Qin Lun is a historical theoretical work. This paper generally discusses the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty and its reasons, and clearly puts forward the central argument of this paper: "benevolence and righteousness are different." Its purpose is to provide reference for Emperor Wendi's political reform.
Writing characteristics
1. Take historical facts as arguments and viewpoints as command materials. The characteristic of this paper's narration of history is to highly summarize historical facts under the domination of viewpoints. For example, Qin's "taking outside the Xihe River" was the result of Shang Yang's plan to lure Wei to break his army. This paper uses the word "cross" to summarize. In order to clarify his point of view, the author pays attention to the essence of historical process rather than the accuracy of details when describing history.
2. Comparative argumentation. This paper adopts the method of comparative argument from beginning to end, focusing on the fifth paragraph. The contrast between the past and the present of Qin State, the difference between Qin State and Nine States, and the speed ratio between Qin State's prosperity and Qin State's demise highlight the central argument of the article through comparative argumentation.
3. Language has the characteristics of ci, paying attention to layout and rendering. For example, write Qin Xiaogong's ambition at the beginning, and use the words "sweeping the world" and "including space"; The division of the nine countries in the middle attacked Qin, and the four monarchs, nine countries, counselors, strategists and military commanders were listed one by one, which seemed to have momentum; When writing Qin Shihuang, he tried his best to create his own "Weaver Maid in the Sea" style. Parallel couplets are used in writing, which are powerful to read, and the sentence patterns are changeable but not monotonous.
One of the characteristics of writing.
Narrative comparison
Narrative reasoning can be said to be the biggest feature of this article. The author summed up the history of more than 100 years from Qin Xiaogong to the demise of Qin, and expounded the whole process and main phenomena of the rise and fall of Qin. At the same time, it also runs through the author's own views to explain the key to its rise and fall. This helps us to have a clear understanding of this historical fact. So I think if you want to write a good reasoning article, you must reason on the basis of being good at narration. The so-called good narration in reasoning articles is different from ordinary narration. We should be good at summing up facts, describing the big, general and prominent aspects of things and sketching out the whole historical development. Only in this way, only through this specific narrative technique, as the basis of reasoning, can readers rest assured. We say that writing a good reasoning article mainly depends on "theory" and "judgment". "Theory" can't be empty, it must be based on facts, that is, the so-called "putting facts and making sense", and making the truth clear according to facts. "Judgment" can't be arbitrary. We must draw a convincing conclusion from a large number of facts in order to make an accurate judgment. "On Qin" just has this feature. He listed a large number of facts, and as a result, the truth can be self-evident or not obvious.
Another feature of this article is that Jia Yi wrote reasoning prose by writing Fu. Writing Fu requires exaggeration, which Jia Yi can say is adopted throughout. For example, in the first paragraph, there are four sentences, such as "sweep", "contain", "contain" and "swallow", which are basically synonymous; "World", "space", "four seas" and "eight famine" all mean the same thing. Writing several words with the same meaning in succession is both parallelism and duality, which is an exaggeration of writing fu. There are similar sentences in the second, fourth and fifth paragraphs below; The list goes on. The so-called "biography" mainly refers to such sentences. This natural momentum makes readers feel that the author's pen is sharp, aggressive, energetic, persuasive and unstoppable.
The third feature of this article is that the author compares the whole article to the end and writes his own argument. There is nothing strange about contrast, but the highlight of this paper is that the author uses four aspects of contrast: namely, the contrast of Qin itself, first strong and then weak, first prosperous and then declining, first prosperous and then declining; Comparison between Qin and Six Countries: Comparison between Qin and Six Countries: Comparison between Chen She and Six Countries. Several contrasts are intertwined, and the structure is natural and magnificent, and the momentum is natural and majestic, and the words are more weighty. The difference between subjective and objective situations and the difficulty of ups and downs of strength are all manifested from several aspects of comparison.
The second characteristic of writing
Narration and discussion
The genre of Qin Lun is argumentative, but why is narrative more than discussion? What are the advantages of this writing?
