The story of mathematicians 1
After entering the Royal Artillery Academy in Turin, Lagrange began to teach himself mathematics in a planned way. Thanks to his hard work, he made rapid progress and began to teach mathematics in this school before graduation. At the age of 20, he was officially appointed as an associate professor of mathematics in the school. From this year on, Lagrange began to study the problem of "minimax". He adopted the method of pure analysis. 1758 In August, he wrote to Euler about his research method, and Euler spoke highly of it. From then on, the two masters began to communicate frequently, and in this process, a new branch of mathematics-variational method was born.
1759, on the recommendation of Euler, Lagrange was nominated as a member of the Communication Academy of Berlin. Then, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Academy.
1762, the French Academy of Sciences offered a reward to solve the problem of why the moon rotates and always faces the earth with the same face when it rotates. Lagrange wrote an excellent paper, successfully solved this problem and won the Academy Award. Therefore, the name of Lagrange spread all over Europe and attracted the attention of the world. Two years later, the French Academy of Sciences put forward the so-called "six-body problem" of the perturbation problem between Jupiter's four satellites and the sun. Faced with this problem, Lagrange is fearless. After several sleepless nights, he finally found the answer by approximate solution, thus winning the prize again. This award won him a world reputation.
1766, Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of the Institute of Physical Mathematics of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. During his 20 years as director, Lagrange published many papers and won many awards from the French Academy of Sciences: 1722, and the paper "On the Three-body Problem" won the prize; 1773, his paper "On the Long-term Equation of the Moon" won another prize; 1779, Lagrange's paper "Studying the Perturbation Theory of Comets by Experiments of Planetary Activities" won the double prize.
During his work in Berlin Academy of Sciences, Lagrange made extensive and in-depth research on algebra, number theory, differential equations, variational methods and mechanics. One of his most valuable contributions is in the theory of equations. His book "Solving N-degree General Equation by Algebraic Operation (N >；; 4) The conclusion "No" can be said to be the basis for Galois to establish group theory.
Most notably, Lagrange completed the greatest classic work since Newton-On Indefinite Analysis. This book was written after 37 years of painstaking efforts. When it was published, he was over 50 years old. In this book, Lagrange wrote the universe into a rhythmic melody composed of numbers and equations, which developed dynamics to the peak and unified the two branches of solid mechanics and fluid mechanics. He established a beautiful and harmonious mechanical system by using the variational principle, which can be said to be the basis of the whole modern mechanics. Great scientist Hamilton praised this masterpiece as a "scientific poem".
18 13 April 10, Lagrange died of illness and completed his brilliant scientific journey. His rigorous scientific attitude and work style of striving for perfection affect every scientist. His academic achievements also provided rich nutrition for the growth of world famous mathematicians such as Gauss and Abel. It can be said that in the following 100 years, many important discoveries in mathematics were almost related to his research.
The story of mathematicians ii
Students studying in China applied for the mathematics department of the famous Northeast Imperial University in Sendai, and were admitted with the first place. Imperial University is a famous university in Japan. Sue won the first prize every year, and there are still some research projects going on, so he naturally became a celebrity in the school.
At this time, he paid special attention to another famous person in the school, Miko Matsumoto. Mizi is the daughter of Professor Matsumoto of Imperial University. She is not only outstanding in appearance, but also proficient in flower arrangement, calligraphy and tea ceremony. She also likes music, especially the guzheng. After a party, Sue saw it. I have always admired Sue, especially her wisdom and sincerity. Later, the two often spent the whole year together.
1927, the Department of Mathematics of Northeast Imperial University of Technology hired graduate student Su as an algebra lecturer, which made him the first foreign student to be a lecturer in the history of the university. The relationship between two people has been an open secret at school, and many people bless them; However, those who are always pursuing are jealous and say, "Sue is a hillbilly from China, and her family is very poor. Besides, people who study well may not succeed in the future. You won't have a good life with him. " But Mizi was unmoved. Sue can't stand the hostility of some boys. She doesn't want to be pestered by others. After discussion, they decided to get married as soon as possible.
My mother is a kind-hearted Japanese housewife. She thinks that Sue can entrust her life. Although Professor Matsumoto also likes Sue very much, he thinks that he is from China after all and comes from a humble background, so he has always disapproved of this marriage. At Mizi's insistence, Professor Matsumoto finally compromised. 1928, young people from other countries finally got together and tied the knot in Sendai. From then on, Miki Matsumoto changed her husband's surname to Sumiko.
Mizi became a housewife wholeheartedly. In order not to affect Su, she even gave up her specialties such as guzheng and calligraphy, leaving only tea ceremony and flower arrangement, because these two hobbies are good for Su's body and mind. One year after marriage, that is, 1929, Mizi gave birth to a girl. 193 1 At the beginning of the year, there were 4 1 research papers on affine differential geometry and related aspects, which appeared in mathematical journals in Japan, the United States and Italy, and became a well-known figure in Japanese and even international mathematics circles. The Matsumoto family all wanted Sue to stay and work in Japan, and Tohoku Imperial University also sent him a letter of appointment. Sue has her own difficulties. Before going abroad, he met his senior Chen, and after returning home, he set up a first-class mathematics department in his hometown. Now, Chen has finished his studies and returned to China ahead of schedule, and his stay has become a difficult problem for him.
