First, the purpose and significance of writing a thesis (solving problems that are not taken seriously)

Second, the time to write a paper (to solve the problem of no time)

Third, how to write a paper (to solve the problem of not knowing what to write)

Four, the general specification of paper writing (to solve the problem of paper format)

main body

Objectively speaking, everyone has been in an awkward position in coping with the task of writing educational and teaching papers. In the words of experts who participated in the evaluation, there are some problems in the papers of primary and secondary school teachers before, during and after writing:

1, which often appears before writing a paper:

(1) Only papers without scientific research (no attention)

I think scientific research is useless, and all the articles in the world are copied and patched together.

(2) Too busy (no time)

Everyone generally feels busy at work and has no time to do scientific research and write papers.

(3) I don't know what to write

I really want to write, but I don't have a topic in my mind, and I don't know where to write; I don't know what to write, and when I write it myself, it is often empty and I can't write it down.

(4) I don't know what format

There are format requirements for thesis writing, and some teachers are not familiar with the common norms for thesis writing.

(5) I don't know what the requirements are

Some teachers don't even know or pay attention to plagiarism and repeated submission. Never submit the same manuscript to two publishing houses unless one of them explicitly tells you not to publish your paper. Otherwise, plagiarism and repeated submission will bear legal responsibility.

2. Problems that often appear in writing:

(1) The discussion is inconsistent with the topic. The viewpoint is unclear, the concept of variables to be discussed is not clear, and it is not clear what to explain, so I began to sort out the material arguments. As a result, I argued with many arguments for a long time, but it had nothing to do with the topic.

(2) Only opinions have no arguments. An armchair strategist, empty and unconvincing.

(3) There is an argument, but I don't know what the argument is, that is, I lack a clear topic. A large number of materials are listed, but the description is straightforward, logical confusion, lack of analysis, and irrelevant.

(4) Improper application of educational theory. Either there is no theoretical analysis at all, it is completely practice, or the whole article is a pile of theories.

3. Problems in the completed paper:

(1) There are many articles about experience, but few articles about theory.

(2) There are many problems and few articles to solve.

(3) There are many articles on the same topic, but few original articles.

(4) There are many descriptive articles and few quantitative analysis articles.

In view of the above problems, today we mainly discuss the following issues:

First, the purpose and significance of thesis writing. Second, correctly understand scientific research and arrange writing time reasonably.

Third, how to write a thesis Fourth, the common norms of thesis writing

First, the purpose and significance of writing educational and teaching papers

We know that writing a thesis has a very realistic purpose, that is, "evaluating professional titles." Because now, professional title evaluation and thesis are necessary. Papers will be graded according to different scores. However, if you write a paper just to evaluate the professional title, you obviously lose the most real and valuable purpose and significance of writing a paper.

In fact, the real function of educational and teaching papers is to present the research results of educational and teaching researchers. Of course, in addition to papers, educational and teaching research results can also be presented in other forms such as works, audio-visual products, computer CDs or some concrete objects. But in these forms, papers or experimental reports are the most important forms of expression. Therefore, the main purpose of writing an education and teaching paper is: (1) to show the research results and values and obtain social benefits. (2) Enriching academic literature. (3) Prepare for further research. To put it bluntly, writing a thesis is to sum up and sort out one's own experience and lessons, summarize the problems and solutions encountered in the process of education and teaching, and better serve our future education and teaching. Without writing a thesis, education and teaching can never have long-term development and progress.

However, then again, even if it is to "evaluate the title." There are still some people who don't really pay attention to doing scientific research and writing papers. Some people either deal with an article through some channels when they are in urgent need of professional title evaluation, or have no papers, which leads to professional title evaluation.

Second, a correct understanding of scientific research, reasonable arrangements for writing time

At present, it is obvious that many teachers are biased against doing scientific research and writing papers. Some people think that doing scientific research and writing papers is unattainable, while others don't. Plus, as a teacher, I am really busy and have no time. This has caused many people to be afraid, unwilling or neglected to do scientific research and write papers. In view of this, I suggest that you should have a correct understanding of scientific research and arrange your time reasonably.

(A) a correct understanding of scientific research.

For the understanding of scientific research, we must first know that scientific research is not mysterious, it is very common. What is scientific research? For example, we all feel the same way: nowadays students are becoming more and more difficult to teach. But why is it difficult to teach? How to change the status quo? Through observation, investigation and trying new methods to solve these two problems, that is, doing research and writing papers. Therefore, scientific research is not mysterious or unattainable. As long as the correct research methods are chosen, the education and teaching process planned by each teacher can itself become the research process of education and teaching. Therefore, front-line teachers can actually be researchers in education and teaching, but we need to carefully record what we usually observe and think.

