So, what is the concept of financial decision? Financial decision-making is a process of selecting and deciding financial plans and policies, also known as short-term financial decision-making. The purpose of financial decision-making is to determine the most satisfactory financial plan. Only by determining an effective and feasible scheme can financial activities achieve good benefits and achieve the financial management goal of maximizing enterprise value. Therefore, financial decision-making is the core of the whole financial management. Financial decision-making needs the basis and premise of financial decision-making, which is the analysis and selection of financial forecast results. Financial decision is a multi-standard comprehensive decision. There are both monetized and measurable economic standards and non-monetized and unmeasurable non-economic standards that determine the choice of schemes, so the decision-making scheme is often the result of comprehensive balance of many factors.
Then, if the enterprise has made financial decisions, then tax planning is to make corresponding plans and budgets subject to the financial decision-making process, so as to reduce the current or later tax payable and achieve the purpose of directly or indirectly reducing the tax burden.
From what aspects do citrus sellers talk about this "deception"? How do orange sellers talk about bullying themselves? And from what aspects to discuss 1 self-management for many years, no criticism, cheating is reasonable.
There are many people who cheat in the world, and I'm not the only one.
Today's civilian military commanders are all talented and defeated.
Where should enterprises seek tax planning? Traditional and irregular "tax planning" will be unsustainable, and legal and compliant tax planning is a rational and inevitable choice for enterprises. Combined with a large number of cases we have done, I think tax planning can be divided into three levels from macro to micro.
First, at the level of strategic structure, enterprises should set up an optimal tax structure, such as the arrangement and planning of group headquarters, head office, parent company and holding company; Business integration within the group under the reform of the camp; Financial investment company's equity structure arrangement and so on.
The second is the business model, which is mainly realized through the formulation of tax-related clauses in the contract.
The third level, tax management level, is mainly to actively strive for preferential tax policies and expense deduction policies. For example, the application of preferential tax qualifications for industries and regions, the application of deferred tax policies, and the application of pre-tax deduction policies for costs and expenses.
Which paper is better, tax planning or financial risk? There are many cases of financial risks, including those abroad.
As for tax planning, each country's tax system is different, and there are relatively few cases, but it is not so difficult to write. After all, there are only a dozen taxes, so we can focus on turnover tax and income tax.
Financial risks involve too much knowledge. It is not easy to write well and have your own opinions.
What are the main aspects of tax planning for enterprise income tax deduction projects? The first is the deduction standard of expenses, which must be handled in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, such as foreign donations, business entertainment expenses, asset depreciation, etc. Can be avoided with reference to the provisions of the tax law; Secondly, if there are preferential items in the income tax regulations, they can be reported to the competent tax authorities in combination with the items listed in the annual return and the actual situation of the enterprise. Tax preference items must be reported to the competent tax authorities for the record, otherwise the competent tax authorities will not recognize them; Finally, it is necessary to reduce the withholding rate of enterprises, so that you can take the initiative in the annual income tax settlement, otherwise your tax retention achievements will be difficult to implement and the tax burden of enterprises will not be well reduced.
What is the meaning of the article from what aspects? Your point of view depends on which aspects you grasp. For example, if you write an article about the natural environment, you will definitely talk about how the author describes the scenery from far to near or from bottom to top. In addition, the writing environment is the author's emotional attitude, metaphor or direct expression, which is generally judged from the level of the article, followed by the author's feelings, or what the author wants to express, and then your understanding of the article.
What aspects should pedestrian crossing facilities be discussed? A crosswalk is a place designated as a pedestrian crossing in the form of a sign on the roadway to prevent pedestrians from crossing the road indiscriminately. There are two forms of crosswalk marking: striped (or zebra crossing) crosswalk and parallel crosswalk. Striped crosswalks are composed of striped solid lines, which are located at intersections or road sections without pedestrian lights; The parallel crosswalk consists of two parallel solid lines and is located at the intersection with pedestrian signal lights. For striped crosswalks, pedestrians have the right of way, while for parallel crosswalks, the right of way is determined by signal lights. At present, parallel crosswalks used in many sections of many cities often catch motorists off guard because they are not eye-catching. When the car drives to the edge of the crosswalk, it knows that there is a crosswalk ahead. According to the actual situation, the inconspicuous situation can be changed by changing the parallel line to "zebra crossing". 1.2 overpass refers to the air passage across the road. On the pavement of the main street, in order to make the traffic unimpeded, an overpass crossing the road was set up instead of the crosswalk. At both ends of the overpass, there are steps and ramps for getting on and off. The design of overpass is varied, and its plane forms are zigzag, circular and curved. Which form should be adapted to local conditions, but no matter what form, it should be beneficial. ...
