[Keywords:] copying newspaper materials, philosophy of science and technology, 20 12, hot spots
[China Library Classification Number] B08 [Document Identification Number] A [Document Number]1004-4175 (2013) 03-0029-05
A, 20 12 "copy newspapers? Distribution of reprinted articles in Philosophy of Science and Technology
20 12 "copy newspapers and periodicals? Philosophy of Science and Technology * * * reprinted 13 1. See table 1 for the overall distribution of the articles.
Table 1 20 12 "Copying newspapers and periodicals? Distribution table of research fields of philosophy of science and technology
From the table 1, we can see? Natural philosophy? The article * * * reprinted 5 articles, mainly including the study of natural view and ecological problems. ? Philosophy of science? * * *' s articles cover general philosophy of science, specific scientific's philosophy and scientific methodology, and 57 such articles have been reprinted, accounting for 44% of the total number of articles reprinted in the whole year. It can be seen that the discussion on the theory and methods of philosophy of science is still the main direction of scholars' research at present. There are 14 articles on cognitive philosophy, accounting for 45.2% of all philosophical articles in specific scientific, which is the embodiment of cognitive philosophy as a hot research topic in philosophy of science in recent years. ? Philosophy of technology? * * * reprinted 14 articles, accounting for 10.7% of the total number of articles reprinted in the whole year. Articles with STS as the research content involve science, technology and social sociology, science and technology and culture. There are 34 such articles, accounting for 26.0% of the total number of articles reprinted in the whole year. It can be seen that STS research is still a hot spot in current academic research. ? History of technology? On the other hand, 19 is related to the discussion of basic theories in the history of science and technology, the history of scientific thought and the history of technology. In addition, 20 12 "copying newspapers and periodicals? Philosophy of Science and Technology also reprinted two book reviews and two interviews.
Second, 20 12 "copy newspapers and periodicals? Ten Hot Topics in Philosophy of Science and Technology
(A) Phenomenological philosophy of science
Phenomenological philosophy of science is aimed at European phenomenology? From the perspective of hermeneutic tradition, it aims to overcome some defects of traditional philosophy of science, which is one of the research hotspots in the field of philosophy of science in China at present. Wu Tong's Phenomenology of Interpretation and Practice discusses the interpretation of the concept of practice in different fields. This paper holds that Aristotle in ancient Greece distinguished creation from practice, and creation has been attributed to practice since modern times. These are all? Practice? The prominence of different dimensions of concepts. ? Practice? In phenomenology, it refers to this way of being, this way? Practice? His interpretation has undergone a transformation from Husserl to Heidegger. ? Practice? Especially? Scientific practice? "The concept of" has become the core concept of philosophy of scientific practice. Due to the intervention of Heidegger's phenomenological practical interpretation thought, the practical concept of scientific practical philosophy has more ontological significance. On the contrary, through the criticism of Heidegger's practical hermeneutics by philosophy of science and technology, we can see that there is still a lot of room for development of phenomenological practice. The author thinks? Practice? Phenomenology can further clarify the essence and core of this concept. Lei Liang's On the Legitimacy of Phenomenological Philosophy of Science from the Perspective of Understanding Philosophy of Science analyzes three levels of philosophy of science from the perspective of semantics: as a philosophical trend of thought? Philosophy of science? As a broad sense? Philosophical activities? Philosophy of science and philosophy of science as a philosophical discipline. This paper holds that as far as types are concerned, there are empirical philosophy of science, ontological philosophy of science or metaphysical philosophy of science and critical philosophy of science. The author believes that it is futile to seek a unified and standardized definition of philosophy of science. On the contrary, if a working definition is used, different types and schools of philosophy of science will be included in the camp of philosophy of science. In the article The Birth of Phenomenological Space: A Phenomenological Interpretation of stratton's Experiments, Liu Shengli thinks that both the realistic objective space and the idealistic objective space contain absolute certainty, so neither of them can explain the internal dynamic mechanism of the decomposition and reconstruction of spatial experience in stratton's experiments. This dynamic mechanism can only be clarified by the concept of phenomenon space. The author also believes that the phenomenon space originates from the original grasp of the world by the phenomenon body and symbolizes the original synthesis of form and matter. Liang and Li Jinhui made a phenomenological analysis of scientific instruments in their article Scientific Instruments: Paradigm Transformation from Instrumentalism and Realism to Phenomenology. Interference? Introduce the subject and the objective world, make them open to each other, and explain the phenomena in the scientific world through technology. Translation? Entering the life world, it becomes an understandable form of human perception. In addition, Yin Jie and Yang Xiuju are still in Martin? Acer's scientific hermeneutics is of great significance to Martin, a contemporary American physicist and philosopher. Eger's phenomenology of existence? The hermeneutic background of scientific hermeneutics is retrospect.
