Annotation and sparseness are self-contained theories, and there are also "collective explanations" to collect opinions from various factions and "supplementary annotations" to supplement others' theories.
Common comment name:
Biography means "tell Gu Yan in today's words". For example, Zuo Zhuan, Ram Zhuan and Gu Liangzhuan all explained Chunqiu.
To explain the text. For example, there are Lu Shuo and Han Shuo in The Book of Songs, both of whom annotate the Book of Songs.
Exegetics is also a way to annotate books. Such as: Lu (Sui Tong) and Shangshu Xun.
Pay attention to record your understanding and experience of the original text below. For example, we are familiar with Zhu.
Notes are similar to "notes", which supplement the obscure and too brief contents in the original text.
The distinction and interpretation of sound and meaning (also known as sound training, sound measurement, sound note and sound interpretation) infer the meaning of words by analyzing their pronunciation. such as
Interpretation of Erya and Notes on Zitongzhi Yin Jian
Explain the great significance of ancient books chapter by chapter. Such as: "Songs of the South Zhang Ci"
One is cross-classics annotation (two books are annotated together), and the other is the same classics annotation that collects opinions from various schools.
The latter is like Zhuangzi's Xieji.
Supplementary notes supplement the shortcomings of previous notes. For example: supplementary notes on Chu Ci.
Explain the meaning of Tonghui ancient books, and then supplement, correct, research and explain.
Personally, I think your question should be summed up as "the academic status and contribution of exegetics" Because the aforementioned "inheritance and testimony ..." is just a method of exegesis.
So, what is the academic position and contribution of exegetics?
To put it simply, exegetics (mainly referring to the exegetical work of predecessors) is to build a bridge between the ancients and modern people, ancient prose and modern prose. Annotate, explain and train ancient books through exegetical work, which not only makes the inheritance of ancient books accessible, but also enriches the connotation of ancient books. Without exegetical work and exegetics, there will be faults in ancient and modern times, and the history of China culture will be torn. This is my understanding of the position and function of exegetics.
First, formal training, also known as seeking meaning by form, explains the meaning of words by analyzing the physical structure of Chinese characters. The function of formal teaching is to explore the original meaning of words, but it cannot explain the etymology. 1. Proper use of formal training can explain the meaning of some words more clearly. 2. On the basis of revealing the original meaning of words, formal training can also find out the extended meaning of words, thus clarifying the meaning system of each word. 3. Understand the original meaning and extended meaning of words through the glyph structure, and further identify loanwords.
Limitations and conditions of physical training: Physical training must be analyzed in combination with pronunciation, so its function is limited.
1. Limitations of formal training: First, in the long history, the shape of Chinese characters has changed greatly, and the glyph has lost its ideographic function, so formal training must rely on the materials and research results of ancient Chinese characters. Secondly, in the long-term development process of Chinese characters, because of the extension of word meaning, the borrowing of words and the complicated situation between word meaning, font analysis can only be used as a reference, not as the only basis. Third, pictophonetic characters can only reveal their meaning categories, but not their original meanings.
2. Conditions for formal training: First, only the original meaning is directly related to the glyph, and only the relationship between the near extended meaning and the glyph can be seen, while the relationship between the far extended meaning and the glyph is vague. Second, only this word can directly reflect the original meaning. Third, only "brushwork" can fit the meaning, and most of the "brushwork" has deviated from the meaning of the word.
Second, phonetic training is also called "phonetic training", which is also called seeking meaning by sound, that is, using words with the same sound or similar sound to explain the meaning of words (words). The ways of voice training are: 1. Use pictophonetic characters. 2. Use homophones or homophones. 3. Use homographs.
The function of sound training: 1. Seeking words. This word is used to borrow words. The ancients used a word with the same sound or similar sound instead of writing the original word. This loan word has nothing to do with the meaning of the word it records, but the sound is the same or similar. Therefore, in exegetics, it is necessary to break the borrowed words and seek the original words. The way to find words can only start with the sound. Using voice training can explain the truth, seek the original words, prevent reading words to make sense, and correct some mistakes in annotation and explanation. 2. Infer the etymology. Etymology is about the relationship between roots and derivatives. Words that come from the same word and have similar sound and meaning, sound and meaning or similar meaning are called cognates. The so-called etymological derivation mainly refers to the extensive association of derivatives of homologous words, that is, to determine the origin relationship between homologous derivatives. Connecting cognate words by phonetic training first refers to homophones in words. Secondly, because Chinese cognate words are not always represented by the same homophonic radical, we need to break the shackles of glyphs, connect other homophonic and near-homophonic words and determine their etymological meanings. Exploring the source of famous things is a special function of sound training. In short, exploring etymology can often highlight the characteristics of word meaning and help to understand; It is also helpful to explore the law of word meaning extension and sound change.
