Collection place: China.

:: Overview of minerals

Chemical composition:

The following are descriptions from different sources:

Data 1: The mineral composition is mainly basic plagioclase (plagioclase brand An & gt50, Labrador-Betonite-anorthite), pyroxene, a small amount of olivine, amphibole and biotite, and a small amount of potash feldspar and quartz.

The chemical composition of dushan jade belongs to calcium aluminosilicate rocks, with a content of 45-52%, which is called basic rocks. It is rich in TiO2 _ 2, with a general content of >: 1%.

Data 2: main characteristics of chemical composition: Si02 is about 41~ 45%; A 1203 is about 30 ~ 34%; Ca0 is 18~20%. This shows that dushan jade is composed of calcium aluminosilicate minerals. Dushan jade stone also contains trace amounts of copper, chromium, nickel, titanium, vanadium and manganese.

These two data describe interdependent imitations, mainly calcium aluminosilicate minerals (that is, anorthite).

Distinguishing features: the difference between dushan jade and similar jade. The same piece of dushan jade jade can have 2~3 or more colors at the same time, with bright colors. Emerald dushan jade looks like emerald at first glance. If we look closely, jadeite has a granular structure or dissolves metasomatic texture. The main minerals are plagioclase and emerald chromite with good transparency. Jadeite and nephrite have a fiber interwoven structure. The hardness of dushan jade is much greater than that of other jades, which is caused by the high hardness of minerals.

Genetic occurrence: it occurs in altered plagioclase, and is formed by metasomatism and alteration of basic plagioclase or gabbro at low temperature by hot water solution coming up along structural cracks in the late magmatic period;

Famous producing areas: The world-famous producing areas are Dushan, Xinjiang, Sichuan and other places in Nanyang City, Henan Province, China.

Name source: It is named after it is produced in Dushan, a suburb of Nanyang, Henan Province, China, also known as "Nanyang Jade" and "Duyu". Nanyang is known as the "hometown of jade";

* Crystal morphology

Mainly fine crystals; Fine particles, particle size less than 0.05mm, aphanitic, fine texture, hard and dense;

* Physical properties

Hardness: 6.0-6.5

Specific gravity: 2.73-3. 18g/cm3

Color: dushan jade is a multi-color jade system composed of more than 2~3 colors. Common colors are white, green, purple, yellow, red and black.

Transparency: transparent to translucent

Gloss: the luster of glass or grease

Dushan jade is produced in Dushan, Nanyang, Henan Province, also known as "Nanyang Jade" or "Henan Jade".

As early as 6,000 years ago, the ancients had mined dushan jade, and there were many dushan jade products in the jade unearthed from Muhao's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang. Dushan was called "Yushan" in the Western Han Dynasty.

Dushan jade ranks among the "Four Famous Jade" in China because of its bright color and good transparency. The emerald variety of high-grade jade is similar to Burmese jade, so it has the reputation of "Nanyang jade". Generally, Duyu is mainly used to carve bracelets, rings, necklaces and other furnishings and ornaments.

Dushan jade is a kind of multicolored jade, which can be divided into eight varieties by color.

① Green dushan jade: green to emerald green, translucent, delicate in texture, similar to jadeite, with glass luster.

② Red dushan jade: also known as "Furong Jade". The color is light red to red, with fine texture and good luster.

③ White dushan jade: white or off-white, with fine texture and oily luster. Its varieties include cream white jade, permeable white jade and so on.

④ Purple dushan jade: The color is deep purple, with poor transparency.

⑤ Yellow dushan jade: Yellow-green.

⑥ Black dushan jade: The color is like ink, so it is also called "jet".

⑦ cyan dushan jade: The color is cyan and the transparency is poor.

8 Miscellaneous dushan jade: Miscellaneous dushan jade.

Dushan jade has the best color, high transparency, fine texture and no impurity cracks. Among them, hibiscus stone, permeable white jade and emerald are of high value. In addition, the use of jade blocks of different colors to imitate the natural beauty of jade carving has also been well received.

