In order to improve the overall strength of scientific research in jewelry industry, ensure the sustained and coordinated development of scientific research, and give full play to the role of scientific research in promoting the development of the industry, combined with the actual situation of scientific research development in this industry, this paper puts forward the thinking of scientific research development planning, defines the development goals, directions and key points, and promotes the long-term sustained and stable development of scientific research.
1. Industry scientific research development plan
1. 1 Basic principles of scientific research development planning
The basic principles of scientific research development are: "strengthen innovation, highlight characteristics, give full play to advantages, and drive the whole industry", with technological innovation as the driving force, scientific research investment as the guarantee, achievement reward as the guidance, establish the awareness of achievements, and promote the sustained and coordinated development of scientific research.
1.2 main objectives of scientific research development planning
The main goal of scientific research development planning is to promote the all-round development of scientific research in China.
(1) Strengthen basic theoretical research. Detailed and systematic research on basic mineralogy, petrology and gemology of jewelry and jade with unique resources and main markets in China has made innovations and breakthroughs in basic theoretical research, and found clear, scientific and practical methods and indicators in actual identification, rating and production. The research and appraisal of major international gemstones strive to catch up with the top international research institutions in basic research, and actively innovate in applied research to reach the advanced level.
(2) Strengthen applied research. Strengthen the combination of "production, learning and research" to solve the technical problems faced by jewelry enterprises and jewelry testing.
(3) Strengthen the construction of scientific research personnel and teams. Establish a scientific research team that combines basic research with applied research, combines the old with the young, and takes solving practical problems in the industry as its main task, and conducts scientific research in combination with China's national conditions.
(4) Strengthen scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation. Hold national and international academic exchanges and seminars regularly or irregularly, and adopt the methods of "please come in" and "go out" to strengthen the opportunities for researchers, especially young researchers, to communicate with their international counterparts.
Fig. 7- 1-6 Laser Raman Microscope Detection of Diamonds
2. Special research on gems
2. 1 diamond research
In 2008, the global financial crisis led to a sharp decline in diamond sales in the United States, Japan, Europe and other countries, and the related research on diamond identification almost stagnated. On the contrary, due to the economic growth in the eastern markets such as China and the steady demand for diamonds, western diamond dealers actively promoted diamond products in China and launched some products and marketing plans for diamond consumers in China. In view of the lack of understanding of diamonds by diamond consumers in China, especially all kinds of diamonds that have been treated, optimized or marked by high technology, the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center has made a detailed study on the high-temperature and high-pressure treatment of diamonds, the irradiation treatment of diamonds, the high-tech new coating treatment of diamonds and various artificial marks on the surface of diamonds, and achieved gratifying phased results. Some of the achievements were published in relevant professional magazines and academic papers in China.
Considering the trend and development of international diamond classification and the revision of national standards for diamond classification, the National Center for Quality Supervision and Inspection of Jewelry and Jade and the Jewelry College of China Geo University (Wuhan) have carried out research on quantitative evaluation of diamond cutting quality in recent years. The international popular diamond cutting quality grading system is compared, analyzed and calculated in detail. The symmetry and aesthetics of diamond cutting are also studied. Some of its achievements provide technical support for the revision of the national standard for diamond classification.
In recent years, some diamond jewelry has encountered mixed synthetic silicon carbide or synthetic diamonds. The National Jewellery and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center and the Guangdong Jewellery and Jade and Precious Metals Testing Center have carried out appraisal research, and introduced the research results and exchanged information with their counterparts at home and abroad in time.
The national commonweal industry research project "Study on the Origin and Fingerprint Characteristics of Diamonds under the Framework of Kimberley Process" jointly applied by the Jewelry and Jade Jewelry Management Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Department of Earth Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University was approved at the end of 2008, and the research work was fully carried out in 2009.
