With the development of international economic integration and the trend of trade liberalization, while the traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers have been dismantled, western developed countries have adopted a more subtle, opaque and difficult-to-monitor and predict protective measure-TBT to prevent products from developing countries from entering their own markets.
The so-called technical barriers to trade refer to some mandatory or non-mandatory technical measures taken by a country on the grounds of safeguarding national security or protecting human health and safety, protecting the lives and health of animals and plants, protecting the ecological environment or preventing fraud and ensuring product quality, which have become obstacles to the free entry of goods from other countries into the country.
With the accelerated development of China's foreign trade and economic cooperation, especially China's accession to the WTO, developed countries will inevitably strengthen the implementation of technical barriers to trade against China. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the technical barriers implemented by developed countries in international trade for China's export trade and enterprise production.
First, the omni-directional three-dimensional composition
1. Technical standards and regulations
Technical standards refer to the documents of rules, guidelines or characteristics of products or related processes and production methods that are approved by recognized institutions and do not force universal or repeated use. Requirements for technical terms, symbols, packaging, signs or labels are also part of the standard.
Technical regulations refer to the relevant product characteristics or their related processes and production methods that must be enforced, including: laws and regulations; Orders, decisions and regulations issued by government departments; Technical specifications, guidelines, guidelines and instructions; Requirements for special terms, symbols, packages, signs or labels.
In terms of quality standards, the EU stipulates that imported goods must conform to the IS09000 international quality standard system.
At present, the EU has more than100000 technical standards, Germany has about10.5000 industrial standards, and Japan has 810.84 industrial standards and 397 agricultural products standards. There are countless technical standards and regulations in the United States. Moreover, the technical standards of these developed countries are mostly very harsh, which makes developing countries far behind.
2. Conformity assessment procedures
The conformity assessment procedure generally consists of authentication, recognition and mutual recognition, among which the third-party authentication has the greatest influence. Authentication refers to the certificate issued by an authorized institution, which is generally given by a third party after reviewing the documents or objects proposed by the parties and the nature or characteristics of a certain thing, behavior or activity. This is often called "third-party authentication".
Certification can be divided into product certification and system certification:
Product certification mainly means that the product conforms to technical regulations or standards. Among them, because the safety of products is directly related to the life and health of consumers, the safety certification of products is mandatory. The EU requires products from countries outside Europe to enter the European market (CE) according to EU directives and standards; North America mainly has UL certification in the United States and CSA certification in Canada; Japan has JIS certification.
System certification refers to confirming that the production or management system conforms to the corresponding regulations. At present, the most popular system certification in the world is IS09000 quality management system certification and IS0 14000 environmental management system certification. Industry system certification includes QS9000 automobile industry quality management system certification, TL9000 telecom product quality management system certification, etc.
3. Packaging and labeling requirements
In recent ten years, developed countries have taken measures to develop green packaging, mainly including:
(1) Legislation prohibits the use of certain packaging materials, such as packaging materials containing lead, mercury and cadmium, packaging materials that have not reached a specific recycling ratio, and containers that cannot be reused.
(2) Establish a warehousing return system. In many countries, beer, soft drinks and mineral water are recyclable containers. When consumers buy these items, they pay a certain deposit to the store, and the store will refund the deposit when they return the container later. Japan promulgated and implemented amendments to the recycling regulations and waste removal regulations in 199 1 and 1992 respectively.
(3) Tax preference or punishment, that is, the production enterprises that produce and use packaging materials are given tax exemption, low tax preference or higher tax according to whether the packaging materials produced or used by them can be recycled in whole or in part, so as to encourage the use of renewable resources. The EU also requires imported products such as textiles to be labeled with eco-labels. At present, the most popular eco-label OK0-Tex Standard 100 (Eco-Textile Standard 100) is a passport for textiles to enter the European market.
4. Product quarantine and inspection system
In order to protect the environment and ecological resources and ensure the health of human beings, animals and plants, many countries, especially developed countries, have formulated strict product quarantine and inspection systems. On June 5438+1October 65438+February, 2000, the European Commission published the White Paper on Food Safety, which put forward a plan to ensure food safety, with more than 80 specific measures. Since July 2000 1, the EU has implemented a new maximum allowable pesticide residue standard for imported tea, and the maximum allowable pesticide residue of some products is only 1/l00- 1/200. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented a new maximum allowable residue standard for pesticides according to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act and public health services. According to the Food Hygiene Law, the Plant Epidemic Prevention Law and the Livestock Infectious Disease Prevention Law, Japan implements a nearly harsh quarantine and epidemic prevention system for imported agricultural products, livestock products and food.