What aspects or angles can enterprises carry out tax planning? Reasonable planning can be carried out by means of tax saving, tax avoidance and tax payment, and duplicate and unnecessary tax items can be paid less. Instead of tax evasion, tax resistance and tax evasion.
Tax planning is that taxpayers make full use of a series of preferential policies, such as tax threshold, tax reduction and exemption, without violating the legislative spirit of tax law, and achieve the purpose of paying less or not paying taxes through taxpayers' ingenious arrangements for financing, investment and business activities. Tax planning is a comprehensive subject that integrates tax economics, law, accounting, management, statistics and operational research.
What principles, methods/steps should be followed in the decision-making process?
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1. Decision principle
Decision-making principle refers to the guiding principle and code of conduct that must be followed in decision-making. It embodies the guiding ideology of scientific decision-making and summarizes the practical experience of decision-making. There are many specific principles that leaders need to follow in the decision-making process, such as pessimistic principle, optimistic principle, minimum regret value principle and so on. But as far as the basic principles of leadership decision-making are concerned, there are many similarities. These general principles mainly include the principles of economy, systematicness, foresight, feasibility, flexibility and democracy.
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2. Economic principles
The principle of economics is to study the relationship between cost and benefit of economic decision-making, and the relationship between input and output. Leadership decision-making must focus on economic benefits, combine economic benefits with social benefits, and achieve maximum results with less human and material resources consumption. If the cost of a decision is greater than the benefit, then the decision is unscientific.
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3. System principle
Systematic principle, also known as holistic principle, requires that the decision-making object be regarded as a system, and the relationship between subsystems in the system should be coordinated with the optimization of the overall goal of the system as the criterion to make the system complete and balanced. Therefore, when making decisions, we should weigh the characteristics of each small system in the whole system, so that the goals of each small system can be coordinated with the overall goals of the whole system.
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4. The principle of predictability
Prediction is the premise and basis of decision-making. Prediction is based on the past and present known situation, using all kinds of knowledge and scientific means to infer the unknown situation in the future. Scientific decision-making must use scientific foresight to overcome subjective speculation without scientific basis and prevent blind decision-making. Whether the decision is correct or not depends on the accuracy of judging the future consequences. Not knowing the consequences of actions often leads to mistakes in decision-making. Therefore, leadership decision-making must follow the principle of predictability.
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5. Feasibility principle
The basic requirement of the feasibility principle is to find out all the schemes that can achieve the decision-making goal with dialectical materialism as the guiding ideology and the means of natural science and social science, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these schemes in order to make the final choice. Feasibility analysis is the external expression of feasibility principle and an important link in decision-making activities. To master the feasibility principle, we must carefully study and analyze the constraints, including natural conditions and decision-making itself. The specific requirement of the feasibility principle is to conduct comprehensive, selective and legal research and analysis on the basis of considering the restrictive factors.
The tax planning of which financing methods should be paid attention to in the process of financing determines that different financing methods have different effects on corporate tax burden.
1, absorbing investment. Choosing the most favorable tax planning form among many investment-absorbing organizational forms can reduce the tax burden of taxpayers. Generally speaking, at the beginning of an enterprise, it is easy to be influenced by external factors, and the risk of loss is high, so it is appropriate to adopt the branch method; When an enterprise is operating normally, it can enjoy tax incentives to set up subsidiaries.
From the perspective of tax payment, the organizational form of cooperative enterprises is the best way to attract investment.
