Xiamen history and culture
Xiamen is located in the southern coast of Fujian Province, with east longitude11804 ",north latitude 24 26' 46", land area 1565.09 square kilometers and sea area of more than 300 square kilometers. Jurisdiction Siming, Huli, Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiang 'an 6 districts. Spread Minnan dialect.
In the third year of Jin Taikang (282), Tongan County was established, which belonged to Jin 'an County and later merged into Nan 'an County. In the 19th year of Tang Zhenyuan (803), Datong Field was located in the southwest of Nan 'an County. After five dynasties, it was promoted to Tongan County in the 4th year of Tang Dynasty (933), belonging to Quanzhou. Song belongs to Qingyuan Army, Pinghai Army and Quanzhou Army. Yuan belongs to Quanzhou Road. Ming belongs to Quanzhou prefecture. In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), Xiamen City was built, and Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty was seven years (1650). Zheng Chenggong lived in Xiamen for twelve years (1650), and set up Siming Mansion. It was abolished in the 19th year of Kangxi (1680); In the twenty-third year (1884), there was a garrison road under Taiwan, and the road was hidden in Taiwan (in the sixth year of Yongzheng, the Taiwan government changed to a Taiwan road), in the twenty-fifth year (1686), the Quanzhou government was divided into defense halls, and in the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Xingquan Road was set up. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), Gulangyu Island in Xiamen became a "concession". In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Jiaheli (Xiamen) in Tongan County, Jinmen County and Daxie County was located in Siming County. In September, it was promoted to Siming House and abolished.
1933, "People's Republic of China (PRC) People's Revolutionary Government" (referred to as "Fujian People's Government") established Xiamen Special City, which was later revoked. Tongan and Siming counties belong to the fifth administrative supervision area (in Tongan) 1934. 1In April, 935, seven islands including Xiamen and Gulangyu were established in Xiamen, and Heshan Special Zone in Siyou County was abolished. It belongs to the fourth administrative supervision area with Tongan County (within Tongan), from May 1938 to June 1945. 1September, 949/October, Tongan County and Xiamen were liberated, Tongan County was the fifth district (1950 changed to Quanzhou District and Jinjiang District), and Xiamen was a provincial city.1June, 950, Xiamen established Kaiyuan, Siming, Gulangyu and Xiamen. Jimei Town 1953 of Tongan County is under the jurisdiction of Xiamen City. 1958, 1 year evacuated from Heshan district and set it as a suburb. In August, Tongan County was included in Xiamen by Jinjiang District. 1966 In August, Kaiyuan and Siming districts were renamed as Dongfeng and Xiangyang districts (10/979 in October). 1February, 970, Tongan county belongs to Jinjiang District, and1June, 973 belongs to Xiamen City. Xinglin District was established in September 1978. 1987 Huli District was added, and the suburb was renamed as jimei district. 1997 Tongan county zoning. At this point, Xiamen has jurisdiction over Gulangyu, Siming, Kaiyuan, Xinglin, Huli, Jimei and Tongan.
In May 2003, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to adjust some administrative divisions of Xiamen. The main contents of the adjustment include: 1. Siming District, Gulangyu Island and Kaiyuan District were merged into Siming District, and the original three administrative areas were under the jurisdiction of Siming District. Two, Xinglin District Xinglin Sub-district Office and Xinglin Town under the jurisdiction of jimei district. Xinglin District was renamed Haicang District. 3. Establish Xiang 'an District, and put Xindian, Xinxu, Maxiang, Neicuo and Dadeng towns under the jurisdiction of Tong 'an District under the jurisdiction of Xiang 'an District. After the adjustment of administrative divisions, Xiamen has jurisdiction over six districts: Siming, Huli, Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiang 'an.
cnnj 2005- 12- 1 04: 1 1
Another name of Xiamen
Qingmen
In the late Tang Dynasty, Luo Yin wrote a preface to the Collection of Mr. Chen in Yingzhou, in which "Jiawuchun () sued (Luo Yin) for marriage and returned to Qingmen in the east." It is said that Chen An was in Tang Xianzong for nine years (Wu Jia, 8 14), went to Chang 'an (now Xi 'an), and then went east (Xi 'an in the west and Xiamen in the east) and returned to "Qingmen". Qingmen is also another name for Xiamen.
