Speaking of education and scientific research, we will immediately contact the subject research, although the two are not equal and replace each other; Speaking of project research, we will immediately think of such sad and painful things as writing plans, reports and papers, although these writing can not represent all the work of project research. This phenomenon fully illustrates the position and role of these "characters" in subject research, education and scientific research.

In the research, the writing of research plans, summary reports and papers can be said to restrict the whole research process and results. Below, I mainly discuss with you the basic requirements and skills of these stylistic writing.

First, the writing of the research plan.

The research plan is an overall research plan made after the subject is determined and before the formal research, which initially stipulates the specific contents and steps of all aspects of the subject research. The research scheme plays a key role in the smooth development of the whole research work, especially for people with less research experience. A good scheme can prevent us from being at a loss or not knowing what to do next after a period of time, and ensure that the whole research work is carried out in an orderly way. It can be said that the level of research scheme is an important embodiment of the quality and level of a discipline.

(A) the significance of the research plan.

1, which specifies the specific content of the study. The research plan makes clear the questions of "what to do", "why to do research" and "how to do research", so that researchers can make clear the purpose and direction of research, thus encouraging researchers to complete research tasks with high efficiency and high quality. So some people say that making a concrete and feasible research plan is equivalent to completing half of the research.

2. It ensures the standardization and scientificity of the research process. In order to carry out the whole research process smoothly, it is necessary to make overall arrangements for the subjective and objective conditions involved in the research, such as people, money, materials and time, clearly define and divide the tasks to be completed in the corresponding stages of the research, and make the research process concrete, systematic and perfect.

3. Conducive to project management and inspection. With the research plan, researchers can check whether the research progress of the subject is carried out as planned and whether the phased research results are obtained on time according to the research plan. If there is no specific research plan, researchers can only do it blindly, and it is difficult to carry out the research to the end. In fact, the research plan also provides a basis for the project management department to inspect, supervise and manage the progress of the project research.

(2) Basic requirements for making a research plan.

Because the research plan is for researchers to study the subject, they can operate step by step as planned. Therefore, the project undertaker must follow the following basic requirements when formulating the research plan:

1, objectivity. Objectively state the reasons, level, foundation, ability and conditions of the research. When making a research plan, researchers should objectively analyze and evaluate the subjective and objective conditions needed for their own research. For example, whether one's research level and scientific research ability are within one's power to the research methods used; Whether the research place and time can be met; Whether the unit leaders attach importance to it; Whether the scientific research funds can be put in place. Only by seeking truth from facts according to their own objective conditions can researchers formulate feasible research plans.

2. scientific. The essential attribute of educational scientific research determines the scientific nature of the research scheme. The research scheme should not be casual, let alone shoddy. Researchers should seriously study educational theory and psychological knowledge, and make research plans on the basis of mastering certain theories. At the same time, the plan should conform to the requirements of educational research methods, and use scientific research methods and means to make the research plan more scientific and reasonable.

3. guidance. The research scheme can be said to be the concrete framework of the subject research and the action guide for researchers to carry out the subject research. Therefore, the research data, research contents, research methods and research steps in the research plan should be of guiding significance to researchers, so that researchers in all disciplines can know fairly well. Especially for larger topics, we should emphasize guidance. It is necessary to draw up a research network diagram and a research list of teachers' personal problems. In the past two years, our city has carried out the evaluation and acceptance of school-based research. During the acceptance process, we found that some schools have perfect project plans, have a high degree of understanding of the network diagram, and have made a list of teachers' personal problems. The scheme should be Grade A, Grade B and Grade C, etc. A-level is the general program of the school, B-level is a sub-topic of various disciplines or teaching and research groups or research groups, and C-level is a teacher's personal problem. The scheme at the next level must have clear instruction and guidance efficiency, and form a coherent, mutual echo and mutual support system. Otherwise, it will lead to the situation that grade A is too large, grade B is too empty, and grade C is too empty, and the final impact problem cannot be solved. The list of teachers' personal questions is made for the convenience of management. When the managers get the list, they can see at a glance the problems of the teachers in the whole school and who, when and what research tasks have been completed.

4. concreteness. The research plan is the concretization of the subject research, and each project in the research plan must be clear and specific. No matter how big or small the research topic is, the significance, objectives, contents, methods, processes and funds of the research should be clearly stated in the research plan.

(3) The basic structure of the research scheme.

There is a general requirement for the basic structure of research programs, but not all programs must fully meet these requirements. In 2005, we launched an excellent project scheme selection activity in Dangyang. At that time, we did not stick to the general structure and format, but evaluated it from four basic aspects: did the school or the teacher give the questions in person? Is the path of asking questions correct? Does the question put forward conform to the reality of the school or the teacher? How are you going to solve this problem? In other words, a plan that can clearly answer these four questions is a good plan. Practice has proved that this standard has played a positive guiding role in carrying out school-based research in our city. However, as a scientific research project, these four aspects are definitely not perfect, especially the plan submitted to the higher authorities for approval should be rigorous and scientific. For example, the research scheme of China traditional culture and ideological and moral education for minors.

Generally speaking, a good scheme must have the following structure:

1, project name.

The name should be accurate. It is necessary to make it clear what the subject is and what the research object is. The title of the project must be consistent with the research content, neither too big nor too small. Summarize your research objects and problems accurately.

The name should be standardized. Words and sentence patterns should be standardized and scientific, and specious words, slogans and conclusion sentences should not be used. We should use scientific and standardized language to express our thoughts and opinions. Here is a topic called "Cultivating students' autonomous learning ability and improving classroom teaching efficiency". If this topic is an empirical paper or research report, it is not bad, but as the title of the topic, it is not good, because the topic is the problem we want to solve, and this problem is being discussed and studied, so there can be no final tone.