2. Stock financing. Issuing stocks is the basic form of financing for joint-stock enterprises. The tax planning of joint-stock enterprises is mainly reflected in the way sponsors subscribe for registered capital in the financing stage. If the promoters subscribe for shares in full at one time, they will not enjoy preferential income tax; If the sponsors subscribe for shares in installments within the time limit prescribed by law, the sponsors of the enterprise can still share the profits in proportion to their capital contribution before all the funds are in place. The unfunded fund gap of enterprises can be solved by debt, and the interest of debt can be included in financial expenses to offset the income of enterprises, thus reducing the tax burden of tax paying enterprises.
3. Issue bonds. Issuing bonds is an important way to raise borrowed funds. From the perspective of tax payment, we can see that its biggest advantage is that bond interest is included in financial expenses and paid before tax. Its essence is to let the state bear part of the interest and let enterprises enjoy tax incentives.
4. borrow money. Borrowing is a common way for enterprises to raise funds. Loan interest is paid before tax, and loan interest is often lower than bond interest, thus reducing financing costs.
5. Financial leasing. Financial leasing can enable enterprises to obtain the assets they need quickly and avoid the risk of outdated equipment. Although the financial lease rent is high, it can be deducted before tax.
Tax planning in the process of investment
Investment refers to an economic activity in which an enterprise invests certain financial or material resources to obtain benefits in the future. Due to the differences in tax policies of different industries and products, the final investment income of enterprises will also be quite different. For investors, tax is the deduction of investment income, and the amount of tax payable directly affects the return on investment, thus affecting the investment decision of enterprises. In particular, the impact of tax payable on investment decisions and the existence of depreciation tax credit need to attract investors' attention. Therefore, the tax planning of enterprises in the investment process should usually be considered from two aspects: tax payable and depreciation.
(a) the impact of tax payable on investment
1, the choice of investment projects. The internal investment risk of an enterprise is high, and once the decision is wrong, it will seriously affect the financial situation and final economic benefits of the enterprise. Therefore, enterprises must use scientific methods to make predictions and decisions, and choose the best investment projects from the perspective of tax payment.
2. Choice of investment mode. Enterprises should not only consider the actual income of investment when choosing investment methods, but also analyze the potential income that enterprises can obtain from the perspective of tax payment.
3. Choice of investment form. From the perspective of tax payment, enterprises should compare various investment forms and choose the most favorable form for tax payment planning, so as to achieve the best investment income of enterprises. The choice of investment form is usually used for affiliated enterprises. Associated enterprises often transfer the investment income subtly through the change of internal investment forms, so as to realize the purpose of enterprise tax planning. Usually, the balance sheet of the invested enterprise is used as the basis for choosing the investment form. For example, when the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary are small, the parent company can choose to invest in the subsidiary in the form of bonds, because the bond interest is paid from the pre-tax profit, which can reduce the tax burden of the subsidiary, so that the enterprise group as a whole can obtain the best investment income.
(B) the impact of depreciation on tax investment
The depreciation expense of an enterprise is usually paid before tax, and the amount of depreciation directly affects the pre-tax profit level of the enterprise, and then affects the taxable income of the enterprise. Therefore, enterprises should fully consider the influence of old tax credit on investment income when making investment decisions.
The amount of depreciation has a direct impact on the tax period. The depreciation accrued by the straight-line method is equal in each period, and the difference of taxable income in each period is very small under the condition that other conditions remain unchanged; If the tax laws and regulations permit, the accelerated depreciation method can be used, so that the depreciation amount can be reduced year by year, and more taxes can be deducted in the first few years of the depreciation period, and less taxes can be deducted in the later years. Although the total amount of depreciation that should be accrued every year has not changed, for the enterprise, it is equivalent to delaying the tax payment period and speeding up the capital turnover, which is also equivalent to the enterprise obtaining an interest-free loan.
The depreciation amount also has an impact on the actual tax payment. When the accelerated depreciation method is adopted, the tax payable in the early stage is small. If the time value of money is considered, the depreciation discount obtained in the early stage is higher than that obtained in the later stage, thus improving the return on investment and the level of investment income of enterprises as a whole.