In the poem "Visiting Chen Xiru's Hidden Places in Tang Dynasty on the Golden List" written by Chi Mingxianfang, there is a poem "A castle in the cold and windy". Decoding "Bao Qing" as the portal of the castle, that is, "Qing Gate", can be used as a footnote for Chen An's westward journey to Chang 'an, that is, Xiamen.
New city
In the 12th year of Qing Shunzhi and 5th year of Qing Shunzhi, Zheng Chenggong was bombed by Qing soldiers, and there was no danger to defend, so he demolished some city walls, yamen and private houses, moved officials and people to Bingzhou Island, and established a new city. People distinguish Tongan ancient city from Bingzhou new city. The new city has become synonymous with Tongan (including Xiamen).
There is a saying in Chi Xianfang's poem "Climbing Gulangyu Island, Achieving Charm in China": "Although it is small, it is also a gateway. What's the difference?" The new town is tortuous, and the ancient poems lie on the side. "It depicts him climbing Gulangyu Island, which is a" small but portal ". On the ancient Sunlight Rock, he overlooked the "prismatic cave" in the west of the lake and opened his eyes to see the twists and turns of the new city. "New town also refers to Xiamen.
Jiaheyu
Song called "Jiahe Island", which belongs to Jiahe in Tongan County, Quanzhou Prefecture.
◎ Thousands of households, middle-left households
Ethan's "Thousand Houses", clearly called "Center Left Hospital", is an administrative organization and is synonymous with Xiamen. "Wen Yi" records that "Wuzhou and Jiahe are the commanders of the whole south". "Wu dialect is a land, in the center-left sea and the center-left portal." "Those who are left behind are outside Tonga."
◎ Siming
In the twelfth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong set up Siming County in Xiamen, and changed it to Siming County in the first year of the Republic of China. After independence from Tongan County, it was promoted to Siming House, and the abandoned house was still a county in the second year. Although the state and county governments are also administrative agencies, the "Siming" is still like this.
peach garden
According to the records of Xiamen City in the Republic of China, "Xiamen Island is like a peach" and the scenic spot is "Little Taoyuan". Gulangyu Island in the era of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is called "Xanadu". Today, the nickname of "Taoyuan" in Xiamen is not the illusion of Peach Blossom Garden, but the reality of "Sea Garden".
Lu Yu, Yumen and Lujiang
"Lu Yu", "Yumen" and "Lujiang" are called by topography, river names and poultry.
cnnj 2005- 12- 1 04: 1 1
The context of "Xiamen"
"Gate" is a general term for place names. Where there are cliffs where rivers enter the sea, in ancient times, boatmen and fishermen vividly called objective existence a door. There are Humen in the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, Macau in the Special Administrative Region, Nagato and Wuhumen in the Minjiang Estuary in Fujian, Haimen and Giants in the Jiulong Estuary in Zhangzhou, and Jinmen and Xiamen. "Xiamen" is the earliest generic term for "Xiamen".
Summer, tiger, Australia, dragon, sea, gold and luxury are proper terms for land and me. Its meaning is also visualization.
Take Zhang Xia, Fujian as an example: "Haimen" entered the waters of Xiamen Port of Jiulong River; "Giants" are in the northeast of Haimen (Ming history). According to the direction, it should be near the fish tail now. There is a village called "Hou Shi" in that place, which is now the terminal of the passenger ship from Xiamen to Yuzaiwei. The word "Hou" is called "Hu" or "Hu" in Minnan dialect, and it is interpreted as "ditch" in Cihai. In this way, there is a trace of the word "good" and a homonym of the word "Hu" in the pronunciation of the word "Hu". And "Haimen: down to Gulangyu Island and Xiamen Island, they are all channels for tides to pass in and out, just like the gate of Huyu River, which is the" giant ". A door under the giants is called Xiamen. Haimen and Haomen were not named in the Ming Dynasty, but Xiamen was named in the early Ming Dynasty, both before the city was built in the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty.
