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How did terrestrial animals evolve?
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How did terrestrial animals evolve?

Reward points: 5- 14 days 14 hours before the end of the problem.

I want to write a paper.

Questioner: winged magic man-probation level 1

Answer *** 4

We all know that life on earth originated from the ocean. About 365 million years ago, fish came to land from water, evolved into reptiles, and finally human beings were born. But scientists have never found strong evidence to prove how fish left the ocean to live on land. This is the famous "lost chain" in evolutionary history. In fairy tales, this lost animal has a beautiful name-"Mermaid". However, with the discovery of a strange biological fossil, the great moment when life climbed from the ocean to the land more than 300 million years ago may reappear.

Hard-won five years in the treasure house of fossils.

From 65438 to 0999, Bin Shu and Da Shule led an archaeological team to Ellesmore Island.

Get inspiration from geography books

They were attracted by the description of the rich Devonian rocks on Ellesmore Island in a geography book.

In Devonian, Ellesmore Island was located near the equator of the earth with a warm climate. Because the local Devonian rocks are well preserved, not destroyed by human civilization and not covered by vegetation, it is easier to find fossils. However, where fossils are everywhere, paleontologists have failed to find the fossils they need for several years. Until 2004, they finally made a major discovery, and found several well-preserved fish fossils in a quarry. This is "Tick Taleq".

That's the world where fish eat fish.

"There are all kinds of carnivores there-big and small-'Tick Taleq' is one of the best carnivores," Bin Shu said. "This is a world where fish eat fish. Fish are either big with sharp teeth or small, but they are wearing armor." Paleontologists immediately realized that they had found what they dreamed of. Tick Taleq may be a kind of fish, but it has obvious characteristics of terrestrial animals. Its head is suitable for lifting, and it may even breathe with its lungs.

"What is even more surprising is that its sternum is connected with fins, just like the limbs of a quadruped. You can feel it walking around on the ground. " A vertebrate paleontologist said.

Equatorial big fish sleep in the North Pole.

According to American media reports on the 5th, a scientific investigation team led by Neil Bin Shu, a professor of paleontology at the University of Chicago, and Edward Dashule, a professor at the American Academy of Natural Sciences, found several well-preserved fish bones in Ellesmore Island, 966 kilometers from the North Pole in the Canadian Arctic Circle.

The longest of these bone fossils is 3 meters, belonging to an unknown ancient creature. Scientists believe that this ancient creature lived in a river near the equator 375 million years ago, and then the land near the equator drifted to the northernmost part of the earth because of plate movement, and it was buried here.

It's called "big shallow water fish"

This ancient creature has the characteristics of fish, with fins and scales, and its body shape is similar to that of fish. However, after careful examination, scientists found that it also has the characteristics of land creatures. The fin growing from the chest is composed of bones, similar to the forearm of primitive terrestrial animals, with toes, wrists, elbows and shoulders, which makes it possible to climb to the shore by simple stretching action or crawl on the riverbed by bending the forearm.

It also has a flat head, like a crocodile now, and sharp teeth on its skull, which proves that it is a carnivore. Its head is supported by its neck, so it can rotate freely. If an animal is out of water for a long time, it needs a strong neck so that its head can turn freely. The eyes are located on the top of the head and are the starting point of the neck. In addition, it has ribs and other characteristics similar to quadrupeds.

Scientists believe that this newly discovered creature belongs to the "intermediate animal" in the transition from aquatic animals to terrestrial animals, and is the ancestor of amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals and humans, and named it "Taleq", which means "big shallow water fish" in Inuit.

It is a fish and a terrestrial animal.

In addition to being an important evidence of the transition from fish to quadrupeds in the theory of biological evolution, scientists believe that "Tick Taleq" strongly refutes the religious creationism. Previously, the lack of some key transitional organisms weakened the credibility of Darwin's theory of evolution.

"This is a fish, but it unexpectedly combines the characteristics of land animals," said Professor Bin Shu. "This kind of animal represents the transition from aquatic animals to land animals, and we humans also belong to land animals. Sometimes we call it Bigfoot Fish. "

Bin Shu and Dashule published their findings in the journal Nature published on the 5th. They believed that the tick Taleq was the "intermediary" between ichthyosaurs and spiny salamanders. Palm fin fish is a kind of fish that lived about 385 million years ago, and ichthyosaur is the earliest known quadruped that lived on land on earth, and its history can be traced back to about 365 million years ago. And the evolutionary species between the two has always been blank.

