Abstract: With the rapid development of urbanization, there are more and more landless farmers in China. At present, the conditions for establishing the social endowment insurance system for landless peasants have been basically met, and some places have also explored the endowment insurance problem for landless peasants, which provides useful reference for system construction. The construction of social endowment insurance system for landless farmers should be linked with the urban social endowment insurance system. The government should undertake the responsibility of system construction and give necessary financial support.
Since the reform and opening up, the pace of urbanization and industrialization in China has obviously accelerated, and a large number of land has been expropriated, resulting in a large number of landless farmers. Under the guidance of the General Office of the State Council in April 2006 10 (Notice of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security on Doing a Good Job in Employment Training and Social Security for Land-expropriated Farmers) and April 28, 2007 (Notice on Doing a Good Job in Social Security for Land-expropriated Farmers), social endowment security systems for land-expropriated farmers have been established in many parts of the country. However, the disadvantages of this system are constantly exposed in the process of implementation. How to solve the problem of social old-age security for land-expropriated farmers, make their future lives worry-free, and be successfully urbanized, and share the benefits brought by urban development is the key to rural social stability and the key to ensuring the smooth progress of urbanization.
1 Social old-age security for landless peasants and its problems
1. 1 social endowment insurance for landless farmers
In 1980s, around 1992 and around 2003, there were three vigorous waves of enclosure in China, and thousands of development zones and industrial parks in China eroded a large amount of cultivated land. According to the data, from 1987 to 200 1, 33.946 million mu of cultivated land in China was occupied by non-agricultural construction. In 2002, the cultivated land in China decreased by 25.29 million mu, and in 2003, the cultivated land in China decreased by 38.06 million mu again. By the end of 2004, the area of state-level development zones exceeded 35,400 square kilometers, which has exceeded the total amount of existing urban construction land. This movement is creating a large number of landless farmers, who "have no land to farm, no job to do and no minimum living guarantee".
At present, the total number of landless peasants in China is estimated at about 40 million, and more than 2 million people will be added every year. According to the Outline of the National Land Use Master Plan, in the 30 years from 2000 to 2030, izl will occupy more than 54.5 million mu of cultivated land. Generally, every acre of cultivated land requisitioned will be accompanied by 1.5 farmers' unemployment, which means that the number of "landless farmers" in China will increase sharply from about 40 million at present to 1. 1 billion in 2030, and the scale of landless farmers will be further expanded. In the process of land expropriation, governments and departments at all levels mainly adopt one-time monetary compensation and in-kind compensation to try to solve the problems caused by land expropriation in a short time. This method is widely used in many places because it is simple and easy to operate and brings great benefits to relevant departments. However, in the last two years, the disadvantages of this method have been exposed continuously. Under the guidance of the State Council and the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, various social endowment insurance systems for landless farmers have been introduced in some areas. The starting point of these systems is to solve the problem of sustainable livelihood of landless farmers. Due to the differences of economic development levels in different places, there are distinct local characteristics in specific practices.
Generally speaking, economically developed areas can establish a sound social pension system for landless farmers; In moderately developed areas, a social security system can be established for landless farmers, and the government, collectives, individuals or both can jointly pay the fees; In economically underdeveloped areas, land-lost compensation can be used to establish a minimum living guarantee for land-lost farmers or a social security model combined with commercial insurance. For example:
(1) Dalian mode. Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone has transformed all landless peasants into urban residents. All the members of rural collective economic organizations that originally owned the contracted management right of land were included in the social old-age security, and were totally funded by the government or the collective. Individuals don't have to pay any fees. Landless people who have reached the legal retirement age receive a monthly pension.
(2) Qingdao mode. Laoshan District of Qingdao implements a new rural social endowment insurance with individual contributions as the main contribution, supplemented by collective subsidies, and the district government gives appropriate subsidies, which fully embodies the principle of "three-party burden". The collection of old-age insurance premiums shall be carried out according to 60% of the average salary of employees in Qingdao last year, and the basic old-age insurance premiums shall be paid according to 20% of the payment base. Among them, the district government subsidizes the basic old-age insurance premium according to 6% of the payment base, and individuals and collectives pay the basic old-age insurance premium according to 14% of the payment base. Landless people who have reached the legal retirement age receive a monthly pension.
(3) Chongqing mode. Relying on commercial insurance companies, the government launched commercial insurance to provide social old-age security for landless farmers. Chongqing has explored a new compensation model of "government+insurance company+farmers". The government directly gives the money originally intended to compensate farmers to the insurance company, which manages the operating funds and pays the landless farmers 180 yuan per month.
(4) Sichuan model. The government provides basic living and social old-age security for landless farmers. At the beginning of 2004, the No.1 Document of the Provincial Party Committee issued by Sichuan Province stipulated that a certain proportion of funds should be set aside from government land revenue to solve the social security problem of landless farmers. Since 2004, all farmers who have become urban residents due to state land expropriation have implemented the minimum living security and unemployment insurance system for urban residents.
The establishment of these systems has solved the worries of landless peasants to varying degrees and explored new ways of social old-age security for landless peasants. However, due to the current unbalanced regional economic development, these systems can only be implemented in some areas, and they are not extensive, and the vast majority of landless farmers have nothing to rely on.