Qing Daoyun's Chronicle of Xiamen says: "Xiamen is the gateway to the southeast at the turn of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou ..." The Chronicle of Xiamen says: "The Golden Mansion is in danger, and the gateway is also guarded." It is said that Xiamen is the "gateway".
"Xia" and "Xia" are not pronounced in Minnan dialect, but the sound, rhyme and tone are the same. Therefore, Xiamen's "mansion" evolved from "summer"; The change from "Xiamen" to "Xiamen" was refined by literati.
People used to call the north "up" and the south "down"; Minnan people are also used to calling northerners "Beiding (Shandong) people"; Calling southerners "Lower Southerners" can be said that Xiamen is the maritime gateway of southern Fujian, which is more specific and accurate than the general "Loumen" or "Huamen".
In short, "Xiamen" became "Xiamen", which was named as early as the early Ming Dynasty, not just in the late Hongwu period. Zhou de built the city, just with.
China News Network 2005-12-104:12
Four architectural styles in Xiamen
Four architectural styles in Xiamen
Xiamen's architectural style is unique and charming, with strong regional characteristics and rich cultural heritage. If red brick houses and buildings with "Jiageng style" contain the profoundness of China culture, then the European architecture in Gulangyu and the arcade in Xiamen reflect the brilliance of exotic architectural styles.
I. European architecture
To Gulangyu Ferry Terminal, take Lujiangding-Fujian Road-Lujiao Road-Fuxing Road and turn to Zhangzhou Road, which is the preferred route; Second, transfer from Huangyan Road to the top of Bijiashan Mountain to Anhai Road-Gu Xin Road. These two routes can see Gulangyu's representative European architecture.
The British consulates built in 1844 and 1870 have been demolished, and the new buildings have lost their original charm. When crossing them, we can only make a historical review. Passing through the Japanese Consulate with English-like architecture and the Japanese Police Department with Oriental architecture, you can reach the Gothic Catholic Church, whose pointy art is very individual and worth seeing.
Go out of the Catholic Church, turn left, and you will find Rongyuantang, a boutique villa supported by Roman columns and dominated by European style. There is China's architectural thinking on the third floor, which complements the elegant gardens. It's fascinating and worth pondering. Opposite is the "paradise structure on the sea". The five villas have their own characteristics, and the building in the middle and the villas on both sides are the most beautiful. The building in the middle is a traditional rest peak, but the main body is European style, which combines Chinese and western styles, and is quite distinctive, especially the algae well under the middle ridge is more beautiful; Both sides are the combination of Baroque and China classical art, which is also very beautiful.
The octagonal building where Lin Er lives is a southern European building with baroque charm. There are many stories, so we must savor them carefully. Li Qingquan Villa at the foot of Flag Mountain has luxurious and modern buildings and spacious and quiet gardens. This is an ideal home. Don't be fooled by the word "Gu Rong" on the gate. This is a slip of the pen by Gu Rong, because the villa was built under an ancient banyan tree.
Strolling to the west end of Fuxing Road, there are two Victorian-style white villas among green trees and flowers, which are the villas of Bai Dengbi, the founder of Fujian letterpress printing. Although the appearance is old, it still retains the charm of the year, and many characters and stories in the villa are never tired of listening.
After seeing Baijia Villa, I went to Zhangzhou Road to see Lin Yutang and Liao Cuifeng's bride's room. Liao Jia Villa is a qualified old villa in Gulangyu Island. There are many anecdotes about Lin Yutang, a famous literary master in China, which are enough to improve the interest of tourism.
The middle building of Huangjia Garden, once known as "the first villa in China", is an English luxury villa with the charm of Southeast Asia. Look at the lobby decorated with nanmu up and down, and the Italian marble staircase at the back of the lobby worth 6.5438+10,000 yuan, which is amazing enough, not to mention the chic back porch and the specially built rooftop.
