement of square geometry are horizontal and horizontal; Hearing is also polluted by industrial and traffic noise. This is a problem faced by big cities all over the world. What residents living in cities yearn for most is the vitality and beauty of nature. It is necessary to build a landscape garden with natural interest. Understanding of urban park landscape: There must be a quiet rest place surrounded by green trees in the urban park, and the atmosphere reflected by the green landscape seems to be flat. But for residents who have lived in cities for a long time, its value is enormous and its significance is far-reaching. This kind of venues has a high aesthetic level and a far-reaching aesthetic realm, which is memorable. This is an environment that people need to feel every day. Zhuangzi, an ancient philosopher in China, said: "The static water is clear, and the situation is the spirit." "Quiet" is extremely valuable in the environment, especially in noisy cities. This should be the most essential, precious and essential place in the park. Therefore, the high-quality planning of modern landscape architecture should adopt natural landforms, natural plant communities and natural layout. The main landscape buildings in scenic spots should be in harmony with the natural fluency and simple taste. However, we have witnessed that a large number of modern gardens in China are abandoning this essence and pursuing vulgar and superficial "excitement". The public gardens in many big cities in modern China are evolving into "comprehensive artificial landscape gardens". Problems of modern amusement facilities: Modern urban residents want to walk, rest and enjoy in the environment surrounded by green trees after their intense work every day. Entertainment activities such as "Everything is turning" are indeed more exciting sometimes, but we can't go to the entertainment facilities with steel frames every day after work. Parks should not be resplendent. Or a large area of glass curtain wall. Don't build this scenic spot into a circus, or eat and drink, or make electricity strange, especially against the development and construction of "urbanization" of landscape architecture. Therefore, city parks cannot be planned as playgrounds or entertainment places. A real park can be without all kinds of recreational facilities, but it can't be without green vegetation.
In addition, I would like to give the forum address, hoping to help.
http://www.cityup.org/bbs/forumdisplay.php? FID = 83 & amp； page= 1