Tick Taleq is scheduled to be exhibited at the Science Museum in London, England from April 6th to early May. The team plans to bring back more fossils from Ellesmore Island in July this year.

Extraordinary significance

"comparable to the discovery of archaeopteryx"

The paleontology community generally holds a highly positive attitude towards this discovery. Dr Andrew Milner, a paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History, said that it is really unusual to find such well-preserved animal fossils. He said: "These fossils are surprising because they include an almost complete skeleton, which enables scientists to understand the evolution of animals."

The Rosetta Stone in Paleontology

Professor Bin Shu's academic rivals, Professor Eric Amberg of Uppsala University in Sweden and Professor Jennifer Clark of Cambridge University in England, wrote that before this, scientists had also found fossils of several transitional fishes living in the late Devonian, but this "Bigfoot Fish" is obviously a "connecting link" between "fish and land quadrupeds" and a "transitional form". So this discovery can be compared with the discovery of archaeopteryx to some extent.

Richard Ryan, head of the Institute of Paleontology of the Swedish National Science Foundation, said that this discovery can be said to be the "Rosetta Stone" of paleontology (1799, a stone tablet excavated by French soldiers while digging trenches in Egypt, deciphering the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphics). "It is fossils that blur the difference between two life forms (aquatic animals and land animals) and let us understand the milestone in the history of biological evolution-starting with swimming.

"Transitional Form" Counterattacks "Creationism"

Scholars believe that this discovery is of great significance for demonstrating Darwin's theory of evolution. "Transitional forms" (or "intermediate animals") are the core of evolution, because they accurately show that one animal can mutate into another. For a long time, the most powerful weapon for conservative creationists to attack evolution theory is that scientists can't find "transitional form" fossils to prove species evolution. They believe that there are many more fossils now than in Darwin's time, but many animals seem to have formed themselves, and there is no "transitional form" between them. So they insist that the world was created by God, and the so-called "evolution" basis does not exist.

In order to counter creationism, paleontologists have been trying to find various "transitional forms" of fossils. However, because the "transitional form" only exists in a short transitional period, there are few types and quantities. In fact, for many years, only one animal was considered as a "transitional form"-Archaeopteryx, which marked the transition from dinosaurs to birds.

dawn

A brief history of evolution: how do we grow feet?

-A journey of discovery from fish to man

There are too many wonderful stories about life on earth, one of which is about how we humans got our feet. Scientists believe that a long time ago, a fish landed on land, grew feet and began to walk-this is one of the most important events in the history of life, because that fish is the ancestor of all quadrupeds (including humans).

But how this fish grows feet is one of the biggest mysteries and a big challenge to the theory of evolution. Darwin, the founder of the theory of evolution, said that the answer lies in a pile of rocks, and somewhere, some fossils can be found, which explains everything. Unfortunately, there are too few paleontological fossils.

Looking for Devonian "lost fossils"

As a result, paleontologists have traveled all over the world, and the question of "how did humans grow feet" has become the pursuit of "lost fossils". They need two kinds of fossils: one is the first quadruped that walked on land; The second is the fossil of the fish that first grew feet. Find these two fossils and compare them to know the process of fish growing feet.

Their eyes were fixed on the Devonian. Before Devonian, there were no walking animals on the land, but after Devonian, the land was full of walking animals, so the evolution of limbs must have happened at that time.

Big discovery: ichthyosaur and palm fin fish

Fossils of that fish don't seem hard to find. By the end of 19, scientists found that the fin of the palm fin fish living in Devonian had all the leg bone structures except the feet and toes. They believe that the cruel Devonian sun dried up the pond day by day, and some palm-fin fish had to drag their fins to "walk" on land in search of deep water. In this process, their fins become limbs, grow feet and toes, and start walking. In this way, they became quadrupeds-our ancestors.

In order to prove this theory, scientists began to look for the earliest tetrapod fossils that landed on land. In 1930s, a group of Swedish scientists visited Greenland for this purpose. On this trip, the taciturn Eric Jarvik discovered ichthyosaur fossils. It took him decades to complete the analysis of this ancient creature, proved that ichthyosaur had fingers and toes, and concluded that it evolved into the earliest quadruped ichthyosaur when it struggled to land with its fins.

