Conceptual significance of experimental methods
The experimental method is to understand the explicit behavior of the research object in the social process that the researcher intends to change or design. The experimental method is based on causality, which is quite common between phenomena in nature and society. There are two experimental methods: laboratory experimental method and natural experimental method. Laboratory experiment method is convenient to strictly control various factors, and it is generally reliable to test and record experimental data through special instruments. The natural experiment method is close to the reality of human life and easy to implement.
Application of experimental methods
The experimental method strictly controls the experimental conditions, which can eliminate the error caused by the interference of irrelevant factors as much as possible, and the obtained data is more accurate; Not only can we observe the external reactions of the subjects, such as conversation, expression, behavior, etc., but we can also accurately measure and record their internal physiological reactions with various instruments. In the experiment, the experimenter actively controls and creates research conditions, causing psychological phenomena that need to be studied, and the experiment can be repeated. For example, researchers can discover or reveal the causes of psychological phenomena by changing some conditions while keeping others unchanged. Or by controlling conditions, some psychological phenomena are repeated in the same subject or different subjects to judge the typicality and contingency of psychological phenomena of subjects. However, laboratory experimental methods are expensive and the utilization rate of laboratories is mostly low. And the conclusion drawn by this method is often questioned. Because the laboratory conditions are very artificial, in order to accurately set the required environment, complex problems can only be simplified. The result is different from real life. Because psychological phenomena in life are influenced by many internal and external factors, the laboratory tries to control multiple variables and make them single. Therefore, the more precise its experimental design is and the farther it is from the real social environment, the more problematic it is whether its research conclusions can be applied to explain psychological phenomena in social life.
General steps of experimental method
Experimental method is the main method of biological research, which uses specific instruments and materials to discover or verify scientific conclusions through purposeful and step-by-step experimental operation, observation and record analysis.
General steps: (1) Find and ask questions; (2) collecting information related to the problem; (3) make assumptions; (4) Design the experimental scheme; (5) Experiment and record; (6) Analysis of experimental phenomena; (7) draw a conclusion. So the answer is: (1) find and ask questions; (2) collecting information related to the problem; (3) make assumptions; (4) Design the experimental scheme; (5) Experiment and record; (6) Analysis of experimental phenomena; (7) draw a conclusion.
Specific steps of experimental method
1. Materials and methods
(1) experimental object
When the subjects are animals. The animal name, species (variety, strain), microbial control level, quantity, source, sex, age, body length, weight, health status, grouping methods and standards shall be stated; Clinical research needs to provide the source of cases, number of cases, sex, age, occupation, course of disease, etiology, pathological diagnosis basis, selection criteria, diagnostic classification criteria, etc.
Special experiments need special records, for example, the study of biological rhythm needs to record the time point of each experiment or sampling.
(2) Experimental instruments
The manufacturer, model, batch number, accuracy and operation method should be indicated. If the experimental instrument has been improved due to the needs of the experiment, it should be explained.
(3) Experimental materials
The name, composition, specification, purity, source, administration time, model, batch number, potency, concentration and dosage, preparation method and technology, clinical dosage and times, and administration methods and routes of the drugs and reagents used in the experiment should be clearly stated. If it is a homemade drug, it needs more detailed instructions.
(4) experimental methods and conditions
It is necessary to clarify the infection inoculation method, operation and specimen preparation process, experimental and recording means, observation steps, recording indicators and matters needing attention of experimental animals; Observation method, index, treatment method, drug name, dosage, dosage form, use method and course of treatment of the case. If the method used is well known and recognized, just specify the name of the method; Quoting other people's methods should indicate the source. For new or substantially improved methods, it is necessary to explain the reasons for adopting these methods and explain the improved parts in detail so that others can repeat them.
If statistical method is used, it should be introduced in detail which statistical method, statistical software and version are used.
2. Results
The experimental results are the core value of the paper, the crystallization of the author's research and the most critical part. The conclusion of the whole paper is drawn from the experimental results, which leads to the final discussion, judgment, reasoning and suggestions. This part needs to reflect the author's research results and arguments, which is an important basis for evaluating this article.
(1) data and charts
It is not necessary to list all the original data if the experimental observation data processed by statistics are to be true, specific and accurate. For the case that data alone is not enough to explain the experimental results, charts are needed. Illustrations and tables can visually show the regularity of changes and are conducive to comparison, so when expressing experimental results, most of them are represented by charts. In addition, text is needed to analyze and explain the data and charts in detail.
(2) Requirements for writing results
According to the experimental facts, it is divided into several sections, and subtitles can be used to make the research results logical and focus on the central idea of the article. The writing of grades needs to conform to the requirements of seeking truth from facts. Whether the result is success or failure, as long as it is true, it is valuable. Data and results that do not conform to subjective assumptions and experimental expectations cannot be discarded at will and will lose their authenticity. The results are my own research results, so I can't mix the previous work together. This part is purely experimental results, not analytical reasoning, so there is no need for a comprehensive explanation after the narrative, because the comprehensive explanation belongs to the discussion part.
3. Discussion and conclusion
(1) discussion
Discussion is the author's induction, generalization and discussion of the materials obtained from research, experiment and observation, as well as his theoretical analysis. It is also an analysis of the shortcomings of my own topic and the sublimation of my own research results. It is necessary to explain whether the experimental results are consistent with the relevant assumptions, explain the unexpected phenomena, and comprehensively analyze the results of other similar experiments, analyze the similarities and differences and possible reasons, put forward their own opinions, and evaluate their significance.
The discussion is divided into the following parts: the theoretical basis or explanation of various data or phenomena in the process of experimental observation, the theoretical basis and application value of experimental results, the discussion of action mechanism or change law, the relationship between the research trends of similar topics at home and abroad and this paper, the comparison of experimental results with previous results, the author's own experience and understanding, and suggestions for similar research in the future.
(2) Conclusion
The conclusion of the paper is the author's summary of the whole paper, which should be based on his own experimental results and refer to the previous results. The conclusion is not a list of achievements, but the author's deep understanding. At the end, it should explain what problems the research results have explained, what laws have been drawn, what practical problems have been solved, what new opinions have been put forward, and what shortcomings and unsolved problems exist. Use words accurately, not specious. When the conclusion contains a lot of contents, it can be divided into chapters with serial numbers, but it cannot be subtitled. Some important data can also be used as a conclusion. If there is no clear conclusion, you can leave out the conclusion or just write a summary. Conclusion can also be combined with discussion to form discussion and conclusion.
The application of experimental methods has played a very good role, which makes the research viewpoints of master's thesis writing supported by data and confirmed by results, rather than simply expounding opinions. In that case, it will be unconvincing and obvious, so everyone should master it well and use it in future paper writing. I hope students can gain something after reading the content shared by the author.