Nanyang jade has bright color, fine texture, good luster and high hardness, which can be compared with jadeite. Germans once called it "Nanyang Emerald", and Soviet geologist Kivlinko once classified Nanyang jade as jadeite jade deposit. According to the research of Henan geologists in recent years, Nanyangyu is an altered plagioclase, which consists of zoisite, epidote, tremolite, sericite, biotite and sphene. Through microscopic identification, jade contains a variety of altered minerals, mainly zoisite, epidote and tremolite. Because jade contains all kinds of metal impurities, there are many colors of jade, mainly green, white and variegated, as well as purple, blue and yellow.

The hardness of Nanyang jade is 6 ~ 6.5. With glass luster, most of them are opaque and a few are slightly transparent. The results of chemical analysis are as follows: silica 4 1 ~ 45%, alumina 30.7 1 ~ 34. 14%, magnesia 0.28 ~ 1.73%, potassium oxide 0.02 ~ 2.64% and iron oxide 0 ~ 0.8. The trace element analysis results of Nanyang jade are as follows: Cr 0.0 1 ~ 0.5%, Ni less than 0. 1%, v0.001~ 0./%,Mn 0.0 1 ~ 0.05%, Ti 0.

According to written records, there is no doubt that Nanyang jade was mined in the Han Dynasty. Recent archaeological data pushed the exploitation of Nanyang jade before the late Shang Dynasty. 1952, Li Ji pointed out that there were 444 bladed stone tools in Yin Ruins, including 7 jade articles, all of which were made of Nanyang jade. The excavation report of No.5 Tomb of Yinxu in Anyang also pointed out that more than 700 jade articles were unearthed from Muhao Tomb of Yinxu, and more than 40 specimens were preliminarily identified. "Most of them are close to modern xiuyan jade in Liaoning, a few are close to Nanyang jade in Henan, and a few are similar to Hetian jade in Xinjiang." (Journal of Archaeology, No.2,1977)1At the gem lecture and academic exchange meeting in Chengdu, Sichuan Province in June, 1983, the Henan Geological Bureau said in a paper about Nanyang jade that a Nanyang jade shovel was unearthed in Huangshan, Nanyang County, and it was identified as a product of the late Neolithic Age, with a history of more than 6,000 years.

Duyu is one of the four famous jade in China. Duyu mining area is located in Dushan in the northern suburb of Nanyang City, Henan Province, also known as Nanyang Valley. Duyu is plagioclase jade, with fine texture, oily or glassy luster, good polishing performance and transparency. It is a multicolor jade composed of more than three tones, with bright color and hardness greater than 6.5. The main varieties are: white jade, green jade, green white jade, purple jade, topaz, hibiscus jade, black jade and variegated jade. Duyu mining industry has a long history. The Neolithic Longshan culture unearthed in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province is Yu Fu, and now the Yuan Dynasty "Light Mountain and Jade Sea" displayed in Tuancheng, Beihai Park, Beijing is all carved by Du Yu. Duyu Mine had a considerable scale in Han Dynasty. Up to now, there are more than 1000 ancient pits in Dushan, Nanyang, which shows that the mining of Duyu has a long history, a large scale and a rich variety.

China's "four famous jade" refers to Hetian jade produced in Xinjiang, xiuyan jade in Liaoning, dushan jade in Nanyang, Henan and turquoise produced in Yunxian, Hubei.

(1) Hetian jade is mainly distributed in shache-Tashkurgan, Hetian-Hetian jade and the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain, which stretches for 1.500 km in Qiemo County, Xinjiang, with 9 producing areas. Hetian jade is mainly tremolite-actinolite, and contains a small amount of diopside, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals, forming white, turquoise, black, yellow and other different colors, mostly monochromatic jade, with a few variegated colors. Jade is translucent, greasy and shiny after polishing, and its hardness is between 5.5 and 6.5 degrees. Hetian jade is sandwiched between rocks at an altitude of 3500 meters to 5000 meters. After a long period of weathering, it was stripped into pieces of different sizes, collapsed on the hillside, and then washed by rain and flowed into the river. When the river dries up in autumn, the jade pieces collected in the river bed are called seed jade, and those mined in the rock stratum are called mountain materials. The earliest Hetian jade has been found from Fu Hao's tomb in Yin Ruins. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main jade material, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that the mountain material was mined. Yushan, carved during the reign of Qing Qianlong, weighs 10700 Jin, which is taken from Maitreya Mountain.