Out of the Huangjia Garden, I looked at the forest house with twisted roof all the way, and then I came to the top of Bijia Mountain. On the top of the mountain, there are two villas that used to be "trial courts", but Lin Wenqing Villa, which has become a dangerous house, seems to have the figure of the principal among the vines! To the north are Chuncaotang, Guancai Building and JOE Villa. Chuncaotang is a small building with a combination of Chinese and western styles, which is extremely warm. JOE Villa is eclectic, solemn and elegant. You can still hear the piano of Sister Xu Jia behind the rose-red wall. Guancai Building is the most unique building with a strong Dutch style. The main attractions are rope-like doorposts, the window lintels of musketeers' faces and the third floor of the back arc, which fully shows its architectural artistic beauty.
You can reach the villa from the stone steps on the right side of Guancai Building. There are the most beautiful and largest European gatehouse, baroque facade and flower beds on the transition road, which makes people unforgettable. Then follow the path to Fanpo Building on Anhai Road and the small building in Western Europe. Fanpo Building's colorful costumes have the flavor of Rococo. The "Five Athlete's Foot" promenade is of Southeast Asian style, but its attraction is the stage where Fanpo sings and plays in front of the building and the happy gatehouse where you can see in and out. Don't underestimate the small buildings in western Europe. It's quite old, and it's a work by/kloc-0 in the middle of the 9th century. Architectural modeling, decorative materials, wall painting colors, etc. As always, keep the same color and style. This is a rare Victorian villa. All Europeans who pass by will stop to take pictures as a souvenir and are reluctant to leave. It can be said that it is a treasure in Gulangyu villa.
Along the winding alley, one turn is Yangjiayuan. * * * There are five villas, all of which are quite advanced. Among them, the European windows of "Zhongquan Building" are the most beautiful, and the windowsill, window cover and window lintel are all very artistic. A short glance can leave a deep memory, and its water supply system is unforgettable.
Finally, Bagua Building, the largest villa in the whole drum, is a representative of modern architecture in Xiamen, with unique shape and the most attractive red dome. It is modeled after the stone dome of the oldest Islamic church in the world, and stands proudly on the dome, becoming the symbol of Gulangyu Island and the great ship entering and leaving the port.
Second, arcade architecture.
The arcade, which can be seen everywhere in cities in South China and Southeast Asia, is a major feature of this region and city. During the period of 1920, the Xiamen Municipal Council took arcade as the main form of the market when planning and building the new urban area in Xiamen.
These businesses facing the street, their commercial storefronts are connected with arcades, people live upstairs, and household, business and public services are integrated. By 1932, the new urban area has been built with four horizontal (Kaiyuan Road, Datong Road, Siming West Road, Zhongshan Road) and one vertical (Siming North and South Road) as the framework. This framework was not broken until 1980 Xiamen became a special economic zone. The arcade has served the people of Xiamen for sixty years, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts of Xiamen people. Nowadays, although the urban area of Xiamen has expanded several times, the new urban area has become an "old city", and there is no arcade market in the newly-built urban area, people still miss the arcade because it has brought too much warmth and benefits to people's lives, and it is difficult to give it up!
Go downstairs by car, find an acquaintance, set up a small coffee table on the spot, make tea, chat and talk about many people and things in Gulangyu villa. At the moment, people are far away, warm and natural, which shows Xiamen's geographical and cultural advantages, which can't be seen and can't be seen in the northern market. After drinking three rounds of oolong tea, I was so tired that I walked back to my residence lightly.
All the shops walking in the arcade are open to you, choose at will, make a deal if you agree, and turn away if you don't agree, forming a casual tacit understanding. No one gossips about you, which shows the mutual trust between people.