2.2 colored gems Research
Study on (1) Ruby and Sapphire
At present, the annual consumption of rubies and sapphires in China only accounts for 1% ~ 2% of the total jewelry consumption, while the market share of rubies and sapphires can account for 5% ~ 10% of the total jewelry consumption in Europe and America, which shows that the ruby and sapphire market in China still has great development potential. However, the current situation is that the quality of rubies and sapphires on the market is mixed, and the prices are quite different, so consumers have insufficient confidence in the ruby and sapphire markets. The national standard for ruby and sapphire classification in China has been applied. The National Center for Quality Supervision and Inspection of Jewellery and Jade investigated and analyzed the grading standards of rubies and sapphires in Thailand, and exchanged visits with the Gemological Institute of Thailand, and obtained a lot of valuable information about rubies and sapphires. Shenzhen Xingzhongtai Gemstone Co., Ltd. has formulated the enterprise standard for ruby quality evaluation, and participated in discussions with relevant appraisal units and scholars at home and abroad. The National Center for Quality Supervision and Inspection of Jewelry and Jade also had a detailed exchange and discussion with Cooper Sapphire Laboratory in Switzerland on the identification of the origin characteristics of rubies and sapphires. At present, samples of rubies and sapphires with clear origins are being collected, and a database of gemmological characteristics of rubies and sapphires from different origins is gradually established. In the aspect of laboratory identification, the identification characteristics of ruby heat treatment, beryllium diffusion high temperature heat treatment and various filling treatments are under way, and the research on the luminescence characteristics of ruby crack filling has also achieved certain results.
(2) Study on red feldspar
In recent two or three years, a kind of red transparent feldspar has appeared in the jewelry market at home and abroad, and its natural source has caused widespread controversy. Regarding whether the feldspar in Guyang, Inner Mongolia and the red feldspar in the market are natural causes, the National Testing Center Laboratory, China Geo University, Tongji University and other units have made a detailed study on the gemmological characteristics of Guyang feldspar in Inner Mongolia and the morphological, "petrological" and gemmological characteristics of all kinds of red feldspar.
Through the detailed analysis of chemical composition, trace elements, various spectral characteristics and macro and micro characteristics of feldspar, it is considered that the red feldspar sample belongs to mesofeldspar. Compared with the yellow feldspar sample, the mass fraction of Cu in its chemical composition is much higher than that of yellow feldspar, but there is no obvious difference in the mass fraction of other trace elements, so it is considered that Cu may be related to its red color. The results of UV-Vis absorption spectrum show that the absorption band of red feldspar samples is mainly located at 566 nm in the visible region, which may be related to the absorption of visible light by Cu.
By using the traditional petrological research methods, through the study of the primary surrounding rocks and their residues (minerals) of the feldspar, it is found that the primary rocks of the surrounding rocks are intermediate-acid intrusive rocks, containing glass and pores, and the surface residues of the surrounding rocks and feldspar contain a lot of copper and iron elements. The research shows that the surrounding rock is artificially sintered at high temperature in the later stage, and some dark minerals and foreign substances (cosolvents) form glass during the sintering process, resulting in a large number of bubbles. Further experiments show that some collected red feldspar samples have been treated by high temperature diffusion. Although the red feldspar in carbonate rocks has some characteristics of natural secondary genesis in petrology, whether there is natural red feldspar needs further work, such as detailed field geological investigation.
(3) Study on tourmaline filling
Tourmaline is welcomed by more and more people because of its gorgeous colors and rich colors, and its price is gradually rising. Therefore, the imitation of tourmaline has gradually increased. Recently, a new kind of imitation tourmaline, that is, a kind of rare earth glass containing Er and Pb elements, has been found in the market. Its appearance color is very similar to that of natural tourmaline, and many kinds of tourmalines with crack filling treatment have also been found. Therefore, jewelry testing units are carrying out research to find out the identification characteristics, and have achieved some results.
