1, the difference between argumentative writing and narrative writing: narrative writing focuses on narration, such as telling a thing and introducing a person. In narrative, you can also insert appropriate arguments, but in the final analysis, it is mainly narrative; As for argumentative writing, it mainly focuses on the expression of discussion, focusing on expressing personal views on something or someone. In writing, you can also insert narratives appropriately and cite examples to demonstrate. 2. Argumentative essay is an article that analyzes things and clarifies the author's views and opinions. This is a style widely used in our daily life. Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument. What is an argument? Argumentative writing is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing. Establishing arguments is the premise of writing argumentative essays. Arguments in argumentative essays must be clear and correct. To be distinctive is to clearly express what is affirmative, what is negative, what is for and what is against. When commenting on a certain thing or phenomenon, we must have a clear attitude and a clear point of view, and we must not be vague or ambiguous. Correctness means that the viewpoint should conform to the objective reality, be reasonable and stand the test of practice. "Characteristic" and "correctness" are the basic requirements for beginners to write argumentative essays. If we demand a higher standard, the argument should be innovative, meaningful and practical. The so-called novelty means having your own opinions and not always repeating others' opinions; The so-called deep meaning means that we can't just focus on superficial phenomena and talk about things, but reveal the essence and laws of things; The so-called practical significance means that the discussion should be targeted and put forward their own views on the problems that people are generally concerned about and need to solve in real life. In the article "Talk about backbone", the author put forward the central argument that "we China people have backbone" at the beginning. In Against Liberalism, the author clearly put forward the argument of "advocating positive ideological struggle and opposing liberalism". The writing of these two articles should be targeted. At the end of the article "Talking about Bones", it points out its practical significance: "The proletariat has its own heroism and backbone, that is, it will never bow to any difficulties ... it can overcome any difficulties and go forward bravely!" From beginning to end, Opposing Liberalism is aimed at all kinds of mistakes of liberalism in the revolutionary ranks at that time. How to determine the argument of an argumentative paper can be decided according to the situation of the topic. Some topics are arguments in themselves, such as reading books is beneficial, where there is a will, there is a way, and many hands make light. When writing an article, you only need to express the meaning of the topic in complete sentences. There are also some topics that only stipulate the scope of argumentation, such as "modesty", "confidence", "the mystery of listening to a class" and "how to deal with difficulties". Writing articles on such topics requires the author to establish his own views. Another topic is composed of two or more words, such as time and life, ideals and efforts, self-confidence and pride, which requires writing the relationship between these two concepts. "Relationship" is an argument. Then there is the argument about materials. This kind of topic must be understood, analyzed and refined correctly before it can be discussed. The position of the central argument in an article is: first, come straight to the point and put forward an argument at the beginning, such as "talking about bones"; Second, the argument appears in the middle of the article, such as "On the Surprise of Friends"; The third is to summarize the arguments at the end of the article, such as "What is knowledge". For beginners to write argumentative essays, it is best to adopt the method of "straight to the point" and clearly put forward arguments at the beginning of the article. Choose the right argument. We say that argument is the center of argumentative writing and plays a leading role. Without argument, it can't be an argumentative paper. But can only argument be argumentative? No, there must be an argument. What is an argument? Argument is the basis of proving argument. In an argumentative essay, after putting forward an argument, you must also cite facts and tell the truth to prove the correctness of the argument. These facts and reasons that prove arguments are arguments. Facts as arguments include real cases, historical facts and statistical data. These facts must be true and cannot be fabricated or fabricated. Arguments based on false facts are untenable. In order to ensure the authenticity of the facts, the cited materials should be sourced, verified, accurate and reliable. As an argument, truth should be tested by practice and its correctness should be recognized by people. Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought are truths that have been tested and proved by revolutionary practice. They are very convincing and can be used as arguments. The principles, laws and formulas in natural science, as well as the speeches of some people with lofty ideals who have contributed in history or real life, as well as proverbs and aphorisms spread all over the world, can also be used as arguments as long as they are correct, reveal the essential laws of things and are rich in profound philosophy. However, when quoting, you should be careful, and you can't take it out of context, far-fetched and distort the facts. At the same time, it is necessary to deeply understand the spiritual essence of relevant expositions and make them complete and accurate. There are several basic requirements for choosing and using arguments to prove arguments: first, arguments must be able to firmly grasp arguments, serve arguments, and achieve the unity of views and materials. For example, in the example in the last section (1), the author used two logical arguments when demonstrating the central argument "Don't refuse to do small things": First, Laozi's words "The wood that is folded together is born in a millimeter; Nine-story platform, starting with tired soil; A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. " Second, in Liu Bei's testamentary edict, "Don't do it with evil small, and don't do it with good small. Only virtue and virtue can serve people. " These two sentences profoundly point out the dialectical relationship between big and small, and warn people not to despise small things, which is very appropriate as an argument. The article also uses a series of factual materials-the deeds of Soviet scientists, the course of China women's volleyball team and the achievements of artists, to further prove the relationship between small things and big undertakings, and to clarify the importance of "don't refuse small things". These materials are also closely related to the central argument and play a role in proving the argument. Second, the arguments should be carefully selected and fully demonstrated. The more arguments, the better. If there are too many materials, there will be repeated accumulation, and even very good materials will not play their due role. On the contrary, the less, the better. Without materials, the argument is untenable and the article is unconvincing. Therefore, it is just right to choose typical and representative arguments and fully demonstrate them. Third, we should pay attention to the proper use of facts as arguments. Argumentative writing is based on facts, which is different from narrative. The narrative in the narrative must be complete and specific, while the factual arguments in the argumentative paper must be concise and to the point. When they begin to learn argumentative writing, some students can't master proper limit, and if the facts used as arguments are described in too specific and detailed, the stylistic features of argumentative writing will be changed, making the article neither fish nor fowl. How to demonstrate and establish arguments solves the problem of "what to prove", how to choose arguments to solve the problem of "what to prove" and how to prove it in the process of argumentation. This part of knowledge has two main points, one is to arrange the structure, and the other is to choose the argumentation method. Structure is the skeleton of the article. Only when the structure is arranged can the article be complete and orderly. The structure of an argumentative paper generally includes three parts: introduction (asking questions), theory (analyzing problems) and conclusion (solving problems). Introduction is the beginning of the article, which is used to put forward the argument of the article or point out the problem to be discussed in the article (that is, "topic"). This theory is the main body of the article, mainly using arguments to prove the argument. A conclusion is the end of an article, or a conclusion is drawn, or an argument is further emphasized, sometimes used to put forward hopes, demands or solutions to problems. Tan's structure belongs to this typical "three-stage". The natural paragraph in 1-3 is the introduction, which puts forward the central argument that "we China people have backbone" and explains the concept of "backbone". 4-8 The natural section is a part of this paper, and three typical examples are used to prove that the people of China have the backbone of "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent". The last paragraph is the conclusion, which points out the practical significance of Chinese "backbone" today. When a novice writes an argumentative essay, it is best to arrange the structure of the article in this way, so as to achieve a clear hierarchy and complete structure. Let's talk about the argument method first. In the process of argumentation, it is very important to use the argumentation method properly. The demonstration methods we have learned in junior high school mainly include quotation, example, comparison and metaphor. Citation is demonstrated by citing rational arguments, and example is demonstrated by factual arguments. When the two are combined, we call it "putting facts and making sense". This method is the most basic method for junior high school students to write argumentative essays. The main problems to be paid attention to when using this method are: it is not enough to just state facts and quote theories, but also to analyze them. After citing facts or theoretical arguments, the article can only be convincing if it is fully reasoned and explained thoroughly. The method of comparative argument is to compare two opposite or different things. Through this comparison, we can affirm the right and deny the wrong, which makes the argument more prominent and distinct. In memory of Bethune, a comparative method was adopted. When praising Bethune's selfless dedication, the author compares it with some selfish thoughts of party member. The pros and cons are clearly set off, and the praise and criticism are clear, which shows the noble spirit of Comrade Bethune. Metaphorical argument is to reason by analogy. The article "Criticism and Self-criticism" written by Comrade Mao Zedong means that the Party should constantly criticize and self-criticize, overcome shortcomings and correct mistakes. Using metaphors can make the truth easier to understand and accept.