Tax planning in the process of operation
(A) tax planning in cost accounting
1, the impact of inventory pricing method on tax payment. There are many options for the valuation of inventory. Different methods have different inventory values, different costs and different book profits, so the taxable income is also different. For example, in the case of rising prices, the LIFO method can be used to price the inventory, so that the inventory cost at the end of the period is low and the sales cost is high, thus reducing profits and reducing tax burden; When the price drops, the first-in-first-out method can be used to price the inventory, so that the inventory cost at the end of the period is low and the sales cost is high, thus reducing the profit and reducing the tax burden. In this way, under the circumstances permitted by the accounting system and tax laws and regulations, enterprises can obtain the permission of the tax authorities according to different external economic environments, and timely adjust the inventory valuation method in the new fiscal year, thus effectively adjusting profits, reducing the tax base and reducing the tax burden.
2. The influence of depreciation method of fixed assets on tax payment.
(1) Influence of extending depreciation period on tax payment. For enterprises that enjoy preferential treatment of tax reduction and exemption for a certain period of time, the depreciation period of fixed assets can be extended beyond the normal depreciation period in the initial stage of its establishment. When the tax-free period of an enterprise ends, the undercharged depreciation is included in the cost by extending the depreciation period, so that the total depreciation accrued during the whole depreciation period remains unchanged, but the amount of income tax paid by the enterprise is quite different.
(2) The impact of timing difference on tax payment caused by shortening the depreciation period. Under the circumstances permitted by the accounting system and relevant laws and regulations, enterprises can shorten the depreciation period to below the normal period from the perspective of tax payment. The tax planning to shorten the depreciation period mainly considers the time value of money, so that enterprises can enjoy preferential income tax. This method will reduce the profit calculated by depreciation in previous years and narrow the tax base. In the next few years, there will be less depreciation, more profits and more income tax, so that the final value of income tax will be less than the present value in a few years. Therefore, enterprises generally enjoy the benefits of income tax concessions and time value of money.
(B) tax planning in product pricing
1, the impact of international transfer price on tax payment. In order to adapt to the rapidly changing international market, multinational companies
Environment, reduce business risks, and most management rights are allocated to responsibility centers located in various countries. Each responsibility center takes the internal transfer formulated by its multinational companies as the basis for internal control and settlement. Under the premise of not violating the tax laws and regulations of the host country and relevant international tax agreements, multinational corporations can set a higher transfer price to transfer the profits of subsidiaries located in countries with high tax rates, or increase the profits of subsidiaries located in countries with low tax rates at a lower transfer price, so as to reduce the tax burden and improve the overall profit level of multinational corporations.
2. The influence of internal transfer price on tax payment. Business activities of transferring internal assets often occur in affiliated enterprises, so reasonable internal transfer prices should be determined to realize tax planning in pricing. The basic method is:
(1) Use the differences of tax policies in different regions for tax planning. In order to promote the development of some areas and realize the rational distribution of productive forces, the state often guides them through preferential tax policies.
(2) Making use of the tax rate difference of different products for tax planning. In order to promote the rationalization of China's industrial structure and product structure and make it adapt to the development of the national economy, the tax law stipulates different consumption tax rates for different products. Enterprise groups can take advantage of these differences in tax rates and reduce their tax burden by reasonably adjusting the internal transfer price.
Tax planning in profit distribution
1. The influence of after-tax profit distribution decision of joint-stock enterprises on tax payment. In order to maintain and maintain the reputation of their own stocks, joint-stock enterprises should pay dividends to shareholders. Where an enterprise pays cash dividends, shareholders shall pay individual income tax at the applicable tax rate for the dividends received; If an enterprise issues stock dividends, the dividends held by shareholders are essentially a simplified form in which shareholders get cash dividends and then buy shares in the company with cash, but shareholders can be temporarily exempted from personal income tax and can be realized when cash is needed.
2. The impact of profit distribution of foreign-invested enterprises on tax payment. In order to encourage foreign investors to continue to invest in China, enterprises can reinvest with after-tax profits, enjoy tax relief and refund part of reinvestment tax. Therefore, foreign investors of foreign-invested enterprises should reinvest their after-tax profits in line with China's industrial policies and continue to operate for a legal period in order to enjoy tax preferences in the distribution of after-tax profits. This reinvested profit distribution usually enjoys multiple tax benefits, thus enhancing the overall economic interests of enterprises.