1. Paper structure has fixed specifications.

In fact, the papers published in scientific and technological journals have fixed norms. First, the basic contents include: mention, abstract, keywords, classification number and other common contents. The text consists of introduction, text, conclusion and references. The early stage is the title, abstract and keywords. Next is the body part. Sometimes thanks should be added, depending on the format requirements of the journal, and finally an appendix may be added, depending on whether enough experimental data, charts or calculation processes are involved in your article.

1. 1 title and hierarchical title

1. 1. 1 title

The title is a logical combination of appropriate and concise words, which can reflect the specific content of the article. A good title will often add a lot of color to an article and play a variety of roles, such as revealing the main content of the article and stimulating readers' interest in reading. Therefore, in writing, it is advisable to use concise combination words within 20 words. English titles should have the same meaning as Chinese titles, generally no more than 10 entity words. Frequently asked questions in the title are as follows:

1) big topic, less content, small topic, more content. This is mainly because the relationship between the text and the topic is not well grasped. For the former, either re-give the topic according to the content, or enrich the content according to the topic; For the latter, we should grasp skimming or not writing that has little to do with the topic.

2) Set subtitles at will. In general, it is best not to set a subtitle, and only add a subtitle when the main title can't fully express what you want to express. At the same time, we should pay attention to avoid the subtitle being larger than the main title.

3) Use synonyms and synonyms. Such as "xx analysis and research" and "xx research and discussion". "Analysis, research and discussion" are synonyms, so just keep one of them in the title.

4) Improve the level of articles. Some articles are only general discussion and analysis, not research, but the author often likes to use the word "research" as the title, which inappropriately raises the level of the article, so the word "research" should be deleted.

1. 1.2 grade title

In the hierarchical division of scientific papers, the chapter sequence codes are uniformly represented by Arabic numerals, but many authors still use chinese numerals notation.

The chapter level of grading can be divided into several levels, with a little bit added between the figures at all levels and no addition at the last level. Classification generally does not exceed 4 levels. Its correct position is written at the top of all levels. It is best not to use punctuation marks in hierarchical titles. If you can't delete it, you can break it with spaces.

1.2 Author's signature and abstract

1.2. 1 author's signature

For the author of the paper, in addition to signing at the bottom of the title, a brief introduction of the main author of the paper should be published at the bottom of the home page (below) in the following order: name (year of birth-), gender (nationality, Han nationality can be omitted), native place, professional title, degree and main research, so that readers can better understand the person in charge of the paper.

1.2.2 summary

It is a necessary additional part of modern scientific papers, and its detail depends on the contents of the documents. In abstract writing, its four elements-purpose, method, result and conclusion can be emphasized according to the type of abstract. Chinese abstracts generally do not exceed 400 words, and purely indicative abstracts are controlled at around 200 words. A foreign language abstract does not exceed 250 substantive words. Use the third person in the abstract, and don't use "I", "author" and "we" as the subject of the abstract statement. This is what most authors should pay attention to.

1.3 Comparison of Chinese and English characters, pictures in words and tables

1.3. 1 text

The text is the core part of scientific papers. After the introduction leads to the problems, the problems are analyzed and solved in the text. This part is the concentrated expression of the academic and creative nature of the author's research results. Some papers are confused in thinking, loose in structure and unclear in level, which makes people unable to grasp the theme of the article, mainly because the author has not mastered the way of discussion.

There are two ways to discuss the text: one is to take the whole scientific research process as a whole and comprehensively discuss all relevant aspects; The other is to divide the whole research process into several stages according to the actual situation of the research content, and then discuss the results of each stage in turn.

1.3.2 Chinese and English charts.

Charts are widely used in modern scientific and technological publications and have become an indispensable means of expression in scientific and technological literature. Because of their application, the content expressed is more logical and accurate. The author makes good use of charts in his writing, but many authors ignore the comparison between Chinese and English charts necessary for foreign communication, which will inevitably affect the understanding of foreign readers. Although they can get the innovative content and quantitative and qualitative information outline of the paper from English titles and English abstracts, they still can't understand more important information such as the movement process of things, the changing process of relationship parameters between things, experimental data and so on. Therefore, the juxtaposition of Chinese and English charts will provide an important basis for foreign readers to understand the author's conclusion and get interested information from it.

In addition, it should be noted that the scientific and technological form adopts the three-line form, and auxiliary short lines can be added when necessary.

1.4 conclusions and references

1.4. 1 conclusion

The purpose of writing this paper is to show its conclusion. Conclusion is the basic part of the paper, so the paper can't write a conclusion, but it can't be a repetition of the title of the text. It is also necessary to avoid papers ending with "results and discussion", because this will lack real discussion content and conclusive words.

1.4.2 reference

References are an important part of modern scientific papers, but these contents are often ignored by authors, and some of them are not standardized even if they are listed. Several main standard description formats are as follows:

Principal of monograph [serial number]. File title [M]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page number (optional).

Principal of document [serial number] separated from the anthology, document title, principal of original document (optional), original document title [M], place of publication, publisher and year of publication, document page number.