The economic value of Hetian jade is evaluated according to the purity of color and texture. Its main varieties are:

1. white jade: It contains tremolite above 95%, with white and pure color, fine texture and moist luster, and is a high-quality variety of Hetian jade. During the prosperous period of jade-making in Han, Song and Qing dynasties, great attention was paid to the selection of materials, and high-quality white jade was often carved into "heavy objects".

2. Sheep fat white jade: the top grade of white jade, pure and delicate in texture, containing tremolite as high as 99%, and white as fine as jelly. The economic value of jade with the same weight is several times that of white jade. Sheep fat white jade was highly respected in Han Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Qing Qianlong period.

3. Blue white jade: There is no obvious difference between the texture and white jade, but the jade color is white with a hint of turquoise, which is the third-class jade material in Hetian jade, and its economic value is slightly lower than that of white jade.

4. Sapphire: Light blue, turquoise and gray are called sapphires. Uniform color, fine texture, tremolite 89%, actinolite 6%, oily luster, rich reserves. It is the main variety of jade collected or mined in past dynasties.

5. Topaz: the matrix is white jade, which has been infiltrated by iron oxide in surface water for a long time, forming a yellow tone in cracks. According to the color change, it is named as: dense wax yellow, chestnut color, okra yellow, yellow flower yellow, egg yolk, etc. Close wax yellow and chestnut color are extremely rare, and their economic value can reach sheep fat white jade. In the Qing Dynasty, topaz homophoned "emperor", which was extremely rare, and its economic value once exceeded that of white jade with sheep fat.

6. Sugar jade: iron oxide permeates tremolite to form red skin shells with different shades, with deep red as "sugar jade" and "tiger skin jade" and white with pink as "powder jade". Sugar jade often forms a two-color jade material with white jade or plain jade, which can be used to make "pretty jade". The snuff bottle made of sugar jade shell seed material is called "gold-coated silver", which should be able to add value.

7. Moyu: Tremolite containing graphite and magnets is black. The jet is mostly gray or gray ink jade with black stripes, hence the name "dark clouds, light ink, golden sable whiskers, beauty temples, etc." . Pure lacquer ink with dense black spots is more valuable than other jet varieties. Jet has a waxy luster, which is not suitable for carving patterns because of uneven color. It is mostly used to make utensils inlaid with gold and silver thread.

8. Jasper: produced in Junggar jade mine, also known as Tianshan Jasper. It is grayish green, dark green and dark green, with pure dark green as the top grade. The quality of black spots, black spots or jade tendons is one grade worse. Jasper contains more than 85% tremolite, with delicate texture, translucency and oily luster, belonging to mid-range jade.

(2) xiuyan jade was born in Xiuyan, Liaoning, China. Xiuyan County is a place with beautiful scenery and rich products, and it is a treasure trove of geomantic omen. After thousands of years of natural evolution, it has condensed the essence of thousands of years of mountains and rivers, thus producing a world-famous national treasure-xiuyan jade.

Jade is one of the four famous jade in China, which can be roughly divided into two categories. One is the old jade (also called Hemo jade), which is a precious rough jade with simple texture, dignified and dark green color. The other is nephrite, which is solid and moist, delicate and round, mostly green, of which pure white and golden are rare treasures.

Jade is produced in the rich context of the earth, and has absorbed the essence of heaven and earth and the aura of nature in the course of thousands of years, so it has great feng shui value besides collection value.

Because modern human beings live in buildings, the reinforced concrete of modern buildings separates the breath of nature from the magnetic field, which makes the distance between human beings and nature farther and farther. If a beautiful jade can be placed at home, it can not only play a pleasing ornamental value, but also bring natural atmosphere to the home, supplement the indoor natural magnetic field and adjust the indoor feng shui climate.

"Righteousness exists in memory, and evil cannot be done." There are beautiful jade in the house, and evil spirits are inviolable. Wearing a beautiful jade will increase a natural force.