(B) naturalism research
Philosophy of science now has two typical opposing tendencies: naturalism and rationalism. Cheng Lian summarized and expounded naturalism as a meta-philosophy in his article Naturalism as a meta-philosophy. He believes that the rise and prosperity of naturalism in contemporary philosophy is mainly attributed to the failure of some representative schemes of traditional first philosophy and the vigorous development of modern natural science. Taking physicalism as a sample, this paper defends the coherence of naturalistic meta-philosophy, and the author also emphasizes that the future of naturalistic philosophy depends on its progress on first-order philosophical issues. In the book Naturalism and Reason: Quine, Putnam and Huck, Xia Guojun sorts out and compares the core viewpoints of Quine, Putnam and Huck, the famous contemporary American philosophers. On this basis, the author points out that naturalism and rationalism in philosophy of science are not incompatible. Although naturalistic epistemology no longer explicitly uses concepts such as defense and reasonable cause, it does not absolutely abandon standardization. On the contrary, it has developed the unfinished business of philosophy on the basis of following some norms of traditional epistemology, adhering to the spirit of logicism and paying attention to description. Fang Hongqing and He Chunxiu introduced Strawson's naturalism in the article "Naturalism, Transcendental Argument and Skepticism of Strawson's Naturalism Turn". Strawson believes that any attempt to support or refute the challenge of skepticism through argument is groundless, because some basic concepts of human beings, such as material objects and other minds, are the natural tendency of human rationality and the embodiment of the inevitable cognitive model of human thinking. The author affirms that naturalism is the third way to explore truth, which tries to restrain the excessive conceit of human reason, thus showing the natural attribute of truth. But he also pointed out that naturalism needs to be combined with transcendental argument to clarify the basic position of these beliefs, otherwise it will become a slogan. Gao Yang and Hongmei analyzed various viewpoints on naturalized epistemology in the article Naturalized epistemology and normality: a controversial complex relationship. Naturalization epistemology aims to solve the problem of how poor sensory stimulation produces rich scientific knowledge. The idea of naturalized epistemology is described by opponents as eliminationism, purely descriptive and without norms, but some supporters defend it with norms. Therefore, there is a controversial but complicated relationship between naturalized epistemology and standardization. (3) Philosophy of mind and cognitive philosophy
Wang Xiaoyang in "How to explain? In order to explain this gap, he chose a minimal physicalist scheme. He believes that although physicists have different ways to understand the concept of phenomena, the minimalist physicalist scheme can finally gain their universal recognition and effectively resolve the anti-physicalist attack on the principle of completeness. In The Metaphysics of Consciousness and Dualism, Li Hengwei proposed? Two views and monism? Metaphysical concept. The core concept of this idea is: subject? The pattern of object unification exists in the ontology and epistemology of any real entity. ? Heart? And then what? Body? Just as human beings describe the phenomenon of consciousness, the two categories are the presentation of real entities from the perspective of the first person as the subject of experience and the third person as the object of observation. The relationship between experience and physics presented from these two perspectives is the corresponding relationship between Farr and nature, not the relationship between production and production. So? Causality? This concept is not suitable for describing the relationship between conscious experience and brain nerve activity. Wei Yidong and Xue Ping's The Cognitive Law of Feazel and Its Philosophical Implication analyzes the American philosopher James? Fiesel's formal expression of cognitive regularity. This