Due to the different index levels and inspection methods of environmental technical standards in different countries, and the randomness of inspection index design, environmental technical standards may become technical barriers to trade.
5. Information technology barriers
EDI and e-commerce will be the dominant modes of global commerce in the 2 1 century, and the dominant technology of e-commerce is information technology. At present, developed countries have obviously surpassed developing countries in the technical level and application degree of e-commerce and gained strategic competitive advantage; However, developing countries, especially underdeveloped countries, are affected by backward information infrastructure, low level of information technology, low degree of enterprise informatization, imperfect market and imperfect relevant policies and regulations when exporting, and are at an obvious disadvantage in the era of e-commerce, resulting in opaque information, such as qualified certification procedures; Information transmission is not timely, such as changes in technical standards; The information transmission channel is not smooth, so a new technical barrier-information technology barrier has been formed between developed countries, developing countries and underdeveloped countries.
6. Green technical barriers
Green technical barriers refer to measures taken to directly or indirectly restrict or even prohibit trade in order to protect the environment. In order to avoid disastrous harm to human health and ecological environment, the international community has signed a series of international conventions, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Biosafety Protocol.
1In April, 1996, the professional and technical committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) officially issued the series of IS0 14000 standards, which audited cleaner production, product life cycle assessment, environmentally-labeled products and enterprise environmental management system, and required enterprises to establish an environmental management system. This is a voluntary standard. At present, IS0 14000 is becoming a green technical barrier for enterprises to enter the international market.
Major developed countries have also formulated many laws, regulations and environmental standards for many products in air, noise, electromagnetic waves, waste pollution prevention, chemicals and pesticides management, natural resources and animal and plant protection. For example, UL and Green Cross in the United States, EU system in the European Union and ECP in Canada.
In addition, in the name of protecting the environment, western developed countries frequently levy environmental taxes on the export products of some developing countries, and also require polluters to thoroughly control pollution, and all the control costs are included in the cost according to the polluter pays principle, that is, the cost of environmental resources is internalized, otherwise it is ecological dumping and ecological anti-dumping duties should be levied.
Second, all-encompassing distinctive features.
1. Broad
From the product point of view, it not only involves the primary products related to human health in the resource environment, but also includes all intermediate products and industrial finished products. The higher the processing level and technical level of the product, the more obvious the restriction and influence; From the process point of view, including research and development, production, processing, packaging, transportation, sales and consumption of the entire product life cycle; From the field point of view, it has expanded from tangible goods to financial, information and other service trade, investment, intellectual property and environmental protection; Technical barriers to trade measures also involve laws, decrees, regulations, requirements, procedures, compulsory or voluntary measures.
2. Systematic
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) is a system, which includes not only the contents stipulated in the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, but also the measures stipulated in the Agreement on Sanitary and Quarantine Measures for Animals and Plants and the General Agreement on Trade in Services. The Agreement on the Establishment of the World Trade Organization, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights all stipulate environmental issues. Many technical measures that affect trade stipulated by other international conventions and international organizations except WTO also belong to the scope of technical barriers to trade system.
3. Legality
At present, more than 50 multilateral environmental protection agreements have been signed internationally. Developed countries actively formulate technical standards and regulations to provide legal support for technical barriers to trade. For example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Trade Commission, the Ministry of Commerce and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Standards all have their own laws and regulations, including the Federal Dangerous Goods Act, the Domestic Refrigeration Act, the Health and Safety Act for Controlling Radioactivity, the Plant Quarantine Act, the Federal Plant Pests and Diseases Act and the Animal Welfare Act, some of which are specifically aimed at importing countries or commodities. The WTO is also formulating international technical standards and regulations. Once adopted, it will have a great impact on developing countries, so technical barriers to trade have formal legitimacy.
