Outside our earth is a vast universe, and there are many unknown worlds waiting for us to discover. The following is the story of exploring space that I share with you. Welcome to read and study.

The story of human exploration of space 1 Russian tsiolkovsky.

1857 September 17, tsiolkovsky was born in Izhevski village, Ryazan province (near Moscow), and his father was a forest manager. He usually likes to invent, but he hasn't made great achievements. His mother Maria? Ivanovna comes from an artistic family. Their family is poor. Although tsiolkovsky liked reading since he was a child, his father couldn't send him to a better school. The only formal education he received was in a rural school in Izhevski village.

Unfortunately, at the age of 10, he suffered from severe scarlet fever, almost completely lost his hearing and could not go to school. His mother is very patient to make up lessons for her children at home. Without formal education, he can only study stubbornly by accepting a few books. A serious illness of his own made him develop a tenacious and determined character.

When tsiolkovsky 16 years old, he had the opportunity to come to Moscow. During his three years in Moscow, he almost completely entered the library. In the process of self-study, problems related to flight and interstellar travel have begun to attract him strongly. Interest in writing is largely influenced by Verne's science fiction. One day, in the process of self-study, tsiolkovsky encountered a problem of the law of action and reaction. Through this law, he boldly imagined that if one day a huge explosion blew the earth into pieces, the center of gravity of these pieces would still remain in the original orbit around the sun. This is actually the law of constant center of gravity. Later, the law of action and reaction and the law of constant center of gravity became the basis for him to solve the problem of space navigation. He was only 19 years old at that time.

Self-study made tsiolkovsky gain a lot of scientific knowledge, which laid an important foundation for his later research work. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/878, he easily passed the qualification examination for middle school teachers and was assigned to Polovsk County as a middle school teacher. Although the teacher's salary is meager, it seems to be an ideal way out for him.

In the following ten years, tsiolkovsky studied many scientific fields, including lighter-than-air aircraft and airships. He has been studying and thinking about all aspects of space flight intermittently, and pointed out for the first time in 1883 the possibility of using reaction devices as the propulsion power of outer space travel tools. However, it was not until 189 1 year later that the study of space occupied his main energy and time.

His thoughts on space flight were further developed in the science fiction novel On the Moon published by 1893 and the Earth-Moon Phenomenon and Gravitational Effect written by 1895. 1896, he began to study the related problems of interstellar navigation in theory, and further clarified that only rockets can achieve this goal. 1897, tsiolkovsky deduced the famous rocket motion equation. After several years of painstaking research, tsiolkovsky completed the classic research paper "Using Jet Tools to Study Space" in 1898, and published it in Moscow's Science Review magazine in 1903. Then tsiolkovsky published a lot about rocket theory and space in Science Review 19 10, 19 1 2, 19 14. These excellent works systematically laid the theoretical foundation of astronautics. These papers can be said to constitute a fairly complete space theory system, and many of the research results or discussions are the first time in the history of space flight. For example, it is the first time to clearly put forward that liquid rocket is an ideal tool to realize interstellar navigation, to comprehensively study various liquid propellants for the first time, and liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are the best rocket propellants, to put forward the concept of rocket mass ratio for the first time, and to expound the importance of mass ratio.

After the October Revolution, tsiolkovsky's work was encouraged by the Soviet government. After World War I, tsiolkovsky published the space flight science fiction Beyond the Earth, and in 19 19, tsiolkovsky published a paper on multistage rockets, Space Rocket Train.

Tsiolkovsky devoted his whole life to the development of the space industry. He established the theory of liquid rocket motion and the basic theory of space flight, which made great contributions to the establishment of astronautics. What can comfort this great pioneer is that the space flight he conceived, including manned space flight, was first realized in his hometown of the Soviet Union (Russia). Today, most of tsiolkovsky's predictions have come true.

The story of human exploration of space II

Esnault-Bettley188111was born in Paris on October 8th. His father is a textile machinery manufacturer. Influenced by his father, he became interested in mechanical problems when he was a child.

1902, Esnault-Bettley obtained his first invention patent. In the same year, he graduated from university and devoted himself to a variety of scientific research and technological invention activities.

About 1907, Esnault-Bettley began to study the theory of astronautics. In order to spread his thoughts on space flight widely, he gave speeches in Petersburg, Russia in February 19 12, and in Paris, France in February 165438 10, respectively, to publicize his space flight theory. His speech qualitatively described the working and flying principles of rockets, deduced the equations of rocket motion in vacuum, and calculated the escape velocity of rockets: km/s. He also studied the moon rockets, Mars rockets and Venus rockets.

People usually refer to the minimum speed of spacecraft around the earth, leaving the earth and flying out of the solar system as the first cosmic speed, the second cosmic speed and the third cosmic velocity.

The first cosmic velocity (V 1) is the speed that a spacecraft must have when it makes a circular motion along the earth's surface, also known as the circling velocity. According to the mechanics theory, V 1= km/s can be calculated. The spacecraft runs at an altitude of hundreds of kilometers above the ground, and the gravity on the ground is less than that on the ground, so its speed is slightly lower than V 1.