Secondly, scientific research is very important and needs attention. In addition to some people's mysticism about scientific research, some people don't attach importance to scientific research. We should realize that scientific research and teaching are not isolated, they are inseparable. There is a saying: "teaching without research is shallow, and research without teaching is empty." Scientific research without teaching is meaningless, but teaching without research will not make progress. Of course, we have to admit that many people do not pay attention to doing scientific research and writing papers, in fact, because many people who do scientific research and writing papers are not playing a good role at present. Some people who do scientific research and write papers usually don't follow the plan and end up copying other people's errands. Finally, there is no difference between those who engage in scientific research and those who do not, giving people the impression that it is useless to engage in scientific research and write papers. But every teacher is a high-quality intellectual, so it is easy for us to see through this situation and see the importance of scientific research. If a teacher really wants to do his teaching well and become famous, it is obviously impossible without scientific research.

(2) Arrange the time reasonably.

You can calm down and think about the problem of busy work and no time. As some people say, time is actually like water in a sponge. There is still room to squeeze hard. We can calculate an account. Most teachers spend less than three months in winter vacation and summer vacation, that is, more than 80 days. Excluding the weekends of winter and summer vacations, there are almost 40 weekends, which is about 80 days. In this way, only a relatively large amount of time can reach more than one year 160 days of leisure. Our working hours are 12 hours per day, 200 days in total. And this 12 hour also includes our daily meal time. If the meal time is excluded, the real working time in 200 days is actually about 8 hours a day. We can use our leisure time to do scientific research and write papers, which is also a waste. To take a step back, in fact, if you can arrange your working hours as a whole and basically don't use your leisure time, you will have time to write a paper on small projects every semester. It's just whether our working hours can be arranged scientifically and reasonably. Of course, some teachers, especially some head teachers, do not have enough time.

Have a correct understanding of scientific research and a reasonable arrangement of time? We can find solutions to various problems in education and teaching with the help of scientific research and reduce many unnecessary complaints.

Third, how to write educational and teaching papers

Many teachers want to write papers, including our research papers and after-class reflection, but many teachers say they don't know what to write. How to write? In fact, we don't know how to write or what to write. The main reason is that we didn't really do it before writing papers, essays and reflections. As we all know, before writing a paper, it takes a long time to observe, record, and even design and implement experiments; Before writing a composition, there should be a phased test plan and the test should be carried out in strict accordance with the plan; Before writing reflection, you need to carefully design the classroom teaching process before class and go to class according to the design. If the plan is carefully designed and implemented, papers, reflections and essays are easy to write.

First of all, writing scientific research papers and teaching reflection can be done by applying and answering the following questions. After answering the questions, they will be written as essays and reflections.

(1) scientific research papers:

1, what achievements have been made in scientific research? What are the advantages of design in stage planning? Why?

2. Through practice, what are the design deficiencies in the stage plan? What is the gap between expectations and expectations? Why are there these gaps?

3. How to improve similar problems in future work?

(B) Teaching reflection:

What are the advantages of classroom design? Why?

2. What are the shortcomings exposed in the design through the class? What is the gap between expectations and expectations? Why are there these gaps?

3. How to improve similar problems in future work?

Regardless of scientific research essays or teaching reflections, in short, we should write: strengths, weaknesses, rectification measures and related reasons.

It should be emphasized that both scientific research papers and teaching reflections need detailed plans to answer and write several questions in the above format; And you must really go to class or study as planned. Without the plan and careful preparation for class and research, you can't write valuable reflections and papers.

(c) Documentation: frequently asked questions

The writing of the thesis is more complicated than essay and reflection, because the writing of the thesis involves the selection of topics, that is, the determination of topics and subheadings at all levels. The determination of the topic and content (i.e. subtitle) of the paper can be roughly divided into two situations:

The first is to set the content first, and then have the title and title. This situation often has no purpose in advance, but if you reflect on education and teaching for a long time, you can sort out the relevant content after a certain period of time (such as one semester, one year, etc.). ), thus forming a paper. This situation is generally rich in content at hand, but you need to carefully consider how to arrange and determine the subtitle of the content, and you need to add topics later. This kind of paper does not need to be studied in a planned way, but it needs to reflect on and record the teaching practice or idea frequently.

Second, there must be a title and title before the content. This is the case with planned and purposeful research papers. Scientific research papers have no content from the beginning. This kind of paper needs to determine the titles and subheadings at all levels at the beginning. The titles and subheadings of scientific research papers are actually the specific contents of scientific research topics and research. After determining the topics and subheadings at all levels, researchers should carefully design research plans according to the topics and subheadings at all levels, and carry out relevant experiments and data search required by subheadings at all levels. When the investigation and experiment are completed, the content of the paper is completed.