4. Duality
It is reasonable to implement technical barriers to trade, that is, in order to achieve the prescribed legal goals, appropriate barrier measures can be taken. Normal technical barriers to trade refer to legal and reasonable technical measures taken for the purpose of reasonably protecting human health, safety and ecological environment. For example, prohibiting the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes can protect the ecological environment of importing countries, and mandatory product safety standards can protect the health and even life of consumers.
On the other hand, some countries, especially the United States, Japan, the European Union and other countries, rely on their own technological and economic advantages to formulate more stringent technical standards, technical regulations and technical certification systems than international standards, and implement trade protectionism in the name of technical barriers to trade.
5. Concealment and flexibility
Compared with other non-tariff barriers such as import quotas and licenses, technical barriers to trade not only cover up differences such as unreasonable distribution and discrimination, but also make various technical standards extremely complicated, which often makes it difficult for exporting countries to cope with and adapt. Technical barriers to trade measures have no restrictions on countries, and there is no quota problem. Moreover, technical barriers to trade measures are technical standards based on high technology, and it is difficult for developing countries with low scientific and technological level to make judgments. Some technical standards are still uncertain and involve a wide range, so it is impossible to talk about and grasp them, and it is difficult to give full consideration to them. What's more, it is more concealed and deceptive to transfer the realization of trade protection to human health protection.
Due to the uncertainty and plasticity of technical barriers to trade measures, it is easy for developed countries to formulate targeted technical standards for foreign products in specific implementation and operation, and it can make things difficult and resist imported products at will, so it has the characteristics of flexible implementation.
6. controversial
The technical barrier measures (especially green technical barrier measures) adopted by various countries often change, and there are great differences among countries, so it is difficult for exporters in developing countries to adapt. For example, France stipulates that the wool content of clothing can be counted as pure wool clothing as long as it reaches more than 85%; In Belgium, the wool content must reach 97%; The requirements of the Federal Republic of Germany are higher. Only when the wool content reaches 99% can it be called pure wool clothing.
Due to the wide range of technical barriers to trade, some of them are quite complicated, and their formal legitimacy and concealment in the implementation process lead to different evaluation standards from different angles in different countries, which makes it difficult for countries to coordinate, easily lead to disputes and have a long time lag in resolving disputes. Since 1970s, the trade wars in the international economic field have mainly focused on general commodity trade, and the international trade wars in 2 1 century will gradually focus on technical barriers to trade.
Third, the impact is huge and extensive.
The survey shows that technical barriers to trade have become the primary non-tariff barriers to prevent China's export products from entering the markets of developed countries. With the increase of international environmental pressure and the implementation of some international conventions, technical barriers to trade are widely affecting the export of agricultural products, textiles, electromechanical products, toys and medical products in China.
On August 1996, the European Union banned China's frozen chickens and some aquatic products from entering its market on the grounds that they did not meet its hygiene standards. Up to now, the ban has not been lifted, and the annual loss has reached hundreds of millions of dollars. According to the data of Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, frozen chicken was once the dominant product in China, but in the first four months of 2000, the total export volume of frozen chicken in China was only1060,000 tons, earning foreign exchange15 billion US dollars, and the average unit price was 20% lower than 1997. Now there is only one chicken farm in Tianjin, mainly for export. The export of aquatic products such as carp, prawn and shellfish has also declined.
On September 1998, 1 1, the US Secretary of Agriculture signed a new decree requiring that all wooden packaging and wooden bedding from China must be accompanied by certificates issued by the entry-exit inspection authorities in China, otherwise they cannot be exported to the United States. This increases the packaging cost by nearly 20%. The Detailed Rules for the Prevention of Livestock Infection issued in June 1999 16 stipulates that pigs, cattle, mutton and their products from nine countries, including China, must be heated and disinfected by designated equipment before they can be imported, which increases the export cost of pigs, cattle and mutton in China.
Since July 1 2000, the EU has implemented a new limit standard for pesticide residues in tea, which not only expanded the testing items, but also greatly improved the testing standards. According to a United Nations statistic, about $7.4 billion of China's export commodities are adversely affected by technical barriers to trade every year.