Transitional form: the core of evolution theory

However, it was soon pointed out that ichthyosaurs did not evolve directly from palm fin fish. Ichthyosaur is a fully formed quadruped, and the palm fin fish is still a fish despite its leg bones. Therefore, it is necessary to find an "intermediate animal" that can explain that the transformation from fish to quadruped did happen. This animal can walk, half like a fish, which is what Darwin called "transitional form".

"Transitional form" is the core of evolution theory, and the fossils of "transitional form" are also the most important fossils in species evolution, but also the rarest. They only live in a short transition period, and the number is very small. In fact, for many years, only one animal was considered as a "transitional form"-Archaeopteryx.

In the following decades, scientists discovered some Devonian quadruped fossils, and found that the theory of drought evolution could not be established through "geological archaeology". In fact, at the end of Devonian, the earth's surface has become extremely wet and swamps can be seen everywhere. The quadruped's limbs are not used for walking, but for moving between wetlands.

Find a delicate jawbone fossil

But the mystery remains unanswered: Has the transition from fish to quadruped ever happened? If so, where is the "transitional form" of half fish and half foot? Therefore, paleontologists began to look for "transitional form" fossils. Only by finding this "missing link" can we refute the "creationism"

In 2000, a young biologist, Abago, randomly sampled fossils from a museum in Latvia, Eastern Europe. In a drawer that hasn't been moved for 30 years, Abag found a jaw fossil that had never been seen before and was only a few centimeters long. Through comparative analysis, he thinks this is a "transitional form" between fish and quadrupeds. The proof method is to input the anatomical features that can distinguish fish from quadrupeds into the computer. Abog found that the jawbone of palm fin fish was on one side, the jaw of Devonian quadruped was on the other side, and the jaw of Latvian animal fossil was in the middle. Although it is the only evidence, it proves that the evolution of fish to quadrupeds did happen.

Interviewee: ml 373 1 17- trainee magician level 2 9-3 10:48.

At first, vertebrates lived in water. What made primitive fish climb to land for the first time? Recently, scientists in Canada put forward a new view that primitive fish first came to land to bask in the sun and gain energy so that they could move faster when preying on prey in the water.

During the Devonian period about 365 million years ago, a group of primitive fish living in tropical swamps climbed onto the land and started a new life. This is a milestone in the history of evolution. All terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, evolved from these fish. Many explanations have been put forward for the reasons why fish come ashore, such as avoiding predators or looking for stranded fish as food. According to the new issue of New Scientist magazine, scientists from McGill University in Canada suggest that fish go ashore to bask in the sun so that they can hunt more effectively when they return to the water.

For those primitive fish, this is really a brave and romantic idea-in order to make their cold-blooded activities in tropical swamps more agile, they not only stick their heads out of the water, but also go ashore naked. What a spectacular scene! On the edge of the endless swamp, there are countless delicate celestial bodies for fish, which is absolutely safe in theory: since birds and land animals are all evolved from fish, it is impossible for fish to have natural enemies on the earth and in the sky when they first come ashore to bask in the sun-of course, if you insist that there are aliens to catch fish, I can't refute you.

Of course, this is just one of the possible hypotheses. Science allows hypotheses as long as they can be proved to be true. If you allow the hypothesis, I think dried grilled fish may have evolved in this way.

Defendant: agg gad- probation period 1 grade 9-3 10:57.

Li hai

Responder: small quark-auxiliary third-order 9-311:11.

Fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals

bird

Respondent: Chopin fun- probation period level 1 9-3 1 1: 13.

I also come to answer:

Answer will get 2 points, if the answer is accepted, you will get bonus points and 20 points. Integral rule

The number of words to answer is within 10000 words.

References:

If your answer is quoted from other places, please indicate the source.

Anonymous answer

123456789ZAQXS Magic Apprentice Level 1 (39) | My Question | My Answer | Personal Center | After exiting the information page, post an encyclopedia to help you know MP3 pictures.

Baidu knows > education/science >; Natural science is about to expire.

& lt& lt entomology >> How to write reading notes?

Difference between tee joint and tee joint

Tsp problem description problem!