When the spacecraft exceeds the first cosmic speed V 1 to a certain value, it will break away from the earth's gravitational field and become an artificial planet orbiting the sun. This speed is called the second cosmic speed (V2), also known as the escape speed, and the size is km/s ... Because the moon does not exceed the gravity of the earth, the initial speed of launching a lunar exploration spacecraft from the ground is not less than km/s.

The minimum speed required for a spacecraft to fly out of the solar system from the earth's surface is called third cosmic velocity (V3). According to mechanical theory, third cosmic velocity V3= km/s can be calculated. It should be noted that this is the V3 value calculated when the orbital speed of the spacecraft is consistent with the revolution speed of the Earth. If the direction is different, the required speed will be greater than km/s, so it can be said that the speed of the spacecraft is the only factor to get rid of the gravity of the earth and even the sun. At present, only rockets can break the speed of the universe.

This speech caused a great shock at that time, but most people's reaction was doubt and denial. However, this is a rigorous scientific prediction based on scientific theory, and there is almost no illusion. It is as significant as the paper published by tsiolkovsky in 1903. Their papers are regarded as the symbol of the birth of astronautics.

1 928 February1,Esnault-Bettley and French banker Andre? Louis? Hull co-founded the REP-Hirsch Space Award to encourage those who have made great contributions to space theory and practice. The first Congressman Hirsch Award was awarded to German space pioneer Olbers.

From 65438 to 0930, Esnault-Bettley comprehensively and systematically summarized his research achievements in the past 20 years and published a book "Astronautics", which discussed all aspects of rocket engines, spacecraft and space flight. This book covers a wide range, rich in content, thorough in discussion and clear in conclusion, and is known as the space encyclopedia.

Esnaught-Bettley's research covers a wide range of fields. He has studied metallurgy, electronics, magnetism, hydraulics, thermodynamics and so on. He obtained more than 200 patents in his life and made extraordinary achievements in the field of science and technology.

Esnault Bettley is also lucky. During his life, he saw many of his space thoughts and theories applied and realized, and he was lucky enough to see the successful launch of the world's first artificial satellite. 1957 65438+On February 6th, Esnault Bettley died in France at the age of 7 6. On that day, at Cape Canaveral on the other side of the Atlantic, when the United States launched its first artificial satellite, a big explosion shocked the world. This may be a grand funeral arranged by God for Esnaught Bettley.

The story of human exploration of space 3 Robert? Goddard

Liquid rocket is strongly advocated by rocket and space pioneers such as tsiolkovsky and Esnol T. Bettley. However, due to the limitation of conditions, they did not complete the development of liquid rockets, but only conducted some theoretical research. In the early 1920s, another space pioneer, Robert? h？ Goddard finally succeeded in developing the liquid rocket. Due to the influence of his extraordinary work, a rocket research boom soon set off in the world. Ten years later, liquid rockets were put into practical use.

Goddard 1882 10 was born in a family of New England descendants in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. Goddard's father, Onem? Goddard is open-minded and creative. Their family installed electric lights very early and bought a phonograph that was still a luxury at that time. These two things almost completely fascinated the young Goddard. Young Goddard often has some strange ideas in his mind, and his strong curiosity about the unknown world makes Goddard study hard. Because he likes to pursue novelty, he has always been keen on reading wonderful science fiction. Verne's From the Earth to the Moon and Wells' Star Wars made him yearn for space flight when he was young.

1904, 22-year-old Goddard was admitted to Worcester comprehensive technical college. He aspires to his favorite physics. His rich imagination and curiosity are famous in school. 1908 graduated from this school with a bachelor of science degree. Soon after, he went to Clark University to study for a master's degree. At 19 10, he got a master's degree, and in the following year, he got a doctorate. Since then, his main energy has been spent on rocket research. At that time, he wrote down a lot of research experience, mathematical calculation and formula derivation in his notebook, forming a preliminary framework of rocket motion theory.

192 1 1 In February, Goddard completed the development of the first liquid rocket engine. The following are the landmark achievements of Goddard's liquid rocket research:

1February 6, 925, the rocket engine was successfully ignited for 24 seconds.

1926 On March 26th, the first liquid rocket was successfully launched.

1On April 3, 926, the second liquid rocket was successfully launched, flying at an altitude of16m;

In July 1929, the fourth liquid rocket was successfully launched, flying 53 meters.

1930 12.30, the fifth liquid rocket was successfully launched, flying at an altitude of 600 meters;

On April 1932 and 19, the rocket flight test using gyro to control gas rudder was successful for the first time.

1March 8, 935, the rocket with parachute was successfully tested, exceeding the speed of sound for the first time;

On March 28th 1935, the flying height of liquid rocket reached1450m;

65438+May 3 1 0935, the altimeter was installed on the rocket for the first time, and the flying height reached 2330 meters.

193565438+February 17, the thrust of liquid rocket engine reaches 214 kg when working;

194 1 year 65438+1October 6, the thrust of the new engine reached 447kg；;

Goddard has made great achievements in the theory and experiment of liquid rocket, but on the other hand, it has been 15 years since 194 1 when Goddard successfully launched the first liquid rocket in 926, and the achievements made after such a long time of efforts are not satisfactory. One of the reasons for his greater achievements is that he is too secretive about his work.