In rainy season, the arcade provides shelter for pedestrians; It's sunny in September, and it's the arcade that blocks the sunshine and summer heat for pedestrians. In the 1950s, Chiang Kai-shek flew in every day and fired a string of guns from time to time, and the next "egg" left. Clever Xiamen people connected the pillars of the arcade to build a parapet, and the "five beriberi" became a "wide trench". Businessmen still do business, pedestrians still bargain, and arcade has become a safe haven.
Today's arcade is still prosperous and warm. Sometimes it is still a place for dinner and tea. Friends were eating cakes with tea in their hands, and there was no one around. They still looked at the passers-by in a hurry until the lights came on, stood up and said thank you, tired, and pretended to be very comfortable to shake hands. In the new era, arcades have become places for social interaction and entertainment.
Because of this, many merchants realized the business opportunities of riding downstairs, moved many goods to the upstairs, waved, shouted, applauded and tried them out, and they were all very busy. The commercial atmosphere in The Five Porters is very strong and enduring, which is a landscape of Xiamen today and a feature of an era! Isn't protecting the arcade protecting Xiamen people's mood and culture?
China News Network 2005-12-14:13.
Four architectural styles in Xiamen
Third, red brick houses.
The red brick house is the most beautiful house in China and a treasure left by our ancestors.
Architecture can interpret the historical evolution of a city. When we came to Haicang Management Committee, the first thing we saw was neat and beautiful small high-rise buildings, which made us read the pace of Haicang's development and the wisdom and strength of Haicang people. Because a few years ago, it was the village of Shitang Brigade, with criss-crossing buildings and red brick houses and granite houses scattered in hillside ponds, but now it is straight roads and bustling commercial streets.
With the development of Haicang, we look for its footprints.
We stood in the courtyard of the villa, and we were amazed by the building in front of us. This villa was founded by the Chen family. The scale and artistic remains of the villa are definitely the highest in Fujian. The villa was originally a middle school run by the Chen family. There are three steps in the yard. After the busy agricultural holiday, rural social drama was performed on the stage to wish a bumper harvest. The dado around the stage is inlaid with the most exquisite and huge brick carvings in Fujian, and the carving and splicing of "Hundred Flowers Garden", "Zoo" and splash-ink landscape is a must.
From the Baguamen, the corridor and the back garden, although the octagonal pavilion in the lotus core no longer exists, standing in the core, we can completely see the norms and regulations of the family community in rural villages in China: family, religion and sacrifice. Most rural villages have a good living environment, educational places and ancestral halls, which are coordinated according to their respective positions. Living in the east, education in the south, ancestral temple in the west, surrounded by a lotus in full bloom, is really an ideal paradise (lotus crypt, beautiful in all directions). Home is a red brick house, with three hyperbolic swallowtails and saddle protection, which is particularly comfortable under the blue sky and white clouds and among the clear water and grass. Li Antang middle school has a quiet environment and is a good place to study. Jiamiao is a red brick house, where the Chen family worships their ancestors. The clever combination of the three, each with its own positioning and ingenious conception, made the audience enjoy themselves.
With a good impression of Lotus Island, we came to Niigata.
Xin Kun used to be named Xinjiang. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the people of the Central Plains migrated to avoid the war, and chose the waterfront of Maluan Bay to live in the treasure house of Cai Jianwei Mountain. They work hard and start businesses, and some of them go abroad to make a living. Thousands of years later, talented people came forth in large numbers. Until liberation, about 200 households with more than 500 red brick houses were formed. There are all kinds of homes, education and ancestral halls in the village, as well as their own commercial streets to protect the safety of the villagers. No matter where you go to the east, south, west and north of the village, you will be attracted by the well-preserved swallowtail and the stable and thick saddle roof, and impressed by the red brick houses created here by hardworking and brave ancestors.
There are too many red brick buildings in the new caves to finish, but as long as you have seen the Sanjin Courtyard built by Qiu Xin, a salt merchant in Myanmar, the large-scale Big Six Regulations, the Sanjin Building of Qiu Huizuo Ruiming's family, the double-protection building of Xingzhou Qieyuan, and the ancestral temple Yigutang built in the Ming Dynasty.