paper holds that these forms of cognitive laws can be summarized as the identity of heart and brain state, the causality of heart and brain state, the response law of heart and brain cognitive stimulation, the identity of heart and brain reference, the response law of brain cognitive stimulation and the causality of brain state. Their connotations and different forms reflect the philosophical connotation of cognitive science. Fu Zheng and Li Jianhui made an in-depth analysis of Qiu Qilan's viewpoint of "abolishing materialism" in Neurophilosophical Thoughts. In the author's view, Qiu Qilan put forward neurophilosophy as a new framework to replace the current discussion on philosophy of mind, thus making? Neurophilosophy? Become a school that cannot be ignored in the discussion of philosophy of mind. However, it rejects the current popular philosophical discourse. Today, when neuroscience has not replaced folk psychology, Qiu Chilan's proposition is more of a prediction or conjecture. Meng Wei in Dreyfus? No representation intelligence? On the basis of critically examining Dreyfus' thought from different angles, the author thinks that Dreyfus' thought is full of difficulties. For example, it is difficult to determine expert-level skilled behavior completely out of representation; Criticizing propositional representation does not mean eliminating any form of representation; In order to make phenomenology play an active role in cognitive science research, a constructive scheme is needed. Jing He analyzed two different views of embodied cognition in The Modest and Radical Views of Embodied Cognition: one is the moderate view of embodied cognition, which is compatible with the basic assumptions of traditional representation calculation; The other is the radical concept of embodied cognition, which challenges the basic assumption of representation calculation and thinks that the concept of psychological representation calculation is wrong.
Philosophical problems in biology
Hu Hao analyzed the argument between statistical explanation and causal explanation in population biology from Simpson paradox. Walsh's demonstration of feature fitness as a statistical attribute of population biology. The author tries to explain that it is inconsistent to regard trait fitness as causal attribute, because it will lead to Simpson paradox. Therefore, the statistical explanation of population structure change is better than the causal explanation. Dong Guoan's comments on Neanderthals in On the Complete Causality of Individual Traits? Through argument? This paper studies and points out two irrationalities of his theory: one is to extend the genetic causes of individual traits to all causes of individual traits, so that the complete causal explanation is understood as the historical explanation of individual traits; Second, the requirements for the interpretation of individual characteristics include? Why? Why? Endless tracing, thus understanding the complete causal explanation as the ultimate explanation. He also believes that Suo Beier only emphasized that genetic mechanism and selection mechanism belong to two different causal paths when responding to Neanderthals, but did not point out Neanderthals' misunderstanding of scientific explanation, and could not completely rule out the explanatory role of selection mechanism on individual traits. Yan Qingshan believes that the improved Moore formula should be reconstructed by phenomenological method in the article Phenomenological Analysis of the Genetic Concept of Regression Traits. Open question demonstration? , can establish the methodological basis of analytical phenomenology. Is the formation of gene concept a continuous process? Replace the suspension? Phenomenological reduction process. The first causal extension method explains the concept of gene in formal genetic hybridization phenomenologically, that is, gene is the trait itself; The second law of causal expansion suspends the material basis of gene concept in cell and molecular genetics. The author thinks that the concept of gene explained by phenomenology can greatly expand the research scope and adaptation scope of genetics.
(5) Philosophical problems in physics.