Argumentative writing is an article that puts facts and makes sense. However, it must be based on facts and draw convincing conclusions from a large number of facts, which has the logical power to convince people by reasoning.
Narration is more than discussion, which is the characteristic of Guo Qin Lun. In this paper, four-fifths of the space is used to describe the process of Qin from weak to strong, to its peak and finally to its demise in order to demonstrate the reasons for Qin's demise.
Since the genre of this article is argumentative, why is there more narrative than discussion? Because the focus of this article is the "state" of the Qin Dynasty. To discuss Qin's "state", we must have a large number of historical facts and take him as the basis of discussion and reasoning. Therefore, the first, second, third and fourth paragraphs of this article are basically narratives, describing the historical fact that Qin became stronger and stronger, and extremely writing that the six countries jointly attacked Qin but failed and were annexed by Qin, showing a vigorous development trend during the rise of Qin; Then he wrote about the uprising army led by Qin, which quickly overthrew Qin with few people and weak strength, highlighting the speed of Qin's demise. Through the comparison of this narrative and historical facts, it is concluded that although the State of Qin has a prosperous history of more than 100 years, defeating the six countries, swallowing vassals, unifying China and strengthening the world are all the results of benevolence, but they died at the hands of this tired soldier. When discussing the cause of Qin's death, it implies the intention of ridiculing Han and belittling Qin.
The narrative of this article is more than the discussion, and the narrative of its historical facts is also to prepare for the discussion and make a copy. Without adequate narration, there is no basis for discussion, and the discussion is empty. With enough narration, the conclusion is naturally drawn from the narration, so you can talk less and the truth is self-evident. This is a matter of course, with logical significance and the power to convince people by reasoning.
The third characteristic of writing
Contrast and contrast
Use repeated comparisons to highlight its final central argument. Gao Maiding said: "In the first half of this article, I tried my best to describe the strength of Qin from generation to generation, which is beyond the enemy of other countries." The first emperor was powerful, so he destroyed the six countries and unified the world. Its strength is strong, and its defense is solid. It's really like a fairy who died in the state of Qin and a helpless person. As mentioned above, compared with each other, this paragraph is almost no different from pebbles, but the egg is crushed, which is really strange and unpredictable. Its twists and turns end in the last sentence, so once the meaning is revealed, it is particularly amazing, surprising and exquisite. "(The Origin of the Article) This passage is very short and wonderful. As far as its structural layout is concerned, this article is not complicated, and even a little simple. But its advantage is that both pairs are extremely powerful. In order to highlight the strength of Qin state, the article first exaggerates the strength of the six eastern countries. "At this time, there are Meng Taste, Zhao Youping Yuan, Chu Youchun Shen and Wei Ling. These four monarchs are wise and faithful, generous and loving, and respect the virtuous and respect the virtuous. "At the same time, there are many famous political diplomats and military strategists who plan and draw pictures for the six countries, contact all parties and join forces to fight. However, in the face of Qin, such power is fragile. " The Qin people switched on and off to stop the enemy, but the division of the Nine Kingdoms fled and dared not enter. Wu Qin lost his life, and the princes of the world were trapped. "In the contrast between busyness and leisure, Qin's power has become awe-inspiring. When writing Chen She, the article tried to suppress his mediocrity, which is not worth mentioning. " The son of Weng Shengshu, a self-insurance officer, is also an immigrant. The materials are not as good as the golden mean, the sages of Zhong Ni and Mo Zhai, and the wealth of Tao Zhu and Yidun. "But the qin dynasty was such a little guy down. That is to say, it's not because there is something strange about Chen She, but because the Qin Dynasty has become a rotting corpse and a rotting wood when the offensive and defensive situation changes. This strongly emphasizes the role of "benevolence and righteousness" and provides a shocking and painful lesson for people.
