Glazed tile is a very strong building material with strong waterproof performance. At first, it developed from ceramics. Judging from the unearthed objects, there were primitive porcelains in the Yin Dynasty, which were similar in texture to glazed tiles. However, because glass is a valuable material after all, it was not used in buildings until the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, when it was also used as a local ornament. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, glazed tiles were used to cover roofs or all buildings. At present, the tower of Youguo Temple in the Northern Song Dynasty (commonly known as the iron tower) located in Kaifeng, Henan Province is all made of glazed tiles. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production technology of glazed tiles was improved and the output was greatly increased. Glazed tiles are widely used in royal buildings and some important buildings. Glazed tiles are brightly colored, including yellow, green, blue, purple, black, white and red. Generally, yellow, green and blue are used more, and yellow is the noblest, which is only used in palaces, countries, temples and other major buildings. Even the imperial palace, not all buildings use yellow glazed tiles, and secondary buildings use green and green "edge ornaments" (edges). In palaces and temples, it is generally impossible to use all-yellow glazed tile roofs. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor allowed the Confucius Temple to use all yellow glazed tiles to show his exclusive respect for Confucianism. Glazed tiles can be divided into four categories: one is pipe tile and slab tile, which are used to cover the roof. The second is the roof decoration, that is, the decoration on the roof, including the owl's tail on the big roof, the animals hanging on the vertical roof, the animals on the roof and so on. The number of animals depends on the size and grade of the building. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were at most eleven and at least three. They are arranged in the following order: Crane Immortal is riding in the front, followed by dragon, phoenix, lion, unicorn, horse and so on. The third category is glazed tiles, which are used to build walls and other parts. The fourth category is glazed patterns, which have various stories of animals and plants, characters and geometric patterns, and are very decorative.
Color painting is an important part of ancient architectural art in China. Today, we saw the doors and windows of Tiananmen Gate, the Three Halls of the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, the Lama Temple and other important buildings, especially the gold, red and green paintings under the eaves, which enhanced the color contrast of these sheltered components, and at the same time made the transition between the yellow and green roofs and the doors and windows of the scarlet pillars below, making the building feel more brilliant and gorgeous. This is indeed a very successful technique. Tracing back to the source, architectural color painting also has a long-term development process. As far as we know, paintings inside and outside buildings began in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties more than 1000 years ago. There was great development in Qin and Han dynasties, and certain systems and norms were formed in Tang and Song dynasties, which were recorded in detail in the architectural methods of Song Dynasty. Ming and Qing dynasties were more stylized, as a symbol of architectural grade. Judging from its emergence and development, architectural color painting also has practical and beautification functions. The practical aspect is to protect wood and walls. In ancient times, there was a pepper house, that is, pepper was added to the paint, which not only protected the walls and beams, but also distributed fragrance to repel insects. The function of decoration is to make the inside and outside of the house bright and beautiful. In the early days, colorful paintings were painted on buildings, and various animals, plants and patterns were gradually painted. Later, it was gradually standardized and stylized, and it was not customized until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Color paintings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are mainly divided into two categories. One kind is fully patterned color painting, which is divided into harmony seal (with golden dragon and phoenix as the theme), gold thread with large dots of gold, ink line with large dots of gold, gold seal ink, cigarette seal ink, realgar jade, elegant five ink and so on. They are all ranked according to the amount of money used and the main theme of use. The other is "Su-style color painting" (Su refers to Suzhou), which is characterized by drawing a large-scale baggage-like outline on the beam Fang, and drawing various landscapes, figures, flowers, birds, fish and insects, as well as various stories and drama themes on the baggage skin. There are also some ingenious color paintings. For example, the pillars of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City are decorated with gold powder, and dragons are wrapped around them. The Empress Dowager Cixi Mausoleum in Zunhua Qing Dongling painted golden color paintings on nanmu beams, reaching the peak of resplendence.
Simple and elegant colors also occupy a very important position in the ancient buildings in China. For example, the houses in the south of the Yangtze River and some gardens and temples, with white walls and tiles, are fresh and beautiful. The earth walls, blue tiles or slate tiles of houses in the northern mountainous areas also make people feel quiet and comfortable. Even some royal buildings are deliberately pursuing this quaint and elegant mountain scenery. Chengde mountain resort, which was operated during the reign of Qing Kang Gan, is a prominent example. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The color of ancient buildings in China.
