Roman sculptors not only show portraits of commanders, heroes, family members, couples and single tombstones, but also decorate many circular sculptures and reliefs on Roman buildings, squares and memorial columns. The famous buildings in the 3rd century include the Arc de Triomphe in septimus and Luce, and the public bathrooms in caracalla. Ancient Roman sculpture is an important part of western ancient civilization and has made outstanding contributions to the development of western realistic sculpture.

Historically, the feudal society in Europe was generally called "the Middle Ages". In the history of art, western art from ancient Rome to Renaissance is called "medieval art", which lasted about 65,438+0,200 years. In medieval Europe, Christianity became a powerful pillar of feudal rule. Therefore, the sculptures in the Middle Ages in Europe mainly serve Christianity. The culture and art in the heyday of the Middle Ages experienced Romanesque period and Gothic period. Church architecture became the main artistic carrier at that time, and many excellent sculptors engaged in decorative carving of church architecture and circular carving of internal display. Many sculptures in Angele Church, Three Saints Church in Cannes and Saint Gilead Church in Gainrad, Germany are representative.

Romanesque church shows the power of the church with its solid figure, while Gothic church controls the spiritual feelings of the audience with its dexterous and sharp rising power. The change of light and shade of stained glass window paintings in church buildings, and various light and exquisite carving patterns and sculptures on the walls all help to strengthen the mysterious atmosphere of religion. Gothic churches represent the highest achievements of medieval architectural art, such as Notre Dame de Paris, castles and Remus. , are Gothic churches. Gothic sculpture basically represents the conservative and backward religious art in the Middle Ages.

In the French sculpture of14th century, Gothic art showed an increasingly strong tendency to reflect reality, and it began to exaggerate the gestures, expressions, bodies and other aspects of characters. Gothic sculptures serving religion began to sprout from emerging bourgeois art, while medieval sculptures had their essence and dross, and many works were full of superstitious and absurd religious contents. However, from the perspective of artistic inheritance, sculptors at that time also created many good works that belonged to the people and had positive factors, which occupied a very important position in the history of world art.

From the second half of15th century to16th century, Renaissance culture appeared and formed in many European countries. In many advanced countries in Europe, culture and art have reached a high level of prosperity, and the Renaissance has set off a peak in the development of European culture and art. Renaissance culture is a culture that opposes feudal religion and advocates the revival of Greek and Roman classical culture, with the emerging bourgeoisie as the leading factor. Renaissance sculpture inherited and developed the tradition of Greek and Roman sculpture art, which made sculpture art highly prosperous. Almost all the famous sculptors in the Renaissance were concentrated in Florence. The first sculptor was gipper Ti, and the decorative reliefs on the two bronze doors of Florence Baptistery are his representative works. The great sculptor Michelangelo called these two gates "the gates of heaven". Great sculptors in the same period included Donatello and Verozzi O. The appearance of Michelangelo marked the peak of the development of sculpture art in the Renaissance. They use realistic techniques and accurate human anatomy to shape characters, so that people's bodies have a strong sense of strength, and use the artistic language of sculpture to shape vivid images and high skills. Sculpture in the Renaissance had a great influence on later sculptors.

Western oil paintings in the Middle Ages and Renaissance are mostly based on ancient Greek mythology (and its development-ancient Roman mythology). In the history of western sculpture development, ancient Greek sculpture represents an aesthetic height. Greek artists established norms and principles, which had a far-reaching impact on later western artistic creation, and the Renaissance and neoclassical sculpture art took this as a benchmark. Ancient Greek artists defined the principle of the most beautiful human body. The ancient Greek artist Poliklitos in the 4th century BC was the first artist to "standardize" beauty. From the perspective of pure mathematical theory, he calculated the proportion of a man's body as a model of human body. He is the founder of the golden section law. Moreover, judging others and cultivating one's figure and appearance became the habit of the ancient Greeks. "Socrates has always believed that anyone who is in poor shape and disheveled is a person who has no public spirit and does not actively participate in public affairs. In Socrates' eyes, the problem of obese citizens belongs to the category of public affairs, and obesity is also a political issue. Nietzsche once said, "Be a physical ancient Greek". Interestingly, if Alexander the Great of Macedonia hadn't invaded India eastward and brought sculpture art to the Ganges River valley, I'm afraid Buddhism spread to the eastern countries wouldn't have flourished later (Yungang, Longmen, Mogao Grottoes, Bamiyan Buddha ...), and even idols wouldn't have been enshrined in temples of Buddhism and Taoism (borrowed from the missionary form of Buddhism). Because, in the religious tradition of ancient India, idolatry was not advocated. Bare-chested Buddha statues can only come from ancient Greek civilization!