1993, Germany promulgated two technologies on textiles, requiring the detection of seven substances such as formaldehyde, heavy metals and pesticides in textiles. Since then, China's textile exports have been greatly affected. On April 1994 and 1, Germany officially banned the import of textiles containing azo dyes. Any violation of the regulations will be regarded as a crime, the products will be destroyed, and the export of 104 azo dyes to Germany will be interrupted. The EU requires certain substances in clothing and textiles to be as high as PPb, such as styrene not exceeding 5PPb and ethylene cycloethane not exceeding 2PPb, which undoubtedly causes great difficulties to China's textile export trade.
China's mechanical and electrical products are mainly sold to Europe, America, Japan and other countries. The environmental laws and regulations of these countries involve the performance, emission limitation, compatibility, recyclability and energy saving of mechanical and electrical products, which has caused many restrictions and difficulties in the export of mechanical and electrical products in China.
CE mark is a passport for industrial products to enter the EU market. From 1996 65438+ 10 1, the customs of EU countries have the right to refuse the entry of products without CE mark. On the other hand, the United States has established the Law on Controlling Radioactive Health and Safety for the import of electronic products, and formulated the Air Purification Law and the Automobile Pollution Prevention Law. Products that fail to meet the standards will be rejected. Japan has formulated various technical regulations and standards, and the restrictions on mechanical and electrical products are JIS specifications.
According to incomplete statistics, due to the restriction of the International Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, about 9 billion US dollars of mechanical and electrical products exported by China are prohibited from being produced and sold. There are also $8 billion of export products affected by foreign green labeling system; The export products of $24 billion did not meet the environmental protection packaging of developed countries, which was indirectly affected.
199965438+On February 7th, the EU officially issued the directive 1999 /8 15/EC, stipulating that the maximum content of phthalate plasticizers in toys made of PVC for children under 3 years old should not exceed 0.1%; Most of PVC raw materials for toys exported by China are used by children under 3 years old, accounting for 50%. At present, the international standards of products containing PVC are increasing day by day, and the range of products involved in the "ban" is also increasing day by day, which will increase the loss of China's toy export trade.
The export of medical products in China is also strictly restricted by developed countries. For example, drugs exported to the United States must pass the inspection of the US Food and Drug Administration. At present, only one product of more than 20 domestic manufacturers has passed the FDA inspection. It can be seen that only the export of American medical products has been greatly restricted.
Why are China's export products repeatedly restricted by foreign technical barriers to trade? The main reasons are:
1, China's trade direction is mainly concentrated in the United States, Japan and the European Union, the three cradles of technical barriers to trade.
At present, the United States, Japan and the European Union are China's three major trading partners. According to statistics, nearly 75% of China's export commodities, including re-export trade through Hong Kong, are sold to the United States, Japan, the European Union and other countries or regions, and these three economic entities are also active advocates of implementing technical barriers to trade, and most technical barriers to trade measures originate from these three economic entities. The geographical direction of product export determines that China will have to face the threat of technical barriers to trade.
2. Weaknesses of China's export industry.
China's scientific and technological level lags behind developed countries, which leads to low technical content and backward quality of our export products. According to experts' estimation, the actual level of product quality in China lags behind that of developed countries 10-20 years, which is reflected in the structure of export commodities. Low value-added labor-intensive products and capital-intensive products dominate, while high value-added technology capital-intensive products still occupy a secondary position. With the continuous improvement of global quality level and grade, the technical threshold of China's export products has also increased.
Take Germany as an example. At present, there are about 15800 kinds of industry standards, most of which are equivalent to international standards. However, about 70-80% of China's technical standards are lower than international and foreign advanced standards. Moreover, China's standard system is chaotic, including national standards, local standards, professional standards and enterprise standards, with a large number and low level, which makes it difficult for enterprises to export their products.
3. China has been isolated from the multilateral trading system for a long time.
As China has been excluded from multilateral trade under the auspices of WTO for a long time, it is difficult for us to deal with technical barriers to trade in developed countries. On the one hand, we lack sufficient, stable and accurate information sources. On the other hand, China cannot solve the discriminatory and unreasonable technical restrictions through the WTO trade dispute mechanism, and we cannot enjoy the special and differential treatment of developing countries.
4. China has not paid enough attention to technical barriers to trade.
There are huge loopholes in China's macro-management level, and we know little about international standards and technical management measures, and we don't know much about the technical means of major trading countries, so we can't give macro guidance to our export enterprises. Coupled with the opacity of technical barriers to trade, in the absence of macro guidance, China's exports are facing great difficulties.