According to western astrologers, green is the main artery of modern social economy, so natural green will inevitably promote your career and fortune. Among them, green jade is dignified and profound, which is very beneficial to people with successful careers, because it can help you precipitate wealth, gather financial resources and make your career stable and solid. Therefore, collecting a few old jade articles and putting them at home or in the office will definitely make your career satisfactory. Nephrite, because of its green color, mellow and harmonious, is very conducive to the development and application of financial resources, and can be sent and received freely. Not only that, because of its gentle and beautiful texture, it can make people around pay attention to harmony, make money with harmony, improve interpersonal relationships and promote a better family. Therefore, it is a valuable asset for people who have a successful career and those who are starting a business. Whether it is placed at home or in the office, it can not only open up financial resources, but also play a positive role in promoting career and luck.

Jade is mostly green, so in addition to the above functions, it is of great significance to people who like the five elements of numerology. If I put the jade at home or in the office, or wear it myself, it will bring me good luck. If you can like it from the heart and get close to it from the heart, in the long run, it will be closely connected with Meiyu's heart, and your fate will change from now on.

(3) dushan jade, also known as "Nanyang Jade" or "Nanyu Jade", is produced in Dushan in the north of Nanyang City. It is one of the four famous jade in China. Dushan jade is hard and dense, delicate and soft, with transparent luster and various colors. There are six kinds of pigments, including green, white, yellow, purple, red and white, and 77 kinds of colors, which are the first-class raw materials for jade carving.

Dushan jade carving has a long history. 1959 The jade shovel produced in the Neolithic site of Huangshan Mountain near Dushan proves that our ancestors knew and used dushan jade as early as 5,000 years ago. The site of Yujie Temple at the foot of Dushan Mountain is the place where jade carvings were made in Han Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty's "Newly Built Nanyang County Records" records: "The residents in the north of the old county made a living by managing jade articles." In old China and Nanyang, jade carving has formed a big industry. There are more than 80 workshops in the city, most of which are located in the back, with shops in front, selling their own carvings. Jade carving products mainly include figures, flowers, birds and beasts, landscapes, statues, furnace smoke, jewelry and so on 120 varieties. Jade carving alone is crystal clear and exquisite, and it is a famous product in Nanyang.

(4) Turquoise, also known as emerald, is named after its color and green pine cone shape, and is one of the rare gems in the world. Turquoise products have now become an important collection and a secondary mineral. It is formed by leaching groundwater containing copper, aluminum and phosphorus in early granite, and precipitates in veins near the surface to form nodules, which are wrapped by the matrix of dikes. Turquoise is the earliest mineral variety used as decoration. /kloc-in 0/900, four bracelets inlaid with turquoise and gold were unearthed in an ancient tomb in Egypt.

As ornaments, people like the green and texture of turquoise. In ancient times, people associated it with religion and superstition. China and Tibet especially admire turquoise, and it is still a sacred decorative object in religious ceremonies. American Indians believe that turquoise is the spirit of the sea and the blue sky and a symbol of divine power. Most ancient civilizations advocated turquoise, such as Egypt, Persia, Aztec (ancient Mexican Indian country) and so on. Turquoise has different colors due to different elements. Copper-containing oxides are blue and iron-containing oxides are green. Color is an important factor affecting the quality of turquoise. Turquoise is mainly produced in the southern States of the United States, northeastern Iran and Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. China, Australia, Chile, Afghanistan and Russia also produce a small amount of turquoise, but at present, the largest turquoise gem in the world is produced in Yungai Mountain, Yunxian County, Hubei Province, with an altitude of 1200m or above. This turquoise is 82 cm long, 29 cm high, 29 cm wide and weighs 66 kg. Green and green, complete structure, delicate texture.

Yunyang county, Hubei province is known as the hometown of oriental jadeite. Turquoise is rich in pure materials, bright and dazzling, and its colors are mostly sky blue, green, gray blue and pink green, which is extremely rare. The turquoise produced by Yungaishan turquoise mine in Yunxian County has the best grade and is the most precious. The largest piece of turquoise is now in Yunyang turquoise development company in Hubei Province, and needs to be carved into precious works of art. ..

lantian jade

Produced in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. Lantian jade is yellow, light green and opaque, and its hardness is 4 Mohs. It belongs to serpentine diopside. Lantian jade has a long mining history, which can be found in Hanshu, Zhangheng and Bangu. There are still some jade mines. Due to the low output, Hetian jade was used as jade material in various places after the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the development and application of lantian jade gradually lost. Even in the Ming Dynasty, Song Yingxing said in "Heavenly Creations" that Lantian was another name for Green Mountain (Kunlun Mountain), and Lantian was a place for storing and transporting jade. The geological department has visited lantian jade and is still mining it. According to Yi Jian, vice president of Gem and Jade Association, the large-scale "animal-faced jade auxiliary head" unearthed near Maoling, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province was made by lantian jade, indicating that the origin of Lantian Meiyu praised by Han and Tang people was near the capital at that time.