When Li analyzed and analyzed the theoretical basis of body norms in context, he used? Contextualism theory? Analyze normative arguments. They think that the regular symmetry required in mathematical form can be easily combined with the principles of physics through regular transformation, and finally the content of physical experience appears, which is a typical relationship between mathematical structure and physical structure. At the same time, due to the foundation, unity and accuracy of normative theory, it is conducive to the development of scientific context theory to analyze its context. He Tianping believes that the multi-world interpretation theory includes relative state interpretation, moral interpretation and moral interpretation. Witter's theory, multi-perspective interpretation, multi-mental interpretation, multi-historical interpretation and multi-fiber theory are the collection of various interpretation theories. The theoretical contribution of multi-world interpretation is to transcend reductionism and move towards holism; The second is to deconstruct dualism and return to monism; The third is to eliminate indeterminism and adhere to determinism. Wu analyzed the core concept wave function of quantum mechanics in the reality of wave function. The realism of wave function has always been one of the focuses of debate between scientific realism and anti-realism. The author thinks that wave function is the unity of entity and structure. This kind of entity itself is potential, and the reality expressed by wave function is the potential entity structure reality.
(VI) The essence of technology and technical artifacts
Fan Chen and Chen Duowen believe that technology has become a way of human existence in modern society, and the essence of technology lies in its use. Only when technology is used can it gain meaning and realize value. Use is a highly technical human practice activity with technical connotation, and use is the expression form and place of technology. Sheng he ge Li Paul in "technical cognition in the digital age" An Analysis of levinson's Philosophy of Technology introduces levinson's thought of technological cognition. Levinson thinks that people have the supreme position in technological relations, but his? Media evolution? 、? Remedial media? And then what? Technology interaction theory? Theory, etc. , all contain the idea that technology embodies people's thoughts. The author thinks that levinson's technological epistemology is helpful for us to grasp and understand the essence of modern technology in the digital age. Qin Yonghong's article "Availability and its Influence on the Relationship between Subject and Object of Technical Artifacts" holds that availability represents the degree to which technical artifacts objectively meet the needs of the subject, and it promotes the separation and integration of subject and object of technical artifacts. Usability is based on the comparison between the designer's intention to endow the device with potential functions and the user's actual functions in operation, which has an impact on the interactive relationship between subject and object of technical devices.
(7) Sociology of Science
Xu Zhili believes in the Policy Concept, Principles and Models of Multiple Participation in Scientific Governance that multiple participation in scientific governance is a standardized activity in which political subjects, scientific subjects and ordinary citizens participate in scientific decision-making and management activities together. Its policy concept is based on constructive scientific realism and scientific and technological democratic values; Its basic methods and principles lie in: ensuring the standardization of all kinds of public's extensive participation in scientific governance activities, generally improving the public's scientific research ability and knowledge level, and adopting the procedure of gradually approaching knowledge. Guided by the reward system and social stratification theory in sociology of science, Xu Fei and Zhao Ming analyzed the contribution of two forms of national recognition of China scientists to the development of natural science in China, compared the general situation of academicians and winners of national natural science awards, and investigated their similarities and differences. The research shows that the relationship between Chinese academician system and national natural science award system is still not ideal, and there are often paradoxical conflicts between them. The author believes that it is necessary and possible to further improve the commendation mechanism of outstanding scientists in the two systems on the basis of mutual reference and calibration. Fu Banghong's article "Can Science Be Planned? The British-centered debate in 1930s and 1940s made a historical review of the debate on