(4) Emerald research
At present, the purity of most emeralds on the market has been improved, and people have gradually accepted this treatment, but they all think that there should be a suitable way to show them. The discussion on emerald fillers has always been a topic and a difficult problem in jewelry academia and emerald trade, and whether it is possible to accurately distinguish between various fillers is the core issue. The properties and characteristics of emerald filler and the durability test of emerald filler have been studied in detail abroad, but there are still many challenges from technical reasons in actual identification. Combined with the current market situation of emeralds, the laboratory of National Inspection Center is systematically analyzing and studying the classification and identification characteristics of emeralds fillers, and seeking more feasible and effective identification methods. The common emerald fillers in the market at present were studied and summarized, and the classification and effective laboratory identification methods were provided. The latest research results show that in addition to the "flash" effect and infrared spectrum characteristics, luminous characteristics are also effective detection means to distinguish emerald fillings and study the distribution and filling degree of fillings. Most emerald filling types can be determined by combining amplification inspection and infrared spectrum. However, when the infrared spectrum peak of the filler is not obvious, it is necessary to combine the luminescent characteristics and observe the characteristics of the filler under a microscope for comprehensive judgment. At present, this work is actively under way. In addition, domestic scholars continue to study the geological, mineralogical and gemological characteristics of emeralds produced in Yunnan.
2.3 jade research
Study on (1) Emerald
The study of jadeite has always been a hot spot in jewelry research. Petrologists, mineralogists, gemologists and jewelry experts have made a detailed study on the chemical mineral composition, structural characteristics, color formation, quality classification and evaluation of jadeite. On the basis of previous studies, Ms. Ouyang Qiumei, a jadeite expert from Hong Kong, China, studied three kinds of black jadeites (black bone jadeite, muscovite jadeite and sodium chrome jadeite) from the aspects of chemical analysis, mineral composition, thin section observation, trace elements, rock structure characteristics and gemological characteristics, and discussed their possible attribution. Scholars from China Geo University (Beijing) Jewelry College and Peking University have further studied the structural characteristics of jadeite. According to its formation stage and petrographic characteristics, the structure of Burmese jadeite can be divided into three categories: primary structure, deformed metamorphic structure and epigenetic filling structure. According to the specific characteristics of various types of structures, this paper makes a further classification, describes each structure in detail, and discusses the gemological significance of each structure. Deformation and metamorphism are indispensable conditions for the formation of jadeite. It is pointed out that jadeite has unique characteristics because of its different position, multi-stage, multi-stage and deformation mechanism.
In recent years, the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center has been devoted to the research of national standards for jade classification. In June 2009, the national standard "Classification of Jade" (GB/T 23885-2009) was promulgated and implemented. Jade grading standard sample is under development.
For many years, Chinese jewelry researchers have been exploring synthetic jadeite, which provides a basis for analyzing the metallogenic conditions of jadeite, but little progress has been made.
Figure 7- 1-7 Cooperation Signing Ceremony of Hetian Jade Scientific Research Project
(2) Hotan jade true and false skin color research project
In recent years, the natural color skin of Hetian jade has encountered severe challenges from various simulation processing technologies. Facing all kinds of fake skins in the market, how to identify them quickly and accurately is not only a difficult problem for jewelry enterprises when they purchase goods, but also a technical problem for appraisal institutions. Therefore, it is an urgent task for jewelry industry to study the mineralogical characteristics and formation mechanism of Hetian jade natural color skin and find out the diagnostic characteristics and technical indicators of Hetian jade natural color skin and fake skin. Therefore, in August 2009, the National Inspection Center cooperated with Heyuyuan Company in scientific research, and started the research project on the identification characteristics of Hetian jade's true and false skin color, which also opened a new mode of "research-enterprise cooperation" in China's jewelry industry.