Fourth, some countermeasures and suggestions.
In crossing the technical barriers to trade, the author believes that our government, enterprises and industry organizations should do a series of work:
1, from the perspective of the government.
(1) It is necessary to organize special manpower and material resources to study the technical barriers to trade system in foreign trade, collect, sort out and track foreign technical barriers to trade in time, and establish a technical barriers to trade database. Establish a specialized technical barriers to trade information collection and consulting agency, which is mainly responsible for reporting technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, and transmitting relevant information to enterprises. In particular, we should give full play to the advantages of EOI Center as a foreign-related business organization and economic and trade research institution, regularly collect, sort out and publish the latest trends of foreign technical barriers to trade, study the impact of technical barriers to trade of major trading partners on China's export trade, and take active defensive measures in time to break down barriers and expand exports.
(2) Take environmental protection industry as the focus of upgrading the export industrial structure. The government should formulate preferential policies in finance, credit and taxation to support and encourage the development of environmental protection industry, and take the cultivation of environmental protection industry as the focus of upgrading the export industrial structure and a new economic growth point to promote the development of the national economy; "Green Bank" and "Green Industry Fund" should be established to provide special loans and credit guarantee funds for the development and export of environmental protection products.
(3) Establish China's technical regulations system as soon as possible, actively adopt international standards, improve and perfect the certification system, and establish an effective and perfect domestic technical trade barrier system. On the one hand, it urges domestic enterprises to strengthen their understanding of technical barriers to trade, improve the ability of products to adapt to various advanced standards, pass international standards and quality certification as soon as possible, and take the initiative to break through the "technical barriers" in international trade; On the other hand, in view of the new situation of China's entry into WTO, we should learn from the successful experience of developed countries, establish and improve the technical regulations and standards system, and timely build our domestic technical barriers to trade system, so that foreign countries can minimize discriminatory technical regulations for fear of retaliation.
(4) Actively advocate and cultivate the establishment of e-commerce platform in China, formulate relevant laws and regulations, and guide the competitive behavior and direction of enterprises. It is necessary to increase investment in science and technology, speed up the development of high and new technology, and take effective measures to improve the technical level of standards at all levels in China as a whole.
(5) We should make full use of the relevant provisions of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, especially the "exception clauses" of the Agreement. We should implement the principles of non-discrimination and national treatment in the product regulations, standards, certification and quarantine system stipulated in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and prevent developed countries from applying double standards to China's goods. If developed countries violate the principle of non-discrimination and set up technical barriers to trade for China's export products that are higher than the technical standards of domestic products, China can defend itself according to the principles of national treatment and most-favored-nation treatment stipulated in bilateral or multilateral trade agreements, and solve it through negotiation according to the special care clauses of international conventions and agreements. It is also possible to unite and unite developing countries and make use of the relevant provisions of international agreements and conventions to break through the discriminatory technical barriers to trade in developed countries.
2, for enterprises.
(1) The concept and mechanism of cleaner production should be established. As early as 1989, the United Nations Environment Programme put forward the concept of "clean production", the main point of which is to adopt an overall environmental protection strategy in the production process. Cleaner production emphasizes three concepts:
First, clean energy, try to save energy consumption and use renewable energy;
Second, the clean production process, product manufacturing process as little as possible to produce waste items, as far as possible to reduce environmental pollution;
Third, clean products, reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, and extend the service life of products.
It is not only a macro concept relative to the traditional extensive production, management and planning system, but also a dynamic concept relative to the existing production technology and products. It still needs to continuously improve and improve its cleaner production level with the progress of science and technology.
It can be said that the implementation of cleaner production should implement two whole process controls:
First of all, the whole process of product life cycle control, that is, all links from raw material processing and refining to product output, product use and scrap disposal must adopt necessary cleaning schemes to implement the prevention and control of material production and human consumption pollution;
Secondly, the whole process control of production, that is, from product development, planning, design, construction to production management, necessary cleaning schemes must be taken to implement control to prevent pollution in the process of material production.