1.2 Current social endowment security for landless peasants
The social old-age security system for landless peasants is a brand-new attempt in China, so there are inevitably various problems in these new systems. Only by further understanding the problems and finding solutions can we truly protect the rights and interests of landless farmers in China.
1.2. 1 lack of authoritative and effective legal and regulatory basis. The establishment of social old-age security system for landless peasants in various places is mainly a business guidance document issued by competent departments at all levels. For all landless peasants, there is a lack of support from national laws and authoritative government documents. The development of social pension for landless peasants depends entirely on the understanding of government leaders at all levels. "Affirmation" improves in an all-round way, while "negation" denies everything.
1.2.2 hindered the normal flow of landless peasants. Farmers who have lost their land, without land to live on, will inevitably go out of the countryside and look for employment opportunities in cities. However, due to the disunity of social pension policies for landless peasants in different places, once there is a social pension security dispute, it will be difficult for landless peasants to move because of the lack of a smooth and fair dispute resolution mechanism, which will limit their free movement.
1.2.3 system lacks foresight. Since the social old-age security for landless peasants has been running for some time, it has gradually shown a certain lag. The system design does not consider the connection between the old-age security for landless farmers and the old-age insurance for urban workers from a long-term perspective. Starting from the current economic situation, most local governments adopt the mode of government guarantee, commercial insurance and minimum living guarantee in order to solve problems, without considering that landless farmers will be citizens sooner or later after losing their land, and their social endowment insurance will inevitably be linked with urban residents.
1.2.4 social endowment insurance policy is not mandatory. The survey shows that only 8.3% of the social endowment insurance implemented in various places is required by the government to participate, and the number of participants is too small to give full play to the role of social security. Most landless peasants are short-sighted. They pay more attention to immediate consumption and ignore future consumption. In addition, because they are constrained by many factors such as insufficient financial management ability and relatively backward concept of providing for the aged, they cannot make reasonable arrangements for their own pension problems. If the government does not force them to make reasonable arrangements for their old age now, their living standards will not be guaranteed when they enter old age.
1.2.5 The fund's value-added channels are not smooth, and the operational risk is high. The continuous preservation and appreciation of the social endowment insurance fund is directly related to the growth of the fund and the development of the social endowment insurance for landless farmers. According to the current policy, the social endowment insurance fund for landless peasants, like the social endowment insurance fund for peasants, has its value-added channels limited to deposit in banks and purchase of government bonds. Under normal circumstances, it is difficult for the fund to reach the predetermined value-added standard. Furthermore, China's current market economy system is imperfect, the price index fluctuates greatly, and the bank interest rate changes frequently. In the reality of low annual interest rate and single investment channel, it is difficult to effectively increase the value of the social endowment insurance fund for landless farmers.
2. Establish social old-age security for landless farmers and urban workers.
Since 1970s, China's social endowment insurance for urban workers has undergone a series of reforms. From the initial state guarantee to the tripartite participation of government, enterprises and individuals; From the disunity of local policies to the unification of national policies, China's social security system for urban workers has been gradually improved, and a social security system with China characteristics has been established. As a special group, landless peasants will be gradually absorbed into the urban population with the development of urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the social pension security policy of urban workers and avoid detours when establishing social pension security for them. China should establish a slightly lower-level social endowment insurance system for landless peasants, which is linked with the social endowment insurance for urban workers.
The core issue of establishing a social old-age security system suitable for landless farmers is the source of funds. China has a large population, and the development of social security is in its infancy. The burden on the country is very heavy. It is neither possible nor realistic to solve the social security problem of landless peasants entirely by state funds. The social endowment insurance fund of landless farmers must be considered from the land income. According to a survey, in the current income distribution structure of rural land circulation, local governments and village-level organizations get most of it, while landless farmers get a small part. This determines that the social endowment insurance funds for landless peasants should be shared by local governments, collectives and individuals. With the participation of local governments and collectives, the stability of funding sources will be guaranteed. The feasibility of establishing a unified social endowment insurance system for landless peasants will be higher, and the prospect of the construction of social endowment insurance system for landless peasants will be more optimistic. The main problem facing China in the future is how to establish and improve the system and increase the promotion.
2. 1 Selection of social old-age security objects
For landless peasants of different ages, the objects of social old-age security should be treated differently. /kloc-landless peasants under the age of 0/5 will enter the urban social endowment insurance system according to the new urban labor force after reaching the employment age. If the landless peasants who have reached the age of Joe are unemployed, they will participate in the social endowment insurance for landless peasants. Those who have been employed are forced to participate in the social endowment insurance for urban workers. Those who exceed the working age (male 60 years old, female 55 years old) shall pay the old-age insurance premium in one lump sum and receive the social pension from the month of payment. The level of social pension cannot be lower than the minimum living standard in rural areas.