The name should be concise, not too long. Whether it is a paper or a topic, the name should not be too long. Try not to use words if you can, generally no more than 20 words.

2. Research purpose, significance and background analysis.

This part is mainly about the proposal of the subject and the analysis of the current research situation, that is, the purpose, significance, practical background and theoretical background of the research are analyzed in detail. Its contents generally include:

(1) background significance. The train of thought and practical significance of topic selection. First of all, what is the basis of this study? Inspired by what? Secondly, why study? What problems should the research solve? What influence or promotion does the research of this topic have on current or future education?

(2) Research status. The research level and progress of this subject at home and abroad; Are there any problems that are solved or worth discussing?

(3) Literature review. This paper analyzes the main characteristics and viewpoints of books, papers and other documents related to this topic that have been collected and accumulated.

(4) Value analysis. Mainly from the perspective of whether to solve the practical problems of education and whether the research results are conducive to the development of educational theory.

3. The content of the study.

The research content is the main part of the research plan, which is to clarify the scope, object and specific content of the research.

(1) Definition of research scope.

① Define the scope of the research object. For a research topic, if the research object is different, the conclusion may not be the same. If we study the psychological quality of primary and secondary school students, and take rural students and urban students as the research objects respectively, the conclusions will be different. It is also necessary to define the vague concepts of "poor students", "weak schools" and "students" with uncertain extension, so as to determine the scope of the research object and select the samples correctly.

② Definition of some key concepts. For example, "research on cultivating students' creativity through experiments", does the "experiment" in this discipline refer to "physical experiment" or "chemical experiment", "teacher demonstration experiment" or "student hands-on experiment"? Therefore, some important concepts must be clarified in the study.

(2) The specific content of the study.

The research topic should be reflected through the specific content of the research. With the specific research content, we can design the research scheme.

The specific content of the research often appears in the form of assumptions (assumptions about the relationship between variables involved in the subject). People can determine specific research objectives and choose appropriate research methods according to specific assumptions. Make assumptions as specific as possible in the research plan, so that the research objectives will be clearer and the research scope will be easily limited. A research project can put forward several hypotheses not only from one aspect, but also from many aspects (generally speaking, it is better for a research project to have three or more hypotheses), which further refines the research questions raised by the project and facilitates the grasp of the research process.

At present, primary and secondary school teachers often appear "false, big and empty" phenomenon in education and scientific research, that is, there are only topics without analyzing problems; The topic is very big and the specific content is very few; There is something inconsistent with the research topic. Therefore, when designing the research scheme, the research content of the subject should be specific and clear.

4. Research methods.

Research method is one of the core of research project, and correct research method is the basis of science education research. After determining the basic content of the subject, we must choose the research method that is most suitable for the research progress of the subject, the most convenient to obtain and process the research data, and the most easy to obtain accurate research results according to the research objectives.

There are several educational research methods, which are divided into basic research and applied research according to the research goals and objectives. At present, action research is an applied research that has been paid more and more attention. Generally speaking, there are qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. For specific problems, we should not only specify what research methods are used for research, but also write the methods as carefully as possible. If experimental methods are used in the research, how to organize experimental control variables and how to obtain the data of experimental variables and dependent variables should be further elaborated. If you use the survey method, you need to indicate which form to use. If the questionnaire method is adopted, a questionnaire needs to be designed and attached.

Sometimes we are not necessarily limited to a certain research method in our research, because each research method has certain advantages and disadvantages and applicable conditions, so in specific research, the choice of research methods should not be single, but diversified and developed. For some complex research topics, it is often necessary to use a variety of research methods comprehensively. Of course, primary and secondary school teachers should adopt targeted research methods in educational science research. For example, the study of "the influence of teaching time in a day on the teaching effect of a subject" is more targeted by adopting quasi-experimental research methods.

5. Research progress and steps of the subject.

When designing the research plan, it is necessary to describe how the research will be carried out, what to do in the first step and what to do in the second step, and make it clear. What are the requirements for each step? What is the expected goal, how long it will take, etc. All these should be reflected in the research plan, so that researchers can know fairly well and ensure that the research can be completed on time and with good quality. Of course, the time allocation of each stage should be accurately estimated in the plan, leaving enough room.

6. The form of research results.

What I want to explain here is the research results after the end of the project, and what form the research results are expressed. Those big projects with several subprojects have the results of the whole project and the results of each subproject. Those research topics with a long research cycle should also have phased results and final results respectively. Research reports and papers are two main forms of educational scientific research achievements. Of course, the research results can also be teaching design, teaching aid design, activity design, decision-making scheme and so on. Judging from the actual situation of educational research in primary and secondary schools, teaching design, teaching aid design and activity design should be said to be practical and easy to popularize.

7. Members of the research group and their division of labor.

The members of the research group are the organizers and implementers of the research, and each member of the research group must undertake a certain research. Therefore, the composition of the research group members should be determined according to the actual needs of the research, and the tasks undertaken by each research group member should be adapted to their professional level and research ability. In the plan, it is necessary to write out the professional level, scientific research ability and research results of the members of each research group, and give a clear division of labor, which not only enhances the sense of responsibility of the members of the research group, but also facilitates the implementation of the research plan.

8. Budget and equipment to be purchased.

The budget of scientific research funds generally includes the expenses of purchasing necessary books, subscribing to relevant newspapers and periodicals, copying and printing materials and achievements, investigation and research, travel expenses, research expenses and purchasing instruments and equipment. It is best to list all the expenses in detail in the research plan, because an appropriate and reasonable budget can increase the feasibility and credibility of the research plan.