Argumentative writing is a style that analyzes and comments on a certain issue or thing and shows one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument.

Argumentative structure

1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).

It can be divided into two categories.

A. vertical style: discuss the structure step by step.

Example 1. "Layer by layer deepening" type, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the opposite side, and then further discuss it from the front.

Example 2. "start recording, turn around" style: break the topic at the beginning and lead to discussion; Then take the lead and explain the problems discussed; "Turn" is a double proof argument from all angles; In the final analysis, it is "combination."

B. horizontal style: parallel expanded discourse structure

For example:

There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;

There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.

There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.

In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.

Common exam questions:

(1) Find the argument and summarize it (person name+event name+argument attribute)

(2) Argument function (providing arguments or sub-arguments)

Specifically, such as:

(1) Factual argument: Demonstrate the viewpoint truly and forcefully.

(2) Theoretical argumentation: enhance the persuasiveness of the article and reflect the characteristics of accurate and rigorous language.

(3) Comparative demonstration: through the comparison between _ _ _ and _ _ _, highlight the point of view. Prove this point more forcefully.

④ Metaphorical argument: use _ _ to compare _ _ to make the viewpoint vivid and easy to understand.

The specific context should be analyzed concretely.

(3) supplement the arguments according to the arguments (function: make the arguments more comprehensive, powerful and universal)

(4) Anti-inference point

(5) Analyze whether the arguments used in the paragraph are appropriate (query: attribute, comprehensiveness, typicality and echo relationship)

The demonstration method is as follows:

1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument;

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison;

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used in refutation. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complex and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, etc., and their functions should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Three elements of argumentative writing

Explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Parameters:

Definition: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed (events, phenomena, people, ideas, etc.). )

Form: a complete sentence with a clear statement of the subject.

1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.

2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers.

Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.

Argument: it is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument.

1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc.

2. Reasoning and argumentation: Argumentation is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts.

Argument: the process and method of proving an argument with arguments.

Relationship with argument: proof and proven

Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".

Demonstration mode:

Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.

(1) Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions from the front in view of a certain event or problem. When expressing attitude, we should pay attention to the following three points:

(1) These views and opinions must be based on careful thinking or certain practice, and they are truly unique and correct, or ideas that can effectively solve practical problems. Let readers feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.

(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we should not deviate from Wan Li, give full play to it at will, or change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument. Argumentative writing is very logical, and the argument must be close to the center and consistent from beginning to end. ?

(3) "standing" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, we should mention some wrong views and propositions, deny and refute them, so as to enhance the probative force. ?

(2) Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or propositions.

(1) refute the argument. Refutation mainly refutes arguments, because the fundamental purpose of discussion is to expound opinions and express opinions. If we can't agree with each other's views and opinions, we should refute and deny them in various ways and point out their absurdity or fallacy. A rebuttal argument is a direct refutation of the other party's argument. ?

One of the ways to refute an argument is to directly point out the error of the argument, directly refute it with conclusive and irrefutable facts, or make a thorough analysis and dissection in theory and directly point out the error. ?

Another way to refute the argument is to reduce to absurdity. Reduction to absurdity is a reasonable extension based on certain arguments and logical laws, but the conclusion is absurd. Because the extended conclusion cannot be established, therefore, the argument extending this conclusion cannot be established. In writing, some specious vague understandings can be clarified by using reduction to absurdity to reveal their "non-". ?

The reduction to absurdity method can also be used to refute, that is, the author does not directly point out the fallacy of the other party's argument, but establishes a new argument that is tit for tat with the other party's argument, and this new argument is established after full argumentation, so the opposing party's argument does not refute itself. ?

When using reduction to absurdity, we should pay attention to the contradiction and incompatibility between the refuted argument and the argument proved by ourselves. Only in this way can we meet the requirements of the law of contradiction in logic and achieve the purpose of affirming this and denying that. ?

(2) refute the argument. Refute an argument, which is a radical way to refute the other side's argument. In the process of argument, argument is the pillar on which argument depends. If the argument cannot be established, then the argument will lose its support and break itself. ?

(3) rebuttal. Refutation argument is to deny the argument put forward by the other side by exposing the loopholes in the illogical relationship between arguments in the process of argument. To carry out such an argument, we need to make a calm analysis of the other party's remarks, find out the contradictions in logical reasoning, and then make a strong disclosure.

The main characteristics of argumentative writing

1, the main expression of argumentative writing is discussion, that is, using concepts, judgments and reasoning to show the author's point of view and clarify the truth; Or refute other people's wrong views and point out their fallacies. So, it is convincing.

2. The basic structure of argumentative writing consists of three parts: argument, argument and demonstration, which is called "three elements" of argumentative writing.

3. The main language of argumentative writing is argumentative writing. At the same time, narrative, explanation and lyricism are also available, all of which serve the discussion. The language of argumentative writing pays attention to abstraction, generality and preciseness, and its expression requires accuracy, pertinence and distinctiveness.

In the reading of argumentative essays, the selection of essays focuses on articles with humanistic colors, such as educating students in personality, thought, quality and psychology. Subjective questions dominate and open questions are also being tried.