Sag 471(OSI specialties) Sag 471is a/granule/microparticle/dry powdery substance.

VMD value of pesticide droplets

More >>

Subscribe to this question

Do you want to show the Q&A on Baidu Know on your website? Come and get the free code!

-

If you want to complain or make suggestions, please visit.

Baidu knows about the complaint, right? Feedback. remain to be solved

How did terrestrial animals evolve?

Reward points: 5- 14 days 14 hours before the end of the problem.

I want to write a paper.

Questioner: winged magic man-probation level 1

Answer *** 4

We all know that life on earth originated from the ocean. About 365 million years ago, fish came to land from water, evolved into reptiles, and finally human beings were born. But scientists have never found strong evidence to prove how fish left the ocean to live on land. This is the famous "lost chain" in evolutionary history. In fairy tales, this lost animal has a beautiful name-"Mermaid". However, with the discovery of a strange biological fossil, the great moment when life climbed from the ocean to the land more than 300 million years ago may reappear.

Hard-won five years in the treasure house of fossils.

From 65438 to 0999, Bin Shu and Da Shule led an archaeological team to Ellesmore Island.

Get inspiration from geography books

They were attracted by the description of the rich Devonian rocks on Ellesmore Island in a geography book.

In Devonian, Ellesmore Island was located near the equator of the earth with a warm climate. Because the local Devonian rocks are well preserved, not destroyed by human civilization and not covered by vegetation, it is easier to find fossils. However, where fossils are everywhere, paleontologists have failed to find the fossils they need for several years. Until 2004, they finally made a major discovery, and found several well-preserved fish fossils in a quarry. This is "Tick Taleq".

That's the world where fish eat fish.

"There are all kinds of carnivores there-big and small-'Tick Taleq' is one of the best carnivores," Bin Shu said. "This is a world where fish eat fish. Fish are either big with sharp teeth or small, but they are wearing armor." Paleontologists immediately realized that they had found what they dreamed of. Tick Taleq may be a kind of fish, but it has obvious characteristics of terrestrial animals. Its head is suitable for lifting, and it may even breathe with its lungs.

"What is even more surprising is that its sternum is connected with fins, just like the limbs of a quadruped. You can feel it walking around on the ground. " A vertebrate paleontologist said.

Equatorial big fish sleep in the North Pole.

According to American media reports on the 5th, a scientific investigation team led by Neil Bin Shu, a professor of paleontology at the University of Chicago, and Edward Dashule, a professor at the American Academy of Natural Sciences, found several well-preserved fish bones in Ellesmore Island, 966 kilometers from the North Pole in the Canadian Arctic Circle.

The longest of these bone fossils is 3 meters, belonging to an unknown ancient creature. Scientists believe that this ancient creature lived in a river near the equator 375 million years ago, and then the land near the equator drifted to the northernmost part of the earth because of plate movement, and it was buried here.

It's called "big shallow water fish"

This ancient creature has the characteristics of fish, with fins and scales, and its body shape is similar to that of fish. However, after careful examination, scientists found that it also has the characteristics of land creatures. The fin growing from the chest is composed of bones, similar to the forearm of primitive terrestrial animals, with toes, wrists, elbows and shoulders, which makes it possible to climb to the shore by simple stretching action or crawl on the riverbed by bending the forearm.

It also has a flat head, like a crocodile now, and sharp teeth on its skull, which proves that it is a carnivore. Its head is supported by its neck, so it can rotate freely. If an animal is out of water for a long time, it needs a strong neck so that its head can turn freely. The eyes are located on the top of the head and are the starting point of the neck. In addition, it has ribs and other characteristics similar to quadrupeds.

Scientists believe that this newly discovered creature belongs to the "intermediate animal" in the transition from aquatic animals to terrestrial animals, and is the ancestor of amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals and humans, and named it "Taleq", which means "big shallow water fish" in Inuit.

It is a fish and a terrestrial animal.

In addition to being an important evidence of the transition from fish to quadrupeds in the theory of biological evolution, scientists believe that "Tick Taleq" strongly refutes the religious creationism. Previously, the lack of some key transitional organisms weakened the credibility of Darwin's theory of evolution.