One of the characteristics of China's ancient architecture is that it is the boldest and the best at using colors. This feature is closely related to the wood structure system of buildings in China. Because wood can't last long, China architecture has long adopted the method of painting and tung oil on wood to protect wood, strengthen wood components and increase aesthetic feeling, so as to achieve the effect of combining practicality, firmness and beauty. Later, columns and beams were decorated with scarlet, or painted on arches, beams and squares.
After long-term practice, China architecture has accumulated rich experience in the application of color, and formed different regional color styles in the north and south.
Buildings in the north are very good at using color contrast and harmony, and often have lively characteristics. The main part of the house, that is, the part that can often get sunshine, is generally warm, especially vermilion; The shadow under the eaves is a cool color with blue and green. This emphasizes the warmth of the sun and the gloom of the shadow, forming a pleasant contrast. Scarlet doors and windows and blue-green eaves are often decorated with gold wires and dots, and there are also several red dots between blue-green roofs, which makes the colorful paintings on buildings more vivid and enhances the decorative effect. The formation of this color style is largely related to the natural environment in the north. Because in the flat and vast North China Plain, the color of winter scenery is very monotonous. In such a natural environment, this color makes the building lively and interesting. For example, Beijing's Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven and other buildings, red doors and windows, blue-green eaves, yellow, green or blue glazed tiles, gorgeous and vivid, like costumes on the Beijing Opera stage. And they are usually lined with one or even several layers of white marble footings and railings. In autumn and winter, under the cloudless blue sky of Wan Li in North China Plain, this color effect is extremely moving. Similarly, in the south with beautiful mountains and rivers and evergreen seasons, the color of buildings is limited by the architectural hierarchy in feudal society on the one hand, and it is also because the south is evergreen and flowers bloom in all seasons. In order to coordinate the color of the building with the natural environment in the south, it uses elegant colors, and forms a beautiful and elegant style with white walls, gray tiles, chestnut and dark green beams and columns. This color gives people a cool feeling in the hot summer in the south, unlike strong colors, which are easy to stimulate people.
Of course, apart from the two styles mentioned above, there are also some differences in the use of colors in ancient buildings of different nationalities and regions in China.
15. Look at this article, and talk about the differences of color styles between the north and south buildings in ancient China. (2 points)
16. What's the use of citing examples of the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven in Beijing? (3 points)
17, combined with the context, talk about the role of additives in underlined sentences. (4 points)
① "One of the characteristics of China's ancient architecture is that it is the boldest and the best at using colors." Can the "one" in the sentence be deleted? Why?
"This emphasizes the warmth of the sun and the coolness of the shadows, which forms a pleasant contrast." If the word "pleasing to the eye" in the sentence is replaced by "obvious", what is the difference in expression effect?
18, China folk culture (such as yangko, gongs and drums, dragon dance, Spring Festival couplets, paper, etc. ) has distinctive national characteristics in the use of color. Please grasp the characteristics and introduce one of them, and explain its color beauty in vivid language. (not less than 80 words) (5 points)
15. The buildings in the north are bright and lively, and the south is beautiful and elegant. 16. Taking the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven as examples, the author illustrates the characteristics of contrast and harmony (or liveliness) in northern architecture, and the relationship between the formation of color style and the natural environment. 17, ① "one" cannot be deleted. "One" shows that it is one of the many characteristics of ancient architecture in China, but it is not the only one. This makes the language more accurate. ② "pleasing to the eye" highlights the visual enjoyment brought by color contrast, while "obvious" only emphasizes the intensity of contrast. 18 For example, yangko is a popular folk dance in rural areas of China. It embodies a distinctive national style in the use of color. When people dance yangko, the clothes they wear are in sharp contrast, red, blue, yellow, green and colorful. Everyone sang and danced with the accompaniment of gongs and drums to express their happy mood and yearning for a better life. The dancing red silk reflects a bright smiling face and becomes a beautiful scenery.
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