The main person in charge of the document [serial number] separated from the periodical. File title [J]. Publication name, year, volume (issue): page numbers.

The main person in charge of the document [serial number] separated from the newspaper. File title [N]. Name of newspaper, year-month-day (edition).

Person in charge of dissertation [serial number]. Title of the document [D]. Storage place: the depositor, year.

Principal of conference paper [serial number]. Document title. Name, place and year of the meeting.

It is particularly noteworthy that the recorded references must be marked in the upper right corner after the sentences in the text and arranged in order. The serial number of references after the text should be consistent with the serial number format indicated in the text.

2. Language expression writing norms

Scientific papers usually use strict and rarely changed sentence patterns. There are many complete sentences, long sentences, various restrictive additional elements and compound sentences with conjunctions. This is because long sentences with a large number of additional elements are accurate and thorough, which are suitable for expressing rich and complex content. However, in the manuscripts of scientific papers, many authors have poor language expression ability, and some authors use oral conversation to write. As a result, the sentence has no subject or object, or the word order is improperly arranged and words are abused, which seriously affects the expression of the paper. Here are a few examples to illustrate.

2. 1 abuses prepositions and lacks subjects.

The problem of environmental pollution has attracted great attention of the China Municipal Government.

The preposition "about" and the radical phrase "the problem of environmental polarization" in the sentence constitute an object-object phrase, so the whole sentence has no subject, so delete the preposition "about" and restore the problem to the subject position, and the whole sentence can be expressed completely.

2.2 improper word order arrangement

① Improper arrangement of adverbial position

Large-scale afforestation technology in quicksand saline-alkali land has been popularized and applied in Xinjiang since the early 1990s.

Adverbials have two positions in a sentence: one at the beginning of the sentence and the other in the sentence. Generally, adverbials indicating restrictions are placed at the beginning of a sentence, such as adverbials of time, place, condition and related objects. Descriptive adverbials are put in sentences. Put "from the early 1990s" in the above example at the beginning of the sentence, and the position will be appropriate.

② Improper position of related words.

In recent years, not only the summer drought in the south, but also the rainfall in July and August in Beijing has decreased.

In this case, the subjects of the two clauses are different, so the related word "not only" should be placed before the subject "south". In addition, some writers use "because" before many sentences, which leads to the disorder of the article, which should also be avoided.

③ Word order disorder

As a plastic film, wild peanuts have strong vitality, which helps to maintain soil fertility (nitrogen fixation), prevent soil erosion and prevent weeds.

The result of this sentence is unclear because of the inversion of word order and confusion of logic. It should be revised as follows: wild peanuts have strong vitality and can be used as cover crops, which can not only prevent soil erosion, but also fix nitrogen to maintain soil fertility and prevent weeds from overgrowth.

2.3 improper use of words

"This paper", "this study" and "this experiment" are often used in the introduction and conclusion of the paper, some of which are appropriate and some are wrong, which is also worthy of attention in writing. See example:

This paper reports the results of preliminary research. (appropriate)

② The expression products obtained in this experiment accounted for 8.4% of the cell protein content (appropriate).

In example 1, "this article" is the subject of the sentence, and in example 2, "this experiment" is an additional component of the subject's "expression product", which conforms to the rhetorical law.

(3) Starting with the induction of test-tube seedlings, this study discussed the effects of temperature and illumination time on the formation of test-tube bulbs on the basis of improving the reproductive coefficient. (error)

Sentence trunk: This study explores the influence. The researcher who issued the action behavior was replaced by "this study". It can be changed to: The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of ...

④ Based on the value of forest ecological function, the economic value of forest was emphatically analyzed ... (Wrong)

Main sentence: This paper analyzes the economic value. This sentence puts "this article" in the wrong subject position. As the sender of the action, it should be the analyst, that is, the author and the author, and the subject should be the author or the author. You can also use the expression "this paper analyzes the economic value" to omit the subject.

"So this" and "So this" are also words that some authors can't grasp well. Their differences are as follows:

These two words are conjunctions and have related functions. They have similarities, but their usage is different. "As a result" is the result of the development of things, which means "as a result". It is usually used at the beginning of the last clause of a complex sentence, often with "as a result" and "because", and sometimes used alone. "As a result" generally means the rise or fall of time, degree and scope, meaning "until", and can also mean both degree and result.

The three structural auxiliary words "de", "de" and "de" are frequently used and have many mistakes, so we should also pay attention to their usage. "Land" is used before the predicate, which is the sign of adverbial; The word "de" is used after the predicate and is the sign of complement. It should be noted that the use of Chinese parts of speech is flexible, and it is easy to make mistakes if you don't grasp it well.

He has reported the matter to the leader in detail.

"Bao", verb as predicate, preceded by "di", adverbial.

He wrote a detailed report to the leader.

"Bao", noun as object, preceded by "de", attribute.

3. Concluding remarks

In a word, a standardized scientific paper can give an editor a good initial impression. Therefore, when writing a thesis, the author must cultivate his good writing habits, and at the same time constantly improve his grammar and rhetoric level, so that his scientific research achievements can be pushed to the society and academia, thus promoting the development of the discipline.