Especially in the second case, it is necessary to carry out planned research when writing scientific research papers. In order to facilitate the writing of papers and the expression of research results, a principle should be followed when making scientific research plans: the scientific research plans should be consistent with the topics of papers to be written in the future. Specifically, the title of the overall conclusive paper (or report) of a topic is basically that the title becomes a declarative sentence, and the subtitle is a sub-topic in the topic and the content of the topic research. Sub-topics can be the next topic according to the actual situation, and each topic is a specific research content or investigation or operation. Determine the completion time of each research topic and form a work plan. Therefore, the research was completed as planned and recorded truthfully, and the paper was basically completed.

For example:

In fact, there are many problems such as too many students, too little time, poor results and so on. Therefore, a study can be conducted to try to improve the method of correcting homework. The title of this paper and the corresponding scientific research plan are as follows:

Topic: Research on the improvement and application of the method of correcting students' homework in ordinary senior high schools.

The title of the paper is accordingly set as: "Teacher, please don't correct homework alone-the improvement and application of the method of correcting homework for ordinary high school students".

Before conducting scientific research, determine the content of the paper to be written in advance:

Topic: Please don't correct your homework yourself.

-The improvement and application of the way of correcting students' homework in ordinary senior high schools.

First, under the background of the new curriculum, the way of correcting homework needs to be improved.

By observing, investigating and consulting materials, we can find out the problems, defects and deficiencies in the way teachers independently correct homework.

Explain theoretically the necessity of improving the way of correcting homework.

Second, the practical exploration of homework correction methods

1, determination of operation correction method:

Check the information and determine the corrective measures to explore.

2, the implementation method of homework correction:

The concrete implementation of the above-mentioned homework correction method.

3, the effect of homework correction method:

Analyze and compare experimental data to determine effective methods.

Then, according to the outline of the paper, design the research scheme:

Topic: "Improvement and Application of Homework Correction Methods for Ordinary Senior High School Students" Research Plan

First, under the background of the new curriculum, the way of correcting homework needs to be improved.

1. Investigate students' and teachers' views and favorite ways of correcting teachers' homework in batches.

(1) Design the questionnaire; (Completed in early March 2007)

(2) Implementation survey (completed before the end of March 2007)

2. Check the information to find out the defects of the teacher's homework correction method and the necessity of improvement. (Completed at the end of March 2007)

Second, the practical exploration of homework correction methods

1, determination of operation correction method:

Check the information and determine the corrective measures to explore. (Completed in early April 2007)

2, the implementation method of homework correction:

(1) Work out the specific implementation plan of homework correction method. (Completed in mid-April 2007)

② According to the implementation test (late April-late June, 2007)

3, the effect of homework correction method:

Statistical test data, writing papers. (Early July 2007)

Just now, we explained the relationship between the topic selection of papers, especially scientific research papers (that is, the determination of topics and titles) and the corresponding scientific research plans through examples. In fact, there are some specific requirements and principles for the selection of scientific research papers (that is, the determination of topics and titles):

1, topic selection principle:

(1) value principle

The value of the paper includes: theoretical value, applied value and comprehensive value. Let others clearly realize the value of your paper through your paper.

(2) scientific principles

The basis of discussion in this paper should be sufficient and reasonable, that is, there should be theoretical and practical basis. The basis of discussion should come from the practice of education and teaching, which must have rich, reliable facts and strong pertinence. At the same time, scientific education and teaching theory plays a role in guiding, standardizing, selecting and explaining the thesis. Therefore, the discussion should be guided by certain educational theories. The content of the paper should be able to be incorporated into a certain educational science knowledge system.

(3) the principle of innovation

There must be new discoveries, new viewpoints and new insights in the discussion of papers, and new contents, new ways and new methods in the field of applied research. Its innovation is embodied in:

First, it embodies the characteristics of the times: research on the cultivation of students' autonomy and learning ability;

Second, there are new contents: for example, cultivating students' self-study ability in * * teaching, or cultivating students' innovation ability and practical ability;

Third, a new perspective: for example, under the guidance of the new curriculum standards, build a new classroom teaching model.

The fourth is to adopt new methods and draw new conclusions: different research methods will lead to different conclusions from others.

If you want to innovate, you need to collect information extensively, understand the content of the paper and the research status of the topic, understand what problems the existing research has solved, what shortcomings still exist, whether others are interested in the paper and the topic, and whether it is necessary to study the topic before writing the paper. On this basis, you can determine the focus and topic of the paper and avoid the blindness of topic selection.