Because cleaner production is consistent with the requirements of enterprises to reduce production costs to a great extent, enterprises should attach importance to cleaner production, change the concept that environmental problems have nothing to do with enterprise development, establish the concept that environmental protection is not only related to human survival, but also restricts the future development of enterprises, change the concept that environmental protection investment is in contradiction with enterprise benefits, change the concept of pollution before treatment, establish the ecological concept of paying equal attention to environmental protection and economic development, and take the road of sustainable development.
(2) Attach great importance to technical barriers to trade, improve their own technical level and management level, and optimize the trade commodity structure. In China's export commodity structure, the primary level of rough machining and low added value still accounts for a large proportion, and a considerable number of agricultural and sideline products and industrial products can not meet the environmental protection standards of importing countries.
Therefore, China's foreign trade enterprises should improve the level of environmental protection science and technology, strive to increase the added value of export commodities, and improve the technical standards, safety standards, hygiene standards and environmental protection standards of products. In product development, we should support environmental competitiveness in terms of technical facilities, production equipment, product quality and packaging, so as to open up a broad green market for China's foreign trade exports.
(3) Actively promote green management. Green management refers to integrating the concept of environmental protection into the management of enterprises. This idea can be summarized as "5R" principle, that is, research), integrating environmental protection into enterprise decision-making elements and attaching importance to the study of enterprise environmental countermeasures; Reduce, adopt new technologies and new processes to reduce or eliminate the discharge of hazardous waste; Reuse, turn traditional products into environmental protection products, and actively adopt "environmental protection signs"; Recycling, recycling waste products; Rescue, actively participate in community environmental cleaning activities, publicize environmental protection to employees and the public, and establish the image of environmental protection enterprises. Enterprises to implement green management, to achieve three main goals:
First, make maximum use of material resources, make the most effective and full use of all kinds of material resources needed by enterprises through intensive scientific management, and maximize and optimize the output of unit resources;
Second, the minimization of waste discharge, through the implementation of prevention-oriented measures and the whole process control of environmental management, can minimize all kinds of waste in the production and operation process;
Third, the products that meet the market demand are green. According to the market demand, we should develop products that are pollution-free, safe and high-quality to the environment and consumers.
The three are interrelated and mutually restricted. The more fully the resources are utilized, the less the environmental load will be. Green products will promote the effective utilization of material resources and environmental protection. Through the realization of these three goals, the enterprise development goals and social development goals will be synchronized with social development and environmental improvement, and the win-win road of sustainable development for both enterprises and society will be realized, thus achieving the harmonious unity of economy, ecology and society.
(4) Implementing green marketing strategy. Based on conventional marketing, green marketing emphasizes the organic unity of consumer demand, enterprise interests and environmental protection interests, and is a relatively advanced social marketing. Green marketing pays more attention to environmental protection than social marketing.
The main contents of green marketing are collecting green information, developing green products, designing green packaging, setting green prices, establishing green sales channels and promoting green sales. The "sustainable development strategy" formulated by the state and government and the "green marketing" implemented by enterprises are twin strategic measures for the coordinated development of economy, human beings and environment, and they are indispensable.
To implement "green marketing", on the one hand, enterprises can improve the environmental competitiveness of products in the new international market environment through their own green image; On the other hand, it also bears the corresponding social responsibility, which plays a guiding and strengthening role in the public's consumption behavior and is conducive to opening up the green product market.
(5) Actively implement the new environmental management system of IS0 14000. 1996, the international organization for standardization officially promulgated the series of international environmental standards IS0 14000 to standardize the behavior of enterprises and other organizations, save resources, reduce environmental pollution, improve environmental quality and promote sustained and healthy economic development.
IS0 14000 series standards include six subsystems, namely, environmental management system, environmental audit and monitoring, environmental labeling, environmental behavior evaluation, product life cycle environmental evaluation and environmental indicators in product standards. * * * gives 100 standard numbers, that is, from IS014001-is065438.
IS0 14000 is a new environmental management system suitable for all enterprises. It is a green card for enterprises to enter the international market. Among them, IS0 1400 1 is called "green passport" in international trade. In order to conform to the development trend of market environmental protection, we should establish an environmental management system for product production, and strengthen the transformation of technology, technology, design and packaging of export products in accordance with the requirements of "greening" in order to obtain a good corporate image and reputation.
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