"This is a fish, but it unexpectedly combines the characteristics of land animals," said Professor Bin Shu. "This kind of animal represents the transition from aquatic animals to land animals, and we humans also belong to land animals. Sometimes we call it Bigfoot Fish. "

Bin Shu and Dashule published their findings in the journal Nature published on the 5th. They believed that the tick Taleq was the "intermediary" between ichthyosaurs and spiny salamanders. Palm fin fish is a kind of fish that lived about 385 million years ago, and ichthyosaur is the earliest known quadruped that lived on land on earth, and its history can be traced back to about 365 million years ago. And the evolutionary species between the two has always been blank.

Tick Taleq is scheduled to be exhibited at the Science Museum in London, England from April 6th to early May. The team plans to bring back more fossils from Ellesmore Island in July this year.

Extraordinary significance

"comparable to the discovery of archaeopteryx"

The paleontology community generally holds a highly positive attitude towards this discovery. Dr Andrew Milner, a paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History, said that it is really unusual to find such well-preserved animal fossils. He said: "These fossils are surprising because they include an almost complete skeleton, which enables scientists to understand the evolution of animals."

The Rosetta Stone in Paleontology

Professor Bin Shu's academic rivals, Professor Eric Amberg of Uppsala University in Sweden and Professor Jennifer Clark of Cambridge University in England, wrote that before this, scientists had also found fossils of several transitional fishes living in the late Devonian, but this "Bigfoot Fish" is obviously a "connecting link" between "fish and land quadrupeds" and a "transitional form". So this discovery can be compared with the discovery of archaeopteryx to some extent.

Richard Ryan, head of the Institute of Paleontology of the Swedish National Science Foundation, said that this discovery can be said to be the "Rosetta Stone" of paleontology (1799, a stone tablet excavated by French soldiers while digging trenches in Egypt, deciphering the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphics). "It is fossils that blur the difference between two life forms (aquatic animals and land animals) and let us understand the milestone in the history of biological evolution-starting with swimming.

"Transitional Form" Counterattacks "Creationism"

Scholars believe that this discovery is of great significance for demonstrating Darwin's theory of evolution. "Transitional forms" (or "intermediate animals") are the core of evolution, because they accurately show that one animal can mutate into another. For a long time, the most powerful weapon for conservative creationists to attack evolution theory is that scientists can't find "transitional form" fossils to prove species evolution. They believe that there are many more fossils now than in Darwin's time, but many animals seem to have formed themselves, and there is no "transitional form" between them. So they insist that the world was created by God, and the so-called "evolution" basis does not exist.

In order to counter creationism, paleontologists have been trying to find various "transitional forms" of fossils. However, because the "transitional form" only exists in a short transitional period, there are few types and quantities. In fact, for many years, only one animal was considered as a "transitional form"-Archaeopteryx, which marked the transition from dinosaurs to birds.

dawn

A brief history of evolution: how do we grow feet?

-A journey of discovery from fish to man

There are too many wonderful stories about life on earth, one of which is about how we humans got our feet. Scientists believe that a long time ago, a fish landed on land, grew feet and began to walk-this is one of the most important events in the history of life, because that fish is the ancestor of all quadrupeds (including humans).

But how this fish grows feet is one of the biggest mysteries and a big challenge to the theory of evolution. Darwin, the founder of the theory of evolution, said that the answer lies in a pile of rocks, and somewhere, some fossils can be found, which explains everything. Unfortunately, there are too few paleontological fossils.

Looking for Devonian "lost fossils"

As a result, paleontologists have traveled all over the world, and the question of "how did humans grow feet" has become the pursuit of "lost fossils". They need two kinds of fossils: one is the first quadruped that walked on land; The second is the fossil of the fish that first grew feet. Find these two fossils and compare them to know the process of fish growing feet.

Their eyes were fixed on the Devonian. Before Devonian, there were no walking animals on the land, but after Devonian, the land was full of walking animals, so the evolution of limbs must have happened at that time.

Big discovery: ichthyosaur and palm fin fish

Fossils of that fish don't seem hard to find. By the end of 19, scientists found that the fin of the palm fin fish living in Devonian had all the leg bone structures except the feet and toes. They believe that the cruel Devonian sun dried up the pond day by day, and some palm-fin fish had to drag their fins to "walk" on land in search of deep water. In this process, their fins become limbs, grow feet and toes, and start walking. In this way, they became quadrupeds-our ancestors.