Kiss "Le Basser"

Auguste rodin (French, 1840~ 19 17)

Rodin is a famous French sculptor, whose creative style is deeply influenced by Michelangelo, and he is good at depicting characters, emotions and dynamics in depth. Kiss is one of Rodin's many masterpieces that can be compared with The Thinker. Through Rodin's masterpiece, the tragic love between Paul and Francesca in Dante's Divine Comedy can be presented emotionally in an eternal moment.

Give up "give up"

Camille Claudius (France, 186 1~ 1943)

1886, Rodin, who fell madly in love with Camille, finished his masterpiece Kiss. Two years later, Camille completed the "abandoned" pottery prototype. This work is based on the Indian love myth, originally named Shakundana, also known as Commitment, and later renamed Abandonment. The name change of the work tells the whole love story between Camille and Rodin, and this work seems to insinuate that Rodin knelt in front of the abandoned Camille and asked for forgiveness. Chi Mei's collection is 19 10 original works of Camille's participation in the salon exhibition of French artists, 1905 bronze casting.

Humanoid cabinet "Humanoid cabinet"

Salvador dali (Spanish, 1904~ 1989)

Dali's creative feature is to distort the entities in the real world at will. In his work Venus de Milo, he thinks that there are several parts of the body that can be taken out separately, and this "humanoid cupboard" is also based on this concept, which turns the human body into many drawers, which can be said to be a quite typical creation in Dali's works.

The girl who washes her feet "Women's Toilet"

Edgar Duga (France, 1834~ 19 17)

Influenced by impressionism, Edgar Douga's whole works show a changeable sense of instability in every different angle. Dou Jia's women and chairs are quite unique, especially the clothes hanging on the chairs are quite abstract. On the other hand, the bucket in front of the girls is also quite realistic. Under the unique interpretation of Dou Jia, these two extreme styles present an unparalleled perfect combination.

Tiexius defeated the centaur monster.

"centaure Biénor combatant"

Anduan-Louis Barry (France, 1795~ 1875)

Barry is the most important animal sculptor in France in the middle of 19 century. The plaster prototype of this work was exhibited in the salon exhibition of French artists in 1850. The battle between Centaure and Lapithes is a common theme in classical art and a symbol of civilization's victory over barbarism. This work was copied by Barbedienne and signed as Barye 1860. This is the most original large-scale work (only two pieces were cast at that time), and it is also the most expensive work in all creative records before Barry died. At present, the works of the same size collected by the Metropolitan Museum of New York and the Louvre are all recast after Barry's death.

"Trunk" of human body

Alexander Akibiank (Russian-American, 1887~ 1964)

During the fifteen years from the beginning of the twentieth century to the First World War, there appeared two artistic concepts in European art circles, namely, Fauvism and Cubism. Akibiank is an important sculptor of cubism. Cubism feels the beauty of simple modeling in African art, just like presenting the female body with extremely simple geometric modeling, and the works reveal rational and pure beauty. This work was completed in 19 14, which is the peak of Akibiank's creation.

Archer's "trip"

Pierre le faguye (France, born in 1892)

Decorative art appeared in Europe and America in 1960s+0920s and 1960s+091930s. It pays attention to sensory interest, advocates aesthetics and creates an unprecedented visual feast. Pierre Le Fagers is one of the most successful representatives of French decorative art style. He used ivory, bronze, silver, stone and other multimedia materials to successfully carve an ancient Roman soldier with simple and powerful lines, and outlined the beautiful posture of the soldier when he drew the bow with strong power, fully demonstrating the ultimate strength of decorative art and aesthetic feeling.