Of course, for scientific research papers, we should also pay attention to the feasibility of topic selection.

Our teachers are generally busy with work, and their education and teaching tasks are heavy, so it is impossible to devote time to the research of big topics. So choose your own competent subject. It is best to study and teach, especially the subject of classroom teaching. Judging whether a project is feasible can be judged from both subjective and objective aspects.

① Subjective conditions of feasibility:

Including the knowledge, ability, foundation, experience, expertise, mastery of relevant information, understanding of selected topics and research interests of researchers.

(2) objective conditions of feasibility:

Including ensuring the information, time, equipment, funds and necessary administrative support and research opportunities needed for research.

In addition, the scope of the topic should not be too large, the content should be specific, the research cycle should not be too long, and the subjective and objective conditions should not be too high.

In short, as long as we think about hot issues coldly; Rethinking the standard problem; Deep thinking on difficult problems; Handle the relationship between practice and rational thinking. Pay attention to what the superior asks to do in the real question. what would i like to do ? What can school conditions do? what can I do? Starting from reality, find out scientific research topics that are suitable for you, conform to reality, and do not lose the requirements of innovation.

2. Principles for determining the theme and title:

(1) The title and title should be novel.

(2) The topic is consistent with the content of the topic. The topic is required to cover all the contents of the study.

(3) Whether the title and the title size are appropriate. Too big a topic is inevitably vague, and too small a topic is not enough.

According to the above principles, we can better choose the topic and determine the topic and title, and when we write according to the topic and title, we must also follow the general norms of the paper, otherwise it will be difficult to be hired by the publishing house. Next, let's take a look:

Fourth, the common norms of thesis writing.

For all kinds of papers, there are both relatively independent formats and relatively unified specification requirements. Generally speaking, educational research papers include major parts and minor parts. The main parts are: abstract, preface, text, conclusion and so on. The minor parts are: title, signature, thanks, references, etc.

I. Title

Generally speaking, the title of the paper should be as accurate, concise and eye-catching as possible. A research report or paper with strong academic and theoretical value to be published in a professional research magazine or periodical, emphasizing the accuracy, rigor and logic of the title. Practical research reports to be published in popular newspapers and periodicals, emphasizing specific and clear titles, can arouse readers' interest and attention to the reports.

① Use the most concise and appropriate phrases to reflect the specific content of the paper, which can neither include the contents not covered in the paper or the conclusions not drawn, nor discard the contents involved in the paper or the conclusions drawn from the topic.

(2) The title should contain the main keywords of the paper, providing specific practical information for retrieval.

③ Don't describe the content of the paper point by point with lengthy complete sentences with subject-predicate-object structure.

(4) The topic should be concise, with no more than 20 words in Chinese and no more than 10 in foreign languages.

⑤ Try to avoid using symbols, including punctuation, in titles.

Sometimes short titles are used, but the meaning is not full. Subtitles can be used to supplement the lower content, extend the theme of the paper, and also provide convenience for the publication of a series of articles with different themes. However, it is better to explain the problem concisely with a topic than with a subtitle.

Second, signature.

If it is a single study, the signature is extremely simple; If it is a multi-person study, it involves the issue of signature order. Generally speaking, the author who ranks first will get more attention, have greater rights, and of course have greater obligations and responsibilities.

In order to reduce disputes and clarify responsibilities, the signature should be decided by the relevant personnel through consultation, and the basic principles to be followed in consultation are:

(1) Ranked by contribution. Whoever is mainly responsible for this research and paper is the first author. There are three main criteria to define the main responsibility, that is, who put forward the research ideas, who undertook the main work and who solved the key problems.

(2) Those who have helped a certain work (such as the undertaker of a survey) may not sign their names, but may explain in the preface or thank them at the end of the article.

(3) The signature of the paper should include the following contents: name, unit, region and postal code.

Three. abstract

Also called abstract, put it in front of the article. Generally speaking, the abstract should be written after the full text is written, and the number of words is generally about 200 words. It is used to explain the main contents of this paper, such as the research purpose, methods and results.

It is helpful for librarians to index and abstract books and periodicals, to introduce articles to readers without losing their original intention, and to consult by researchers. It plays a guiding role in computer retrieval.

It is very important that many readers read the abstract before deciding whether to read the full text. Writing a good abstract with your heart is helpful to improve the reading rate and citation rate of an article, and the citation rate is an important indicator to measure the value of an article.

Fourth, key words

What are keywords? Keywords are words or phrases extracted from papers to meet the needs of document indexing or retrieval.

Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing, which are used to express the main content information and items of the full text. A paper can choose 3-8 words as keywords.

Introduction of verbs (abbreviation of verb)

There are many nicknames for introductions, mainly including preface, preface and introduction. This is the beginning of the paper, and the core content is to put forward the central topic of the paper. Generally include:

(1) Explain the background of this study;

(2) the research progress of predecessors or others in this field;

③ Research purpose;

(4) Put forward the central topic. Researchers link research hypotheses with research results to think and solve problems, and verify published opinions, opinions and new discoveries.

⑤ Briefly introduce the research method and process.

Intransitive verb text

The text, also known as this theory, is the main body of the article. Various types of research reports or papers have their own emphasis. The main body of the investigation report focuses on the present situation and essence of the investigated problem, the causes of the problem and its development law; The experience summary report mainly points out what the specific experience is, analyzes, summarizes and popularizes the experience, and points out the significance of the experience; The text of the experimental research report paper should include the experimental object, experimental hypothesis, experimental process, experimental results, analysis and discussion of the results, etc.

Generally speaking, the title of this part is first summarized in concise language. Divide into several paragraphs, each with a subtitle. Subtitles are actually subtopics under the central topic, and subtopics are a series of deterministic views and opinions that prove the central topic. Each paragraph has a subtitle, which is the center of this paragraph and plays an argument role in the central topic.

When writing a text, we should pay attention to the transition and care for the discussion.

Transition refers to the connection between paragraphs. An article always consists of multiple meanings and paragraphs. If the transition is good, all levels and paragraphs of the full text will be integrated, otherwise it will appear loose and directly affect the publication and exchange of research results.

Reference refers to the echo of the content before and after. The problems mentioned above should be solved later, and the contents mentioned later can be explained or implied in front.

Seven. conclusion

This is the end of the paper, and the conclusion needs to sum up the results of the argument and form a clear argument. The conclusion should not simply repeat the ideas in the article, not simply repeat the subtitles in the article, but should be innovative and sublimate the essence of the whole article. You can further deepen the central topic, or make suggestions and ideas around the central topic.

In the conclusion, we can look forward to the topic and put forward the problems left over from the research work of this topic, or the problems that need further discussion and possible solutions.

No matter what kind of research results are, we should draw conclusions carefully, pay attention to the reliability and application scope of the research results, and we should not expand or popularize them indefinitely at will.

Eight, please

For those who guide, participate in and help the research work, and those who provide useful suggestions or convenient conditions for the research work, you can express your gratitude in short words at the back or in front of the article.

Nine. Cite notes and references

The reference notes in the text and the references listed after the paper are for (1) reflecting the real scientific basis; 2. Reflect a serious scientific attitude and distinguish your own views or achievements from those of others; (3) In order to show respect for the scientific achievements of predecessors, the source of the cited materials should also be indicated for easy retrieval.

The expressions of citation notes and references shall conform to relevant national standards, and the specific expressions are as follows:

From books: editor's name and title. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication. Page number.

② From periodicals: author's name, title, periodical name, year and volume (issue).

③ From newspaper: author's name, title, newspaper name, publication date and edition.

④ From dissertations: author's name, title, storage place: storage unit, award-winning year.

⑤ From the Internet: author's name, title and website.

[Example 1: Reference Notes]

At present, teachers in primary and secondary schools and universities hold a negative attitude towards rebellious psychology and behavior, and they often criticize and blame it. Here are some points: "rebellious psychology is an unhealthy and abnormal psychology that goes against the objective, so besides using special educational methods, we should also carry out targeted positive education." [1] "Rebellious psychology restricts children's life development, so effective methods must be taken to eliminate children's rebellious psychology." [2] "Teachers should constantly study the root causes of students' rebellious psychology, explore ways to eliminate rebellious psychology, and promote the healthy growth of students." [3] "College students' rebellious psychology is an extremely harmful negative psychology. To improve the effectiveness of ideological and political education in schools, we must prevent and overcome it and adopt scientific methods to solve it. " [4] and so on.

Reference case:

[1] Long Jingyun. Wonderful rebellious psychology [J]. Mental world. 2005 (6): 60.

[2] Yang Zhen. Intentionally eliminate children's rebellious psychology [J]. Tutor.2005 (4): 26.

[3] Li Jun. Some experiences of eliminating pupils' rebellious psychology [J]. Mental health education in primary and secondary schools, 2005 (8): 44.

[4] Ji The rebellious psychology in college students' moral education and its solution [J]. Heilongjiang Higher Education Research, 2006 (6): 65.