The fourth characteristic of writing
Layout and rendering
The author is also good at using a lot of layout and exaggeration. "So the people of the six countries are Ningyue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, and Du He; Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen, Zhao Liu, Lou Slow and Zhai Jing all know what they mean. Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She each made their own soldiers. " How magnificent the momentum is! "So from loose solution, to cede territory and Qin. Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chasing after death and driving north, burying millions of bodies and bleeding profusely. Take advantage of the trend, slaughter the world and split the rivers and mountains. Strong countries ask for help, and weak countries enter the DPRK. "How exciting the spirit is? The whole article is like a waterfall, overwhelming. This is the style of writing in the Warring States period, and it is also the same feature of some great essayists in the early and middle Western Han Dynasty.
The fifth characteristic of writing
Emotion and motivation
The article not only abides by reason and logic, but also is moved by emotion and momentum. He Chao in the Ming Dynasty once said, "When you surrender to the end, the flames are surging, like whale scales in the sun and candlelight shining in the sea." Sun Yuefeng said: "The strange words and sentences in the middle are all jumbled, but they are made in a rough and bold spirit. What readers see is flying sand and stones, but it is full of exquisiteness and truth. " These are all related to the emotional motivation of the article. In order to do this, the author used a lot of parallelism and antithesis. "According to the solid connotation of food, we should hold the land of Yongzhou and stick to it to get a glimpse of the Zhou room. It swept the world, including the whole world, including the meaning of the four seas, and swallowed up the heart of the Eight Wastes. " "When the first emperor was divided into six generations, he made a long-term plan, captured the palace, swallowed the princes who died for two weeks, took the supreme position, conquered the world, inspired the world, and achieved Liuhe." The last paragraph "sweeping the world", "embracing the whole world" and "annexing the Eight Famines" all have the same meaning, and they have been said four times. The next paragraph "Imperial Palace", "subjugating the vassals", "controlling Liuhe", "flogging the world" and "inspiring the world" have similar meanings, and have been said five times. I may feel a little repetitive when I think of it, but if I leave only one sentence and delete all the others, the touching effect will be very different.
The sixth characteristic of writing
The use of related words and modal particles
As for the use of a series of related words and phrases in the works, the article gives people endless charm, which is also one of the factors that constitute the emotional momentum of the article. "And the world is not small and weak, and Yongzhou is solid and self-sufficient.
Chen She's position is not superior to that of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. hoe
Not because of the spear of the hook, sickle and halberd, but also because of the defense of many people, not because of the resistance to nine.
The teacher of the country also. Far-sightedness and the way to March with troops are not the same as at that time. However, success or failure is different, and achievements are the opposite. ""It's hard for a person to do it, but the seven halls are dead and both hands are dead. What is the world laughing at? "
What else? Benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different. "In front of the seven" also "word, in a fit of pique, sweeping; Then suddenly hold down the word "however", such as running across the horse; With he ye's rhetorical question, the final conclusion of "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different" gushed out, such as "the iron of six States and forty-three counties", which will never be shaken and changed. Shao Eryun said, "Unite in one breath until the end, roll back the paper together and force the sentence out. What a magical power! "Of course it is good.
The seventh characteristic of writing
It is thought-provoking to give priority to narration, comment first, and then express one's thoughts.
On Qin is a historical comment on the reasons for the demise of Qin. Its main purpose is to satirize the present by borrowing the past and exhort future generations to learn from the lessons of their predecessors and not to repeat the same mistakes and tragedies. As far as the expression of the article is concerned, the combination of comments is adopted. There are two stages in the argumentation structure: one is the process from Qin Zi's filial piety to Qin Ershi's death, from weak to strong and from strong to weak, which is detailed, concise and vivid; Then, through comparative analysis, it points out the reason of Qin's death-different offensive and defensive trends without benevolence and righteousness.
The materials are arranged in chronological order, starting from Qin Xiaogong, passing through Huiwen, Xiang, Xiaowen Wang, Zhuangxiang Wang, and even the first emperor, specifically describing the demise history of Qin from weak to strong and from strong to weak.
The emphasis is on narration, because a large number of facts are mainly used for comparison and comparison, so that the facts can speak for themselves, thus proving the cause of Qin's death.
Give priority to description, first describe and then comment; The comment point is at the end of the article, and the chess piece Zhang Xianzhi draws a conclusion, which is thought-provoking and memorable.