Careful Mizi has long found him sighing all day and thinking about tea and rice. One night after dinner, Sue, who never smokes, smoked a stuffy cigarette and asked him what was on his mind. Sue told the whole truth. He doesn't want to stay in Japan for selfish reasons. To his surprise, Mizi heard his plan and didn't stop it. Instead, she encouraged him to say, "Qing, I support your decision. First of all, I love you, and you love China, so I also love China. I support you to go back to the place we all love, and I will follow you wherever you go. " In a few short words, Sue was particularly moved: she is a woman who knows everything! With the support of his wife Su, he returned to Hangzhou alone. The conditions in Zhejiang University are far worse than he imagined. Not only is the monthly salary stated in the letter of appointment far from that of yenching university, but because of the shortage of funds in the school, although he was rated as an associate professor, he didn't get a penny for four consecutive months. Fortunately, my brother, an engineer in Shanghai Arsenal, helped me in time, otherwise Sue would have to make a living by pawning. In order to support the family, Sue plans to go back to Japan.
The story of mathematicians 3
Sophie Kovalev Skaya has a special affection for mathematics since she was a child, and she has great curiosity and strong thirst for knowledge. When she was 8 years old, her family moved to Politino Manor. Because she didn't bring enough wallpaper, her parents posted the calculus lecture notes written by the famous mathematician Osterloh Gradsky on the wall of her room. At that time, Sophie Kovalev Skaya often sat alone in front of the bedroom wall, staring at the wonderful numbers and mysterious symbols on the wallpaper for hours. Later, Sophie Kovalev Skaya wrote in her autobiography: "I often sit in front of that mysterious wall, trying to explain some words and find out the correct order of these pages. Through repeated reading, those strange formulas and even some expressions on the page left a deep impression on my mind, even though I didn't know anything about them at the time. "
Sophie Kovalev Skaya's grandfather and grandfather were both excellent mathematicians, which may help to form her mathematical talent, but her success is mainly due to her unremitting efforts. When she is studying mathematics, she is always very attentive and can quickly understand and master what the teacher says. Once, the math teacher asked Sophie Kovalev Skaya to repeat what she said last class. Sophie Kovalev Skaya did not follow the teacher's method, but changed her way of thinking. When she finished, the teacher immediately gave her a thumbs-up and praised her for being great. Thus, Sophie Kovalev Skaya is good at independent thinking and actively seeks her own way of thinking, which is very important for her future mathematical research.
Sophie Kovalev Skaya wanted to continue studying advanced mathematics after graduating from high school, but there was widespread contempt for women in Russia at that time, and women were not entitled to higher education. For Sophie Kovalev Skaya, the only way to further her studies is to study abroad. Sophie Kovalev Skaya told her family about her desire to study abroad, which was strongly opposed by her family. In order to fight for the right to go to college, Sophie Kovalev Skaya broke through all kinds of obstacles and finally got her wish to study at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and lived a tense and simple study life in a strange foreign city.
In the process of studying in Heidelberg University, in order to make greater progress, Sophie Kovalev Skaya went to the home of Professor Weisstras, a master mathematician who is known as the "father of modern analysis". The master of mathematics was moved by Sophie Kovalev Skaya's sincere attitude. After many tests, she accepted this studious female student with satisfaction. Under the careful guidance of Weisstras, Sophie Kovalev Skaya studied mathematics harder. After a period of study and practice, Sophie Kovalev Skaya wrote three important academic papers on mathematics. Soon, she successfully solved the problem of "Mathematical Water Demon" that puzzled mathematicians 100 years, and thus won the famous "Bow Award".
Sophie Kovalev Skaya won many honors in her life and made great contributions to the development of mathematics, but she was never complacent. Unfortunately, she caught a cold during a trip and was bedridden because she couldn't rest in time. Soon she died at the age of 4 1.
The story of mathematicians 4
Dobrin went to the front line with his upcoming research papers and theorems, and was stationed in maginot line. In the first few months of the war, his boss chartered him to continue his math research in all his spare time. /kloc-in the summer of 0/940, the German army crushed the resistance of the French army, and Doblin's infantry regiment also faced extinction. When other soldiers retreated, Doblin volunteered to stay with two comrades to resist the coming German army. On June 2 1 day, when the Germans were about to occupy the position, Doblin shot himself, preferring to die rather than be captured, at the age of 25. His younger brother Claude recalled: "Fortunately, Doblin burned all his research papers before the Germans captured the position, so that they did not fall into the hands of the Germans. He can't tolerate the Germans copying his ideas. "
After the war, Doblin's name was soon forgotten. However, half a century after his heroic sacrifice, an official of the French Academy of Sciences happened to find that Doblin carefully preserved his research results as early as February 1940 according to a secret storage rule dating back to Louis XIV. He sealed his manuscript of mathematical theory in an envelope and hid it in the basement of the Academy of Sciences. According to the secret collection rules, envelopes can only be opened with the permission of the author. In case the author dies, it must be opened from the date of collection 100. In this way, Doblin's manuscript will not be published until 2040. But after years of lobbying by academicians of the French Academy of Sciences and mathematicians all over the world, his brother Claude finally agreed to break this stereotype in the summer of 2000.
