Argument statement: An argument is usually a positive judgment. And the flag is clear, and it cannot be vague. It cannot appear in questions, phrases or metaphors.
Methods: When answering the central argument, if there is no requirement, try to choose the sentences in the paragraph.
Skills to find the central argument:
(1) In the title, the title is the argument. If the topic is a sentence and it is a positive judgment, then the topic itself is the central argument.
If the topic is composed of radical phrases and coordinate phrases, we should look for centralism in the text.
Point.
Mode:
Radical phrases, such as "the secret of success", ..
Coordinate phrases, such as "dedication and happiness", demonstrate the relationship between them: "dedication and happiness are the only way for human life."
(2) Cut to the chase at the beginning and demonstrate.
③ At the end of the article, on the basis of in-depth discussion at different levels, the central argument is put forward in the summary of the article. When looking for it, you can start with language symbols. In some articles that introduce the central argument at the end, there are often symbolic words such as "in short", "in a nutshell" and "so" before the argument.
④ In the article, the central argument is put forward after a preliminary discussion.
In addition, some articles don't pay much attention to arguments, and the central arguments can only be summarized by reading the complete text.
Pay attention to the topic and the beginning, distinguish the central argument from the sub-argument, and distinguish the argument from the conclusion.
Second, understand the role of the beginning.
(a) Frequently asked questions
What is the function of the beginning (example or quotation) of the article?
(2) Problem-solving skills and methods:
Tell a story (legend) at the beginning: ① Take the story (or anecdote) as the factual argument of the article; (2) Lead out (prove) arguments or topics; ③ enhancement
The article is interesting and stimulates readers' interest in reading.
Quote aphorism (famous poem) at the beginning: ① This aphorism (aphorism) leads to the topic; ② Propose the argument (or topic) of this article; (3) as the argument of the article; ④ Stimulate readers' interest in reading.
Quote famous poems and sentences at the beginning: ① lead to arguments or topics; (2) Take the philosophy contained in famous sentences as the argument; (3) increase literariness and improve readers' reading interest.
Third, clarify the argumentation methods used in the article and their functions.
(a) Frequently asked questions
What method of argument is used in this sentence? What is the role in this article?
(2) Answer routines:
Illustration: This paragraph (sentence) adopts the method of illustration, giving examples (summarizing cases), which strongly proves this point or the central argument (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.
Reasoning argument:
This paragraph (sentence) uses the method of reasoning, citing famous sayings/aphorisms/authoritative data (or anecdotes and anecdotes of celebrities) to prove the point.
The second part: the main points of argumentative knowledge and answering methods.
Main points of argumentative knowledge and answering methods
Essentials of argumentative knowledge
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation
An argument
(1) Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. Generally speaking, it is a complete sentence (subject-predicate-object) and an affirmative sentence (it must be a declarative sentence and a judgment sentence, not a question, a rhetorical question, etc.). ) in form.
(2) The general fixed structure is: (what ... how ...) (what is so-and-so)
1, how to find the independent variable:
(1) The argument lies in the topic. A general topic is either an argument or a topic (related to an argument).
(2) The argument is in the first sentence (the first paragraph):
If there are several sentences in the first paragraph, read the last sentence first.
Look at the beginning again;
For example, the last few sentences in the first paragraph are the solution of the first sentence.
For the explanation, see the first sentence.
If there is a famous saying, then there is an author.
Then, if there is only one famous saying in the author's language as an argument, you can say it directly.
And then as an argument.
(Note: Generally, famous sayings are not directly used as arguments.
But as an argument)
(3) the argument is at the end.
(4) the argument is in the middle of the article (pay attention to the first and last sentences of each paragraph, and also pay attention to the conclusion, such as: this shows.
I think; In short; In summary ...)
(5) Find arguments according to logical relations (in factual arguments,
Sentences near theoretical arguments)
The second parameter
1, argument type: fact argument theory argument.
Factual arguments: including representative and conclusive examples,
Historical facts and statistical data.
Theoretical argument: refers to incisive theories, famous sayings and epigrams, folk proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings and things recognized by common sayings that have been tested by practice.
Theories, principles, laws, etc.
The general function of argument: to demonstrate and prove arguments. (The relationship between argument and argument: proof and proven) Answer specification: This is an argument, which plays the role of proof in the text ... (Argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )
The role of
Three arguments
1, demonstration method:
(1) demonstrate with examples.
② Positive and negative comparative argument
③ Metaphorical argument
④ Citation argument
2, the role of the model law
(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing specific examples to prove, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing. Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing. (2) Metaphorical argument: Prove and demonstrate with metaphor.
Vivid and understandable.
Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison
Understood, easy to accept.
③ Comparative argumentation: The function of comparative argumentation is to highlight strength.
Tune.
Format: Compare …… with ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
More easily accepted by readers).
(4) Citation argument: Citation argument is complicated and related to the specific cited materials, including quotations, aphorisms, authoritative materials, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its function should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to go on.
Reading.
Format: adopt the method of citing argument, and the point of view may be more interesting and attract reading.
Continue reading)
The function of the last paragraph of argumentative essay;
(1) Summarize the full text, deepen the central argument and put forward ...
Conclusion;
(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...;
(3) Call or exhort people ...;
(4) Supplementary argument ... makes the argument more rigorous.
Chapter Three: Argumentative Answering Routines (Final Edition)
Debate answering procedure
First, find or refine the method of argument.
