Arthur schopenhauer (1788- 1860) was born on February 22nd, 788. Known as the "pessimistic philosopher". He is an opponent of Hegel's absolute idealism and a pioneer of the new "life" philosophy. He is very sensitive to human suffering, so his outlook on life has a strong pessimistic tendency. He devoted himself to studying Plato and Kant's works and despised Fichte, Schelling and Hegel. He lived in seclusion until he became famous a few years before his death. 1860 September 2 1 passed away.

Schopenhauer, born in Danzig from 65438 to 0789, is withdrawn, arrogant, moody and a little neurotic. Schopenhauer was educated in England and France in his early years, and he was proficient in many European languages such as English, Italian, Spanish and ancient languages such as Latin. He was initially forced to choose business to inherit his father's business, and he was able to enter the university after his father died. 1809 entered the university of g? ttingen to study medicine, but his interest turned to philosophy, and he studied in Berlin for a period of time in181. There, he became interested in Fichte and schleiermacher. He received his doctorate in The Four Roots of the Law of Sufficient Reason. Goethe appreciated this article very much, and found Schopenhauer's pessimistic tendency at the same time, warning: If you love your own value, give more value to the world. He called Plato a god and Kant a miracle, and respected their thoughts. But I hate the speculative philosophy represented by Fichte and Hegel later.

He is also extremely conceited about his philosophy, claiming that it is a brand-new philosophical method that will shock the whole European ideological circle. However, his works are often ignored. When he was teaching at the University of Berlin, he tried to compete with Hegel on the platform. As a result, Hegel's lectures are often full, but never more than three students listen to his lectures. So Schopenhauer left the university platform with an angry mood. Schopenhauer's confrontation with Hegel is actually a contest between two philosophical tendencies. He failed. Because he doesn't belong to that era. In Schopenhauer's own words, his books are written for future generations. The same is true: in his later years, the times came together with him, and he finally enjoyed the honor he had been waiting for all his life.

Schopenhauer-Introduction to Academic Achievements

Schopenhauer published The World as Will and Representation in 18 18, which established his philosophical system. He made the most optimistic prediction of this pessimistic masterpiece: "This book is not written for fleeting times, but for all mankind, and will become the source and foundation of hundreds of other books in the future." However, most of this book was sold as waste paper after it was published 10 years ago. Extremely disappointed, Schopenhauer had to quote others to hint at his masterpiece, saying that such a book is like a mirror, "The donkey takes pictures, but there are no angels in the mirror."

Schopenhauer is the founder of voluntarism philosophy. He abandoned the speculative tradition of German classical philosophy, tried to find a new way out from irrationality, and put forward the theory of will to live. Life is a kind of pain, and the pain a person feels is directly proportional to the depth of his will to live. The stronger the will to survive, the more painful people will be. There is only one way to get rid of pain, that is, to abandon desire and deny the will to live. He believes that one can get rid of pain temporarily through artistic creation and appreciation, but the most fundamental way to get rid of it is to enter the emptiness of Buddhism.

Schopenhauer-Introduction to Works

18 19 published an important book, The World of Will and Representation, which is divided into four volumes, including epistemology, natural philosophy, aesthetics and ethics. this book

It marks the culmination of Schopenhauer's thought development. Although he was disappointed with the cold reception of his contemporaries, he firmly believed in the ultimate victory of truth. He believes that "truth can wait because it has existed for a long time". /kloc-after "silent indignation" in 0/9 years, he published a short article "On the Will in Nature" on 1836. Schopenhauer skillfully used the problems and discoveries in the rapidly developing natural science to safeguard his will theory. In the preface, he publicly attacked Hegel, a liar and his gang. However, it was not until 1853 that Schopenhauer's philosophy was valued by the world. Schopenhauer-famous saying

1. Things themselves are immutable, only human feelings can change.

2. Learning is an end, not a means.

Every rose in the world has a thorn. If you give up because you are afraid of stabbing your hand, you will never get the fragrance of roses.