(3) Tian Huang research
Over the years, Chinese jewelry researchers have done a lot of work on the identification characteristics of true and false Tianhuang. In recent years, scholars from China Geo University and Peking University have used X-ray powder diffractometer, scanning electron microscope (equipped with energy spectrometer) and infrared spectrometer respectively to study the mineral composition and micromorphological characteristics of the matrix, "radish pattern" and weathered skin of Tianhuang in Shoushan, Fujian. The results show that Tianhuang samples are mainly composed of dickite and nacrite in kaolinite minerals, and some samples also contain a small amount of illite and syenite, in which kaolinite is not found in the matrix and "radish silk pattern" part, but kaolinite is found in the weathered epidermis. The granularity of kaolinite minerals in Tianhuang matrix is different, and the crystallization degree is also different. Some "shredded radish" have certain boundaries with the mother. Due to water-rock reaction and external force, kaolinite minerals in weathered epidermis lost their specific crystal forms, but they remained intact in surface pits. The basic mineralogical research of Tianhuang needs to be further strengthened, and the identification of true and false Tianhuang is still a continuous topic.
(4) Investigation of "Huang Longyu"
In 2004, a kind of jade-yellow chronological rock was found in Longxin Township, Longling County, Baoshan City, which borders Myanmar on the western border of Yunnan Province, China. In the past, people called this kind of jade "Dragon Heart Stone", but now people commonly call it "Huang Longyu" because of its color and origin. On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2009, the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center and Yunnan Quality Inspection Unit were invited to form a joint research group to go to the "Huang Longyu" mine and the finished products and wool trading market.
Fig. 7- 1-8 Yellow chronological rocks in Longling, Yunnan.
(commonly known as "Huang Longyu")
The person in charge of the People's Government of Longling County said that it would actively cooperate with the National Inspection Center to do a good job in the basic research of Huang Longyu, comprehensively train talents, and provide technical talents for the industrial development of Huang Longyu in Longling County, and hoped that "Huang Longyu" would be included in the national standard as a new natural jade.
2.4 amber identification research
Amber is a complex mixture of natural organic matter, and amber in different regions, different tree species and different ages will have great differences in composition. In recent years, various kinds of natural, optimized and treated amber have appeared in the market, which poses new challenges for identification. For example, in the process of amber processing, some foreign substances, such as polished surface bright film and adhesive, are often introduced, which will make the conventional identification parameters of amber deviate. The identification accuracy of "green amber" made by multi-step heat treatment in autoclave is very low when it is detected by traditional microscope or conventional instrument. For this reason, the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center systematically tested the infrared absorption spectra of various amber, visited the manufacturers engaged in amber treatment, studied the sample collection and testing methods, and found out the index of identifying amber treatment by infrared absorption spectra. At the same time, in order to analyze the possible changes of molecular structure before and after amber treatment, technical exchanges and discussions were conducted with relevant experts at home and abroad, and some results need further verification before they can be popularized.
3. Research on detection technology and method.
Jewelry detection technology mainly includes various nondestructive detection methods of images and spectra. In recent years, the research on jewelry detection methods abroad is mainly limited to the automatic improvement of instruments, and little progress has been made in the research of basic principles and methods. In recent years, while actively using and learning advanced large-scale nondestructive testing instruments, China has actively developed new instruments and equipment in the jewelry industry with independent innovation. Among them, the successful development of automatic pearl sorting equipment and optical coherence tomography (O CT) for observing and measuring the thickness and defects of pearl layer indicates that China has made leading achievements in the field of nondestructive testing instruments for image jewelry.
3. 1 pearl automatic sorting equipment has been successfully developed.
On June 5438+1October 65438+July, 2009, Oriental Shenzhou Group held a press conference on the successful research and development of fully automatic pearl sorting equipment and the completion of a ten thousand mu three-dimensional ecological pearl breeding base, announcing the successful research and development of fully automatic sorting equipment.
Pearl automatic sorting equipment is independently developed by the company after three years' efforts. A group of equipment automatically sorts freshwater pearls with specifications of 6 ~ 12mm with different indexes such as smoothness, shape, luster and color. The automatic sorting speed reaches 1 grain/second, and the sorting accuracy in the second stage is not less than 95%. The processing time of each equipment failure shall not exceed 4 hours (spare parts system is adopted). In addition, the whole machine requires automatic computer control, and the sorting grade can be set manually in sections. Simple operation, stable and reliable performance and service life of more than 5 years.