2.2 Social endowment insurance fund raising
Raising social endowment insurance fund is an important part of the whole system. Land-lost farmers themselves have no extra funds to participate in social endowment insurance, and the disposable funds mainly come from land compensation fees. If the land compensation fee is paid to farmers in one lump sum, some farmers may use it up in a short time. In addition, if corresponding measures are not taken, the compensation and welfare of collective and local governments may be used for other purposes. In order to ensure that the compensation for land acquisition is not misappropriated and achieve the purpose of earmarking, funds should be directly allocated from the land and resources department.
The financing mode should learn from the basic social endowment insurance system for urban workers and choose the "trinity" partial accumulation system, that is, the three-party payment, the government's contribution, the collective supplement, and the individual's contribution. The part funded by the government is not less than 30% of the total guarantee fee, which shall be charged from the land transfer fee, and all the money shall be put into the overall account; Collective commitment is not less than 40% of the total security fee, which shall be paid from the land compensation fee; Personal commitment is partly offset from land acquisition and resettlement subsidies. Collective and individual contributions are deposited into individual accounts in the name of individuals. Considering the particularity of unstable income of landless farmers, the payment time should be flexible. They can pay monthly, quarterly and annually, or decide the payment time according to their income. Farmers who participate in social endowment insurance for landless farmers must pay for their personal accounts, and they can enjoy social endowment insurance benefits only when they are over 10.
2.3 Social endowment insurance tomb gold management
The social endowment insurance fund for landless peasants is the debt fund of landless peasants, the "survival money" for the future pension of insured peasants and the cornerstone of social endowment insurance for landless peasants. Its management and operation are directly related to the success or failure of this cause. In management, the government should actively participate. First of all, the social endowment insurance fund must be managed by the full-time government departments in a unified way, and a separate financial account must be set up to ensure that the funds are earmarked and shall not be misappropriated, withheld or misappropriated. Secondly, the government should establish a corresponding social endowment insurance risk fund for landless peasants, which can be used to deal with emergencies or adjust the level of protection according to rising prices to ensure that the social pension received by landless peasants will not "depreciate". At the same time, the normal operation of the fund should be strictly supervised and managed by the "two lines of revenue and expenditure". The management institution of social endowment insurance fund for landless farmers is set up separately from the management institution. The former is responsible for the supervision of the latter and the regulation of the social security market, while the latter is responsible for fund raising, investment operation and so on. , we must ensure the authority, openness, scientificity and independence of the supervision institutions.
2.4 the operation of social endowment insurance fund
Fund operation should try to realize the preservation and appreciation of the social endowment insurance fund for landless farmers through investment operation. In view of the present situation of China's financial market, it is not necessary for us to hand over all social pension funds to private institutions, but to banks and non-bank financial institutions. When introducing investment institutions, the relevant government departments should carefully examine the qualifications, operating conditions and credit level of these companies, and at the same time introduce a number of investment companies, introduce a competitive mechanism, and spread business risks through diversified operations. In order to ensure the smooth preservation and appreciation of the social endowment insurance fund for land-lost farmers, it is necessary not only to deposit in banks and buy government bonds, but also to diversify investment methods. Appropriately involved in physical investment, bank deposits, national debt and other bonds, stocks, investment funds, mortgage loans, foreign exchange, futures and international investment. However, there is a strong positive correlation between risks and returns in these investment fields, and investment supervision must be strengthened.
The supervision of fund operation should take the form of "social supervision", that is, by strengthening supervision, the operational risk should be reduced as much as possible to realize the preservation and appreciation of endowment insurance funds. The subject of supervision should include two aspects. First, the government should set up a special social endowment insurance fund supervision institution, strengthen the supervision of operating institutions, focus on finance, finance and business, and urge operating institutions to establish and improve management rules and regulations. In order to prevent fraud, it is necessary to establish a market quasi-person system, stipulate the minimum statutory reserve and corresponding responsibilities of fund management institutions, establish financial disclosure, credit and performance rating systems and strict economic punishment systems. The second is to set up a supervisory Council composed of representatives of the insured, collective representatives of the village group and management experts representing the interests of the village group and individuals. The Council not only supervises the operation of operating institutions, but also supervises government regulatory agencies. This is not only conducive to protecting the right to know, participate and supervise of landless farmers, but also conducive to preventing the dereliction of duty of government regulatory agencies.
2.5 Pay social endowment insurance
Because the social endowment insurance fund adopts the mode of "unified account combination". Pension payment should also be divided into two parts. Pension II: social pooling part+personal account part. The social pooling part is calculated according to the calculation formula of social endowment insurance for urban workers, and the level of pension is often adjusted regularly according to the price index and wage index to adapt to the local living standard. How much pension some landless farmers can receive from their personal accounts depends entirely on the payment level and value-added status of the funds in their personal accounts. Landless farmers who have paid 15 years or more and reached retirement age (60 years for men and 55 years for women) can receive pensions.
The social security department entrusts the designated commercial bank to deposit the pension directly into the beneficiary's bank account on a monthly basis, and the establishment and change of this account are completely linked to the beneficiary's ID card information. Old people who participate in the social endowment insurance for landless farmers have the right to register and open this income account through local social security institutions as long as they reach the legal age of receiving basic pensions. At the same time, due to the existence of the banking networking system, beneficiaries can get this pension through the bank where they live, no matter where they live.