Pay attention to voice training: 1. The so-called homophonic or homophonic means that the ancient sounds are the same or similar; Of course, it is not reliable to use today's pronunciation for voice training. The so-called similarity of ancient sounds means similarity of sounds and rhymes. 2. There should be documentary language as evidence.
Third, voluntary training.
Yi Xun, also known as direct expression of word meaning, is a method of directly explaining word meaning with a word or a string of words without the help of glyphs and pronunciations. 1. Synonym training: It is a common method to explain the meaning of words with synonyms. Including co-training, mutual training and combined training. 2. Antisense training: use the antonym of a word to explain the meaning of the word. The differentiation of word meaning may be an important reason for anti-training. The development of meaning from one aspect to its opposite is another reason for anti-training. 3. Discrimination training: In order to avoid the ambiguity of exegesis, add an exegesis to make the meaning more clear.
1, the title of the note: (1) Biography: There is a difference between the Western Han Dynasty and Biography, which mainly explains the meaning of words and the historical facts. There is no longer any difference in annotations, comments and biographies of later generations. There are three types of biographies: internal biography, external biography, big biography, short biography, collective biography and supplementary biography. Introductions are annotations attached to Confucian classics. For example, Mao Zhuan. Biography is a note that does not compare with Confucian classics. For example, The Biography of Han Poetry. Great biographies are about meaning. For example, the biography of Shangshu. Compared with the great biography, the short biography is a modest word. For example, Biography of Seven Classics. Acquisition and annotation are the same, as are supplementary transmission and annotation. (2) Solution: The original meaning of the solution is analysis, analysis. (3) Notes: Notes in books are called notes, which began in Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty. Notes have the significance of supplement and modification. (4) Note: The explanation called annotation began in Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty. Annotation is the most commonly used name in exegetics. (5) school: checking ancient books is called school. One is to verify the source, and the other is to collate the text. (6) Yi Shu: dredge its meaning, also known as Yi Zhu, Zhang Yi, Yi Zan, Yi Li, lecture notes, etc. (7) Sound and meaning: the book of sound discrimination is called sound, and the book of sound interpretation is called meaning. Together, it is called sound and meaning, also called interpretation. (8) Text sentence: a form of annotation, which means to distinguish the sentence from the text. It is characterized by not explaining words, but mainly telling the meaning of sentences, chapters and articles.
2. Category of annotation and sparseness: (1) Annotation and sparseness: From the object of exegesis, annotation and sparseness should belong to two categories. Explaining the text of ancient books is called "annotation", which not only explains the text, but also explains the comments of predecessors, and is called "sparse". (2) Other annotation and self-annotation: As far as the author of exegesis is concerned, there are two kinds: other annotation and the author's self-annotation. He Zhu originated in the pre-Qin Dynasty and prevailed in the Han Dynasty. Zhang Xuecheng said that self-annotation can be divided into three categories: first, self-annotation, second, distinguishing the outline, and third, introducing differences. A book that has been self-annotated, if later generations annotate it, then its self-annotation is called this note or the original note. Self-note is also called sub-note or note in note. (3) Centralized annotation and supplementary annotation: from the perspective of the relationship between annotations. Centralized annotation, also known as centralized solution. There are two kinds: one is to interpret and annotate the classics, and the other is to collect various explanations and add your own annotations, which are considered as a book. Supplementary notes can also be divided into two categories: one is to supplement the omission of the original text, and the other is to supplement the omission of the old notes.
Second, the terms of exegetics should be mastered: 1, Yue, Wei, called: used to explain, but also used to distinguish synonyms or synonyms, and the explained words should be put behind. 2. Predicate: Different from "predicate", the explained word is put in front and sometimes used to string sentences. 3. Appearance: Definitive words are often adjectives that explain a certain nature or state. 4. "Ci-Ci" and "Ci-Ci": used to express voice training, and sometimes to explain interchangeable words. 5. Reading, reading, reading, such as "reading" and "reading" are often used to explain common words, while "reading" and "reading" are generally used for phonetic notation and sometimes used to break common words. 6, as, as: used to correct typos. 7. Sound: used to express onomatopoeic words. 8. Words: Words that indicate explanation are function words. 9. It means that the interpreted word is used as a verb. 10, b: arrange the text, indicating that the original word order is reversed. 1 1, nonsense, analysis; Prose and Dialogue: Distinguish synonyms. "Hunhua" is a general statement and "Xiehua" is an analytical statement. "Hunyan", also known as "unified speech", "general speech", "scattered speech" and "scattered speech"; "Word analysis" is also called "antithesis" and "antithesis". Relatively speaking, it is called "antithesis" and relatively called "prose". "Duiyu" is a relative language, and "Prose" is an opposite language. "Hunyan" and "Prose" seek common ground in differences; "Word analysis" and "comparative text" are both seeking differences in similarities. Interdiction, intertextuality, intertextuality: expressing rhetoric, that is, before and after the article, the references complement each other.