Galati and Dolphin "Galatia Riding Dolphin"

Ancilioni (Italy, 1832~ 1894)

In this work, Galati's plump body is twisted against the dolphin, and her curly hair flutters with the wind, which makes her look full of movement. There are many fine patterns, lines or dots carved by carving knives on Galati's body, which are similar to the texture of real skin in abdomen, elbow and foot joints, making the whole statue lifelike. In order to highlight the theme of the goddess of the sea, the stone of the base is specially made of marble covered with fine lines, just like the undulating waves in the sea, and the dolphins swimming on it also echo the theme, making the work full of vitality and vitality.

Otero's Othello

Pierdo Calve (Italian, 1833~ 1884)

Italian sculptor Calvi is famous for portraying characters in Shakespeare's plays. Othello is the theme of Shakespeare's four tragedies. He was jealous of/kloc-a Moor from Africa in the 0/5th century, who was a top official and committed suicide after killing his wife by mistake. Taking the first actor who performed this role as the model color, the author completed this masterpiece of bronze and marble in 1869.

Susan Susen

Auguste rodin (French, 1840~ 19 17)

Rodin (1840~ 19 17) is the father of modern sculpture. He used clay, bronze and marble to directly depict the passion and pain of ordinary people with unprecedented frankness. The epochal and romantic temperament of his art is a peak in the history of sculpture. During his long artistic career, he was deeply influenced by Michelangelo, Impressionist and contemporary writer Hugo? Baudelaire's influence.

1870 entered the studio of Carrier-Berus. At that time, all his works needed to be engraved with Cariel's signature. In order to save more money, Rodin carved some busts of women in the evening and then sold them in his own name. Susan is a work of this period. With strong and keen insight, it outlines Susan's gentle and graceful expression and delicate face, which is extremely annoying. Soft curly hair is tied with soft ribbons, and noble temperament is emitted from the work inch by inch, which is called Rodin's wonderful and delicate early masterpiece in his creative career.

Patient mother and son "mother and child"

Burgh Leo Picelli (Italian-American, 1860~ 1945)

This work won the gold medal in the San Francisco exhibition in 19 15. At present, the entrance work of Columbus Circle in new york Central Park is an enlarged version. Most of the author's works are made of marble or wood, but a few are made of gypsum and bronze. This work describes a wronged child, snuggling in his mother's loving arms. The child seems to have found a safe comfort, crying and talking with his mother's warm questions, forming a seamless, natural and realistic mother-child heart-to-heart entity.

Athletes "athletes"

Donaldo Baccaria (Italian, 1849~ 1930)

Bacaria from Milan College was recognized for her creative ability when she first exhibited at the age of seventeen, and her creative style was deeply influenced by Canova. This work, The Athlete, was completed in 1898 and exhibited in Milan that year. 1902 won the first prize in St. Petersburg. Its modeling comes from the idea of the Greek hero Hercules, which not only combines a high degree of realistic skills, but also has ideal beauty. It is the most representative creation of the author Bacalia's life.

Cupid and psyche.

Giulio Begansoli (Italy, 1822~ 1868)

It is said that Sage's beauty made Venus jealous, so she made her son Cupid fall in love with the ugliest monster with her irresistible arrow. Unexpectedly, even Cupid was fascinated by Sage's beauty and fell into the whirlpool of love. This sculpture shows Cupid floating lightly in the air and kissing Sage tenderly. Cupid and Sage form an X-shaped posture, and the rising trend conveys the romantic love in the legend. It is one of the representative works of Italian sculptor Giorgio.

JuanClara (Spain, 1875~ 1957)

Hoon Clara uses natural and vivid methods to carve out the innocent and lovely nature of children, and does not forget to present the naughty side of children with humorous methods. These four works were completed in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, and their movements seem to be linked together, which is very interesting and childlike.

Four works depict a lovely little girl sitting in a high chair. She was attracted by the cookies in front of her eyes and was anxious to stand up. Unexpectedly, she slipped down and thought that she would simply change her chair and try climbing up again. But she was worried that her mother would find out, so she couldn't help turning around frequently and finally stood safely in the high chair. Now she is nervous again, because there are so many delicious foods in front of her, I really don't know which one to choose. As a result, I just want to enjoy this hard-won biscuit in my hand. In fact, the dog was also menacing, clutching her skirt tightly. Appreciate the tricks in the works of these four naughty girls, and you can appreciate the cuteness of childlike innocence.