whether science should be planned or free. Controversial issues include the connotation of science, planning and freedom, the mechanism of scientific development, the responsibility of scientists, and scientific social relations. It not only promoted the development of science of science and sociology of science, but also pushed the study of philosophy of science and history of science to a new climax. The author believes that this debate has greatly changed people's scientific concept, which has made utilitarian scientific concept deeply rooted in people's hearts. Gao Furong re-examined Merton's scientific normative structure from the perspective of meta-norms in Metanormative Interpretation of Merton's Scientific Normative Structure, and thought that its universality and selflessness contradicted the provisions of meta-norms due to the dual attributes of cognitive norms and social norms. The author thinks that it may be more reasonable to modify Merton's scientific normative structure into universalism, organized skepticism, publicity (or selflessness) and innovation in the evaluation of science entrance. (viii) Technology and society
Li Bocong pointed out in The Development and Rise of Engineering Sociology that engineering activities are realistic and direct productive forces, and engineering activities and engineering * * * should be the primary objects and basic contents of sociological research. ? Engineering * * * the same body? Is the core concept of engineering sociology, which should be followed? Microscopic? Middle view? Macro? Research on engineering sociology based on sociological analysis framework. He thinks that engineering sociology has gone from sociology? Blank area? Came to the academic map? Edge area? Should it be promoted to the academic map of sociology as soon as possible? Central area? . Jiang Ping's Study on the Controversy of Transgenic Technology from the Rhetoric Angle? Genetically modified staple food incident? For example, from the perspective of scientific rhetoric, using the symmetry research method of SSK for reference, this paper makes an empirical study on the current hot issues of transgenic. The author thinks that scientific knowledge is not only the true reflection of scientific process, but also contains deeper irrational factors such as interests and rhetoric. Science is not only a cause that pays equal attention to reason and evidence, but also a process of competition and consultation. The factors that affect the game of all actors are not only reason and evidence, but also argument and rhetoric. Dai Huadong and Li Xia believe that the phenomenon of group appeal in the online world is a prelude to the realization of virtual power, which embodies the appeal essence of real life subjects. Network technology screened the crowd range of the subject of appeal, technological culture limited the thinking cognition of the subject of appeal, and technological convergence maintained the interaction among the government, the media and the public. Combined with the technical factors affecting network mass incidents, the risks revealed by this path are of great significance for exploring the best measures to avoid the technical risks of network mass incidents.
(9) Science, technology and culture
Xiao Feng introduced artificial emotion, one of the frontier fields of contemporary information technology research, in his book Artificial Emotion: A New Fusion of Technology and Humanity. Artificial emotion mainly endows the machine with the function of emotion recognition and expression, and its future extended function can also be used to help people improve their emotional feeling and expression ability, even through? Artificial emotion? In order to make up for the lack of natural emotion, thus enriching people's emotional world and overcoming humanistic problems such as lack of emotion. The author thinks that artificial emotion technology has expanded the new realm of blending technology and humanities, and has become a new means to promote people's all-round development, and at the same time, it has also raised new problems that need us to take seriously. What is Wang's important cognitive theory about China's traditional culture in The Origin and Modern Transformation of the Theory of Knowing Things? Know something? Concept tracing, history combing. The author thinks? Know something? Although it was mainly used to explain morality and ethics in the early days, it began to have a great impact on the development of science and technology in China after strengthening the rational spirit in the Neo-Confucianism period of the Song and Ming Dynasties. The positivism orientation of the theory of knowing things in Ming and Qing Dynasties made it realize the theoretical transformation, and it almost became synonymous with western science and technology after modern times.