Take 9 mm pearl sorting as an example. The processing capacity is 4.06 kg per hour, and the sorting capacity is 32.48 kg after working for 8 hours. The annual output of a single shift of 300 days is 10 ton. This will change the labor-intensive situation of pearl industry in the past, greatly reduce the labor cost of enterprises and improve work efficiency.
The successful development of automatic pearl sorting equipment will make China's pearl processing enter the era of mechanization, which is a milestone in the modern industrial revolution of pearl industry. On the other hand, the standard of mechanized sorting and testing confirms the significance of the introduction of national pearl standard samples, ending the history that the quality value cannot be judged in the field of pearl terminal consumption at home and abroad.
3.2 Successful development of optical coherence tomography technology
Optical coherence tomography (O CT) was originally applied in the biomedical field, and it is a new nondestructive imaging technique for diagnosing lesions. At the beginning of 2006, the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Mo Ting Imaging Technology Co., Ltd. began to cooperate, taking the lead in introducing O CT into the jewelry field and developing the world's first near-infrared pearl nondestructive imaging detector. After the development of four generations of prototypes, the resolution of OSG- 1000I and II optical coherence chromatographs produced in 2009 reached 0.0 15mm, and the theoretical measurement ranges were 0.06 ~ 2.5mm and 0.06 ~ 5.5mm respectively. However, according to different kinds of gems, the actual measurement depth is different.
Fig. 7-1-9 OSG-1000 Ⅱ pearl classifier
Fig. 7- 1- 10 optical coherence tomography of nacre thickness measurement.
Compared with other bead thickness measurement methods, optical coherence tomography has the advantages of clear and intuitive image, no radiation, rapid, accurate, nondestructive and safe measurement of bead thickness. Optical coherence tomography (O CT) is a new technique for object tomography. As a nondestructive testing method of high-resolution imaging, O CT can be used to identify true and false pearls, distinguish between seawater nucleated pearls and freshwater seedless pearls, determine the thickness of pearl layer, and explore the growth dynamics of pearls, which has broad application prospects.
3.3 Development and application of other lossless image technologies
In recent years, a variety of products with surface treatment or optimization have appeared in the jewelry and jade market at home and abroad, such as multi-layer surface coating, inorganic dyeing, ion implantation discoloration, manual imprinting and so on. Due to the limitation of magnification and resolution, the traditional gem microscope can not effectively observe the fine identification features of the surface of this locally treated jewelry material. Therefore, Chinese jewelry science and technology workers are actively exploring the application of high-power and high-resolution microscope in jewelry detection. For example, the microscopic morphological characteristics of growth, dissolution and deformation of natural and synthetic jewelry surfaces are observed by differential interference microscope, and the treatment characteristics of cutting and grinding of gem surfaces such as coating and dyeing are found out. Observe the various surface textures and artificial imprint characteristics of cut gemstones. The application of high-power and high-resolution microscope in jewelry research and identification will help us solve some difficult problems in jewelry identification.
In addition, Baoxie, Dandong City, Liaoning Province, is trying to apply mature X-ray detection technology to the field of jewelry detection, and the developed X-ray jewelry discriminator makes large-scale nondestructive testing instruments miniaturized and intelligent. In recent years, domestic jewelry testing institutions have developed and applied some convenient spectral instruments, such as optical fiber spectrometer, portable infrared spectrometer and Raman scattering spectrometer, and achieved certain practical results. In the detection of precious metal jewelry, the National Jewelry Quality Supervision and Inspection Center has carried out the development of platinum-ruthenium alloy standard samples. The National Inspection Center has carried out research on how to detect harmful elements that may exist in middle and low-grade precious metal jewelry.