4. Bad books are poison that damages our spiritual thoughts.

Two things a person should do in his life are nip in the bud and being open-minded. The former is to avoid pain and loss, while the latter is to avoid disputes and conflicts.

6. Life is a lot of desires. Desire is painful if it is not satisfied, and boring if it is satisfied. Life swings between pain and boredom.

7. People are afraid and sad about a person's death, because death means that they will no longer be able to experience what happened in the world, will lose their perception of everything, and everything that happened when they were alive will be reduced to zero.

8. When a person looks in the mirror, he will never look at himself through the eyes of a stranger. His self-awareness will only keep reminding himself in a low voice: "What I see is not another self, but myself."

9. All love, no matter how elegant and ethereal, is only rooted in * * *.

10 Small people are often proud of the shortcomings or mistakes of great people.

1 1. In literature, there are countless bad books that thrive like weeds, hurting the grain and making it die. They were originally written for money and seeking official positions, but they made readers waste time, money and spirit, making them unable to read good books and do noble things. Therefore, they are not only useless but also harmful.

12. Desire is the root of human suffering, because desire can never be satisfied. The farther we are from our ideals, the closer we will naturally be to our desires. In real life, we often get lost in ideals and desires, and regard what we want as ideals, because they are sometimes too close, so close that there is only a thin line between them; Or desire is perceptual and ideal is rational.

13. Life is painful, and we can turn it into happiness.

Life is painful.

15. People are like hedgehogs in winter. If they get too close, they will feel stinging. If you are too far away from each other, you will feel cold; People must keep a proper distance to live.

16. Time is infinite and human life is limited. In order to compete with infinite time with limited time, people adopt the means of reproduction to prolong their life time. This is the instinct of human reproduction.

17. The starting point of philosophy is death.

18. Man is always in pain, because his essence is in the hands of pain.

19. If the desire is too strong and intense, it will no longer just affirm one's own existence, but will deny or cancel the existence of others.

20. A wise man always enjoys his life and leisure time; And those stupid people are always afraid of leisure, afraid of the boredom brought by leisure, so they always find some low-level fun games for themselves and give themselves a little temporary * * *.

2 1. Human beings are completely the embodiment of desires and needs.

22. Style is the expression of thought.

23. A person can do what he wants, but he cannot have what he wants.

24. Our misfortune is often due to our pursuit of happiness; At the beginning of our work, we like to hold a belief that we will find some happiness in this world.

Schopenhauer-Influence and Evaluation

Schopenhauer's pessimism, metaphysics and aesthetics have influenced many aspects such as philosophy, art and psychology. The famous figures who are considered to be influenced by him are

Philosophers: Nietzsche, Sartre, Wittgenstein, Bergson, Popper, Hawke Hammer.

Psychologist: Freud

Writers: Tolstoy, Mo Bosang, Thomas Mann, Beckett Svewar.

Artist: Bernard Shaw, Wagner, * * *

Poets: dylan thomas, Borges

Scientists: Einstein, Schrodinger, Darwin

There are many famous philosophers with broad systems and pure thoughts, but few are clear and fascinating. For ordinary readers, a philosopher like Schopenhauer always looks like a famous city with steep walls and deep cuts, but it is a pity that the guards are too tight to enter the door. Such a master, perhaps the system is too big, perhaps the thinking is too mysterious, perhaps he only cares about what he says, and what he says is beautiful. In short, the benefits are hard to extract. Therefore, when you open any dictionary of proverbs and famous sayings, Schopenhauer is quoted far less often than philosophers such as Bacon, Nietzsche, Russell and Santayana. Schopenhauer belongs to this category, which is clear and easy to extract. Although he didn't win by brilliant literary talent, he was clear in thinking, clean in words, firm in tone, bright in reading and bright in eyes, and obsessed with the lonely feelings of philosophers.