Note: Argumentative essays generally have only one argument, and some also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument, which are also used to prove the central argument.
1) Look at the title
Question type: (1) Discussion question type (2) Discussion type (4) Literature type.
Usually the title and the central argument have the following four relationships:
First, the topic itself is the central argument; For example, where there is a will, there is a way, and contentment is always happy.
Second, the topic is the scope of discussion, just the object or problem to be discussed, and put forward arguments in the article. Such as beauty and success.
Third, the topic implies the central argument in a metaphorical way; For example, in "Beautiful Jade has Flaws", the article metaphors the central argument that everything has shortcomings.
Fourth, the topic implies the central argument of the article in the form of questions. For example, "Do pro-Mexicans have to be black?" The answer will be revealed in the article.
2) Look at the beginning
A large part of argumentative essays are straight to the point, pointing out the central argument directly, putting forward the argument first, and then organizing arguments to prove the argument, such as "talking about the backbone" and "getting more help without asking for it".
Putting it in the title and the beginning has one advantage: the argument is eye-catching, straight to the point and clear at a glance.
3) Look at the end
Some argumentative papers put arguments at the end of the article, first list a large number of arguments, then analyze and demonstrate them, and finally draw a conclusion, which is the central argument, such as being born in sorrow and dying in happiness.
Benefits: Summarize the full text and point out the center of the article. After full argumentation, it comes naturally.
4) Look at the middle
After a preliminary discussion, some argumentative papers in this paper put forward arguments at the end of the first paragraph or in the second and third paragraphs. At the beginning of the article, before putting forward the central argument, introduce and analyze some examples or phenomena, and then demonstrate around the central argument, such as thinking and doing. Benefits: the front is paved, which is naturally unobtrusive.
5) Induce by yourself (extract the arguments of the article)
There are three steps in inductive argument: inductive paragraph meaning-inductive layer meaning-summary argument.
Every natural paragraph expresses an idea. It should be noted that the argument is the author's views and opinions reflected in the article, so the argument should be a clear judgment (with the author's obvious tendency), a complete statement of the author's views, and a complete sentence in form.
We should pay attention to the following points: first, we should use the form of judgment, and we can't make our views clear if we are in doubt or uncertainty; 2. The summarized arguments should be concise and neat; 3. Arguments should not appear in any interrogative sentences or selective sentence patterns; Fourth, unless the same sentence appears repeatedly in the article, never use other people's quotations as arguments, because quotations are one of the arguments.
Second, the types of arguments:
1, factual argument: refers to representative conclusive cases, historical facts or fishy stories.
2. Rationality argumentation: refers to the correct theory that has been tested by people's practice and recognized by the society, including social science theories, such as philosophical argumentation, as well as principles, theorems and formulas of natural science, proverbs, famous sayings and aphorisms circulating in Cantonese.
When sorting out arguments, we should pay attention to: if the language expression of leaders and celebrities is narrative rather than discussion, it is not a theoretical argument, but a factual argument.
Supplementary examples of central arguments or sub-arguments: Usually, we can collect more convincing typical examples around several topics and focus on face-to-face discussions.
Third, the role of various argumentation methods:
1. Demonstration with examples: Take facts (summarizing examples) as arguments to effectively prove the argument (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument) to enhance persuasiveness.
2. Metaphorical argument: The author proves the argument of this article (paragraph) vividly by comparison, which is convenient for readers to understand.
3. Contrastive argument: The author contrasts right and wrong, highlights arguments and gives people a deep impression.
4. Reasoning and argumentation: The author quotes authoritative quotes or proverbs and maxims to make his reasoning profound, thorough and more convincing (citing arguments).
Four. Argumentative structure of argumentative writing. (Clear the train of thought of the article)
1, general structure:
Ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems
2. Layered structure
Total points-total points-total points
V the role of cases or stories in the beginning of argumentative writing
1 to stimulate readers' interest in reading. 2, lead to the topic or lead to the central argument; 3. Argument as the central argument; .
(Pay attention to distinguish the function of the example or story at the beginning of the explanatory text 1, and lead to the object to be explained in this article; 2. Stimulate readers' interest in reading. )
7. Understanding the language level of argumentative writing.
(A), "accurate and rigorous" analysis of the characteristics of the angle.
1. From the use of restrictive words (adverbial and attributive), this paper analyzes the characteristics of "accuracy and strictness" in argumentative language.
2. Use the logical relationship between related words. Enhance the logic of language. The two are closely related internally, and the discussion is more rigorous and accurate. Persuasive.
3. Strict judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
4. Define the range of paper bags with thorns. Correctly understand the referential function of pronouns.
(2) The analysis angle of "vivid" characteristics.
1, from rhetoric (
This paper analyzes the vivid features of language from the perspectives of metaphor, personification and parallelism.
2. Analyze the power of debate and the language situation reflected by the change of sentence patterns.
3. Analyze the vividness, image and emotional color of language from the perspective of emoticons (verbs, adjectives and adverbs).
(C), the language "concise" point of view:
From the narrative is not detailed, it is called generality. The analytical language is concise.
The function of key (important) sentences in the text.
The key (important) sentences in argumentative writing generally include: central sentences, meaningful summary sentences, sentences with special functions in structure, etc.
Answering such questions can be considered from the following aspects:
One is to find out which type of these sentences belong to;
Secondly, what rhetorical methods are used in these sentences and what are their characteristics in sentence patterns. How does it affect the performance-centered argument?
The third is to grasp keyword analysis.