The newly-built red brick residential area is unique in the whole province, which contains profound architectural art and culture art. Walking in the alley, you can see many beautiful views of dovetail ridges under the blue sky that you can never see in the city, and you can see the ingenious combination of various brick-laying techniques and masonry created by craftsmen. Moreover, you can see the Sun Moon Well and the Dragon Tiger Well between Sanhe Courtyard, Siheyuan, Muxing Courtyard and Hucuo, especially the flowers are rich and auspicious, and you can live a long life. As well as exquisite and dazzling gold-plated, gilded, decorative wood carvings, hanging waterfalls, shrines, archways, sparrows, beams, moon plates, lids, as well as countless hand-carved stone carving techniques, platforms and dado feet, propped up the whole red brick residence.
It can be said that a trip to Haicang and Xinyi is definitely an advanced artistic enjoyment. If you are not enough, then further explore the stories of these red brick homeowners and appreciate the philosophy of life from their hardships in starting a business, so as to smooth the defects of the soul and promote the perfection of thinking.
Fourth, "Jiageng style" architecture
"Jiageng Style" architecture is mainly concentrated in Jimei and Xiamen University.
During his 22 years in Nanyang, Mr. Chen Jiageng personally experienced the bullying and oppression of imperialist colonialists, tasted the arrogance of foreigners, and was deeply traumatized. When he has the capital to resist the colonists, it will naturally be reflected in his behavior. Starting from 1920, he invented and created the swallow-tailed ridge in southern Fujian, Ma 'anling and the traditional rest peak in China, and put them on western buildings to show the self-esteem of China people. His pent-up emotions were vented, and he gained a sense of pride. This is the psychological characteristics of the "Jiageng style" building of "wearing a suit and hat". This is unique in Xiamen and no one has crossed it so far.
The architecture of "Jiageng style" is beautiful at close range, more beautiful at a distance and more beautiful at a distance. You might as well rest on the south bank of Longzhou Pool, choose a broad perspective, sit leisurely under Casuarina, and look at the Daonan Building and Nanxun Building on the other side, just like the most beautiful beauty in the beauty group, shining under the blue sky, and the reflection in the pool is like a lotus flower in the water. With the ripples of egrets, the shadows of buildings are like countless colorful exercises dancing in the water, which is indescribable and better than Yaochi Wonderland!
Looking south, Mr. Wang decorated the oblique peak with the Liberation Monument, standing proudly in the sea and sky, magnificent. I'm afraid this is the only monument in China.
Approaching the south road building, zero-distance contact, corners, columns and feelings everywhere show Mr. Chen's unique thinking. He used Xiamen's colorful granite to bring the ancient technology of brick-out and stone-in to the extreme. You see, the matching of corners, the splicing of tubes and the fancy walls show the unparalleled beauty of granite. After half a century, who can surpass? When you can't help touching these handicrafts, you suddenly feel respect for your husband and the infinite charm of the "Jiageng style" architecture, and you are reluctant to leave.
Walking west along Qixingchi Lake, I came to the overseas Chinese tutorial school (formerly the water conservancy business department), only to see the green glass and the red tile roof connected together. The green glass is deep and steady, and the red tile (Jiageng tile) is bright and cheerful, which sets each other off. Against the backdrop of Xiamen Bridge, it seems that I touched its historical rings, and my thoughts flew away with the vehicles on the bridge!
In particular, the six dovetail ridges on the top of the green glazed tile extending into the blue sky do not mean that Mr. Chen dares to be the first in the world? Look at the red brick buildings in Xiamen, Minnan and Taiwan Province provinces. There are only two or four swallowtails, but the building built by Teacher Chen has six swallowtails, which take off in both directions and are smart and beautiful. From this point of view, Mr. Chen's pioneering spirit is quite worthy of serious consideration and study by future generations!
Walking through every building and street in Jimei School Village, we can always feel the presence of Mr. Chen Jiageng. The precious wealth it left us, whether spiritual or architectural, is so heavy that neither we nor future generations can complete it.