Nanyangyu

Nanyangyu mining area is located in Dushan, Nanyang County, Henan Province, also known as "dushan jade" or "Duyu" for short. Nanyang jade is plagioclase jade with fine and pure texture, oily or glassy luster, good polishing performance, and transparent or slightly transparent. The hardness is 5.5 to 6.5 degrees. Nanyang jade is a colorful jade. Generally, multicolored jade composed of two or more colors is brightly colored, which is called: water white jade, white jade, black and white jade, green jade, green white jade, azure jade, jadeite jade, purple jade, bright brown jade, topaz, topaz, jet jade and variegated jade. Nanyang jade mining has a long history. The Neolithic Longshan culture unearthed in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province, the Yin Ruins jade unearthed in 1952, and the jade unearthed in 1976, all have examples of Nanyang jade as jade materials. The jade pots of the Yuan Dynasty now displayed in Beihai and Yuanmingyuan are also made of Nanyang jade carvings. According to records, the exploitation of Nanyang jade was quite large in the Han Dynasty. There are more than 1000 ancient jade mining pits in Dushan so far, which shows that Nanyang jade mining has a long history and a huge scale. Nanyang jade is rich in reserves and can still be produced on a large scale.

Jiuquan Yu

Produced in Qilian Mountain, Gansu Province, it is also called Qilian Jade. It belongs to serpentine jade. Translucent, mostly green, with even black spots. The hardness is 4.5 degrees to 5 degrees. The mining history of Jiuquan jade can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, and the exquisite jade of Qijia culture unearthed from the site of Niangniangtai in Wuwei is Jiuquan jade.

Xiuyan jade

Named after Xiuyan in Liaoning, it is mainly produced in Xiuyan, also known as Xiuyu. It belongs to serpentine and is formed in metamorphic marble of magnesium carbonate rock. There are many mineral deposits in this geological environment in China, so the origin of similar jade is very extensive. The appearance of jadeite is turquoise and yellow-green. Translucent, waxy luster after polishing, hardness of 3.5 degrees to 5 degrees. The jade used in Hongshan Culture in the Neolithic Age was produced in Xiyugou, Xiuyan, commonly known as old jade, and it was tremolite nephrite. Most of the jades unearthed from the tombs of the richest people in Shang Dynasty are similar to those from the Wagou mine in Xiuyan. Wagou Mine has a long history of uranium mining and jade mining, and is rich in reserves. At present, it is the main jade mining area in China, accounting for about 60% of the national output.

Hetian jade

It is distributed in Hotan-Khotan shache-Tashkurgan, Qiemo County, Xinjiang, and on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain, stretching for 1500 km. * * * There are nine producing areas. Hetian jade is mainly composed of tremolite-actinolite, and contains trace minerals such as diopside, serpentine, graphite and magnet. Form different colors such as white, turquoise, black and yellow. Most of them are monochromatic jade, and a few have variegated colors. Jade is translucent, shiny and greasy after polishing, with a hardness of 5.5 to 6.5 degrees. Hetian jade is sandwiched between rocks at an altitude of 3,500 to 5,000 meters. After long-term weathering, it was stripped into pieces of different sizes, collapsed on the hillside and washed into the river by rain. When the river dries up in autumn, the jade pieces collected in the river bed are called seed jade, and those mined in the rock stratum are called mountain materials. The earliest Hetian jade has been found, which comes from the tomb of a good woman in Yin Ruins. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main jade material, collecting seed materials, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that mountain materials were mined. Dayu was made during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty to control the water in Yushan. Sapphire weighs 10700 kilograms and is taken from Mileta Mountain.