(10) History of Science and History of Scientific Thought
In the book History of Science: Discipline Independence and Academic Autonomy, Yuan Jiangyang examines the course of pursuing academic autonomy by historians of vocational science, and puts forward his own views on the meta-problems of disciplines involved and the reconstruction of academic programs. He pointed out that the traditional concept of academic autonomy is innate and exclusive. Under the increasingly open contemporary academic conditions, historians of science must renew the concept of academic autonomy, expand the dimensional space of the history of science through profound historical reflection, active historical practice exploration and patient dialogue, promote the development of comprehensive history of science, safeguard discipline independence and pursue academic autonomy. Liu Huajie pointed out in the Outline of Natural History: What are the most common characteristics of traditional culture and knowledge? Natural history? ; Natural history shows the wisdom of human beings to survive in the whole natural system. Natural history can become science history's new program, through which we can rewrite the general history of science or the history of human knowledge. Natural history knowledge is seriously neglected in modern education system, but in fact, priority should be given to dissemination and inheritance. In The Significance of the Scientific Compilation Program of Natural History, Liu Bing believes that the renewed attention to natural history in the study of the history of science is a new expansion of the research scope of the traditional history of science, which is carried out under the new pluralistic scientific view. The compilation program of scientific history of natural history embodies the scientific view of history in the form of reflection, which is an antidote to scientism and has irreplaceable significance for scientific communication. Ke Zunke's Huxley and Natural Selection, International Longitude Survey Centered on China's Survey under the Background of Modern Scientific Regional Expansion, and Wu's Reasons for the Rise and Fall of the First Modern Chinese Medicine School discuss different issues in the history of science. Thomas? Kuhn is the greatest philosopher and historian of science in the 20th century. Since the publication of 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolution has aroused strong repercussions and set off a worldwide research upsurge, and its influence is still enduring. Fang Zaiqing pointed out in Kuhn's Identity in Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Structure of the Scientific Revolution: Did the structure of the scientific revolution come into being? Paradigm? And then what? Paradigm transformation? Has become our daily life language. On the one hand, what is Kuhn's greatest contribution to philosophy? No communication? But this has been criticized by many parties. On the other hand, when he is considered? Sociology of scientific knowledge? (SSK) is the pioneer of the strong plan, but he refuses to admit SSK's statement. Kuhn has been misunderstood to varying degrees since he stepped onto the academic stage, and he has been looking for his own identity. The author tries to sort out Kuhn's contradictory image, his relationship with students and several major events that have influenced the formation of his thoughts. Misunderstanding? With what? Misunderstood? This paper attempts to explain Kuhn's mental journey from a new angle and try to restore a real Kuhn.
Third, the conclusion
Through the analysis of 20 12 "Copying newspapers and periodicals? Through the study of ten hot issues in the philosophy of science and technology, we can see that:
First, the current academic circles are continuing to introduce and learn the advanced achievements of foreign philosophy of science in order to be in line with international standards. Undoubtedly, the development of philosophy of science abroad is ahead of that of China in most fields. In order to better study and analyze the philosophy of science, the academic circles have increased the intensity and depth of the basic theoretical research of foreign philosophy of science, which can be proved by the academic research on phenomenological philosophy of science, philosophy of mind and cognitive philosophy.
Secondly, the academic circles reflect on the development of philosophy of science in the 20th century, re-evaluate the position of metaphysics in scientific research, and study various new forms of naturalism and relativism, so as to construct a meta-theory of philosophy of science. At the same time, the study of postmodern philosophy of science, one of the cultural thoughts of postmodernism that rose in the middle of the 20th century, will arouse more people's interest.
Third, the study of STS will continue to deepen, and the relationship between technology and society will remain the focus of STS research. With the steady growth of China's economy and the further development of science and technology, both experts and scholars and ordinary people will pay more attention to the essence of technology and technical and social issues. The deep essence of science and technology has been revealed one by one with the development of society, and contemporary philosophers will pay more attention to the relationship between advanced technology and human survival. More experts and scholars will reflect on the urgent issues of global environmental protection movement, ecological movement and sustainable development, and the relationship between technology and human beings in the future society will be further revealed.
Fourthly, combine the study of the history of scientific thought with the study of philosophy of science. As we all know, before 1990s, historians of science and philosophers of science in western academic circles were separated and did not cooperate with each other. In recent years, historians and philosophers of science have called for exchanges, cooperation and even integration between them. What do they think? History of scientific thought? This can be the starting point of cooperation between the two. Although few people in China are proficient in the history of scientific thought and philosophy of science at the same time, they have developed. Moreover, the combination of internal thought history and external social history research is also a trend in the development of scientific thought history. We can see that studying scientific thought from the perspective of sociology is of great benefit to exploring the root of scientific thought.