As a result, the mathematical manuscript written by Doblin during the Ardennes War was rediscovered. This established the young soldier's position as one of the most important figures in modern mathematics and the founder of contemporary probability theory. This caused a sensation in the French intelligentsia. The French Academy of Sciences published a special issue for this purpose, and published Doblin's manuscript in full, "to show respect for genius".
Bernard Blue, an outstanding French historian of mathematics, thinks that Doblin's paper fills the gap left by the mathematical analysis before World War II and the Japanese's progress in probability theory in 1950s. Doblin's research involves one of the most important fields of applied mathematics. He foresaw the motion law of things that are easily disturbed by irregularities, such as the motion of particles in fluids such as water.
Professor Joel was the first person to see Doblin's manuscript. He said; "I believe Doblin knows that he will be doomed to failure in this war. You will notice that he leaves as little written material as possible. He clearly knows that he is engaged in the most promising mathematical research work of that era, but unfortunately, time is running out, but he has written down his mathematical achievements that have not yet been fully formed. "
The story of mathematicians 5
Poincare was born in France in April 1854. His childhood was extremely unfortunate, and his father with superb medical skills could not bring him health. He has suffered from a strange motor nervous system disease since childhood, and it is difficult to write and draw. At the age of five, he suffered from severe diphtheria, which led to delayed language development and severely impaired vision. Fortunately, he has a talented and well-educated mother, who has received a good family education since he was a child, so Poincare's talent began to emerge through family education and self-exercise. When he can't see the teacher's blackboard clearly in class, when he can't remember it, he listens attentively and writes it in his mind. The following short story can fully reflect the learning characteristics of this legendary figure:
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/864, in the classroom of a middle school in France, a famous local astronomer told the students about the movement of planets. Most students who are not interested in astronomy are absent-minded, either expressionless or yawning, which obviously annoys the thankless teacher. At this time, he once again found that a little boy in the back row had never looked down at the blackboard and seemed to be absent-minded, so he strode over.
"Classmate, what are you doing? Why don't you look at the blackboard? Do you understand everything? " The teacher asked angrily. "I am used to listening with my ears, and I understand, thank you!" The little boy stood up and answered respectfully "Really? Then please tell everyone! " Teachers who are not true believers deliberately make things difficult. "The operation of the planet ..." The little boy completely repeated what the teacher had just said. "Oh, my God! It's amazing, you will never forget it! " The teacher was dumbfounded and felt incredible: "then why don't you look at the contents on the blackboard?" This is more convenient to understand! " "The teacher is still puzzled.
"Teacher, his eyes are so nearsighted that he can't see the words on the blackboard clearly." The students next to me quickly explained. "Oh, that's right. It seems that God is fair, your concentration makes up for the defects in vision, and you already have the best pair of' inner eyes'! "
This boy with extraordinary memory is the later mathematics master Poincare. Because of visual impairment, Poincare can only rely on hearing and memory, which means that he has to make more and greater efforts than ordinary people, but at the same time he has gained an amazingly developed brain, especially his ability of understanding and memory. His memory of things is quick, accurate and lasting, and he is highly focused when thinking about problems, especially mathematics, and can complete complex operations and reasoning in his mind. That kind of highly concentrated attention, no matter how much external interference, can't interrupt his thinking, and these qualities are exactly what a mathematician must have. At that time, senior students often tested him on math problems, and Poincare gave the answer almost instantly. On the contrary, those who tested him took a long time to verify his answer. Therefore, he was nicknamed "Mathematical Monster".
1873, 19-year-old poincare took the entrance examination of the Paris institute of technology, which is famous for its strict examination. At this time, Poincare's mathematical ability has emerged. In order to test his ability, the examiners deliberately postponed the examination time for 45 minutes. They used this time to carefully design several math problems for him. The humble young man didn't write, but easily completed the calculation in his mind. When he reported the answer, the examiners were ecstatic because of the short time and ingenious method. Although Poincare's painting ability is poor, he got zero on the geometric drawing problem, but after heated discussion, the examiners who didn't want to learn finally broke the routine and gave him the first place.
Mathematicians' stories: 5 stories with 600 words;
★ 5 short stories about mathematicians
★ Selected 5 stories of mathematicians
★ 5 short stories about mathematicians in China
★ Five short stories of mathematician Hua
★ The story of a famous mathematical figure is about 600 words.
★ Five stories written by scientists
★ Share the stories of five famous mathematical figures.
★ 5 stories of mathematical celebrities
★ Five stories of famous mathematicians in China.
★ Summarize 5 stories of mathematicians.