In order to prove this theory, scientists began to look for the earliest tetrapod fossils that landed on land. In 1930s, a group of Swedish scientists visited Greenland for this purpose. On this trip, the taciturn Eric Jarvik discovered ichthyosaur fossils. It took him decades to complete the analysis of this ancient creature, proved that ichthyosaur had fingers and toes, and concluded that it evolved into the earliest quadruped ichthyosaur when it struggled to land with its fins.

Transitional form: the core of evolution theory

However, it was soon pointed out that ichthyosaurs did not evolve directly from palm fin fish. Ichthyosaur is a fully formed quadruped, and the palm fin fish is still a fish despite its leg bones. Therefore, it is necessary to find an "intermediate animal" that can explain that the transformation from fish to quadruped did happen. This animal can walk, half like a fish, which is what Darwin called "transitional form".

"Transitional form" is the core of evolution theory, and the fossils of "transitional form" are also the most important fossils in species evolution, but also the rarest. They only live in a short transition period, and the number is very small. In fact, for many years, only one animal was considered as a "transitional form"-Archaeopteryx.

In the following decades, scientists discovered some Devonian quadruped fossils, and found that the theory of drought evolution could not be established through "geological archaeology". In fact, at the end of Devonian, the earth's surface has become extremely wet and swamps can be seen everywhere. The quadruped's limbs are not used for walking, but for moving between wetlands.

Find a delicate jawbone fossil

But the mystery remains unanswered: Has the transition from fish to quadruped ever happened? If so, where is the "transitional form" of half fish and half foot? Therefore, paleontologists began to look for "transitional form" fossils. Only by finding this "missing link" can we refute the "creationism"

In 2000, a young biologist, Abago, randomly sampled fossils from a museum in Latvia, Eastern Europe. In a drawer that hasn't been moved for 30 years, Abag found a jaw fossil that had never been seen before and was only a few centimeters long. Through comparative analysis, he thinks this is a "transitional form" between fish and quadrupeds. The proof method is to input the anatomical features that can distinguish fish from quadrupeds into the computer. Abog found that the jawbone of palm fin fish was on one side, the jaw of Devonian quadruped was on the other side, and the jaw of Latvian animal fossil was in the middle. Although it is the only evidence, it proves that the evolution of fish to quadrupeds did happen.

Interviewee: ml 373 1 17- trainee magician level 2 9-3 10:48.

At first, vertebrates lived in water. What made primitive fish climb to land for the first time? Recently, scientists in Canada put forward a new view that primitive fish first came to land to bask in the sun and gain energy so that they could move faster when preying on prey in the water.

During the Devonian period about 365 million years ago, a group of primitive fish living in tropical swamps climbed onto the land and started a new life. This is a milestone in the history of evolution. All terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, evolved from these fish. Many explanations have been put forward for the reasons why fish come ashore, such as avoiding predators or looking for stranded fish as food. According to the new issue of New Scientist magazine, scientists from McGill University in Canada suggest that fish go ashore to bask in the sun so that they can hunt more effectively when they return to the water.

For those primitive fish, this is really a brave and romantic idea-in order to make their cold-blooded activities in tropical swamps more agile, they not only stick their heads out of the water, but also go ashore naked. What a spectacular scene! On the edge of the endless swamp, there are countless delicate celestial bodies for fish, which is absolutely safe in theory: since birds and land animals are all evolved from fish, it is impossible for fish to have natural enemies on the earth and in the sky when they first come ashore to bask in the sun-of course, if you insist that there are aliens to catch fish, I can't refute you.

Of course, this is just one of the possible hypotheses. Science allows hypotheses as long as they can be proved to be true. If you allow the hypothesis, I think dried grilled fish may have evolved in this way.

Defendant: agg gad- probation period 1 grade 9-3 10:57.

Li hai

Responder: small quark-auxiliary third-order 9-311:11.

Fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals

bird

Respondent: Chopin fun- probation period level 1 9-3 1 1: 13.

I also come to answer:

Answer will get 2 points, if the answer is accepted, you will get bonus points and 20 points. Integral rule

The number of words to answer is within 10000 words.

References:

If your answer is quoted from other places, please indicate the source.

Anonymous answer

Baidu in 2006

Baidu in 2006