German Industry 4.0 has a great impact on the world, which indicates that the world has accelerated into the era of intelligent economy with intelligent manufacturing as the core. German Industry 4.0 and the popular formulation of the third industrial revolution in the United States, as well as the fifth industrial revolution mentioned by some scholars, are revolutionary breakthroughs based on information technology, reflecting the development trend of digitalization, informationization, intelligence and networking of industrial economy. This paper focuses on the analysis of the main characteristics of German Industry 4.0 strategy, and compares it with Made in China 2025, and draws some important enlightenment.
Main features of German Industry 4.0
German Industry 4.0 can be summarized as: one core, two emphases, three integrations, four characteristics and six measures. One core: Internet processing industry, which widely and deeply applies information physics fusion system (CPS) to manufacturing industry, builds intelligent factories and realizes intelligent manufacturing. Two key points: leading the supplier strategy and becoming the main supplier of "intelligent production" equipment; Lead the market strategy, design and implement a comprehensive knowledge and technology transformation plan, and lead the market development. Three major integrations: vertical integration within enterprises that can be flexibly reorganized, horizontal integration of value chains among enterprises, and digital integration of end-to-end engineering of the whole social value chain (deployment of centralized control system for ERP, MES and SFC workshops). Four characteristics: the output can be adjusted and self-adjusted to cope with different situations; Products can be identified and can be distinguished at any time; The demand is flexible, and the design, structure, planning, production and operation can be changed according to the temporary demand changes, and there is still room for profit; Fourth, the process can be monitored, and the whole process of business model can be monitored in real time. Six measures: realizing technical standardization and opening up the standard reference system; Establish a complex model management system; Establish a comprehensive industrial broadband infrastructure; Establish safety guarantee mechanism and rules and regulations; Innovative work organization and design methods; Strengthen training and continuing vocational education.
Comparing German Industry 4.0 with the global scope and historical background, we can see that German Industry 4.0 has the following five important characteristics.
1. Basic. It is related to Germany's overall development strategy, giving full play to its advantages and coping with the overall challenges. Germany is a country that attaches great importance to development strategic planning. Especially since the beginning of 2 1 century, it has been committed to establishing an inter-departmental high-tech strategic coordination mechanism and formulating Germany's national innovation and development strategy. In 2006. The German government formulated the "High-tech Strategy", and released the report "German High-tech Strategy 2020" in July 20 10/165438 10. In October, the German government specifically put forward German Industry 4.0 as the focus of "German High-tech Strategy 2020". Industry 4.0 is helpful to promote the industrial-scientific research alliance to aim at the medium and long-term scientific and technological development goals, formulate specific innovation strategies and implement road maps, and ensure the leading and leading position of German manufacturing industry, which is the basic strategy to maintain the sustainable development of Germany.
2. Strategic. Related to the competition in the international community, we seek different strategies in similar international strategic thinking. Accelerating the development of advanced manufacturing industry is highly valued not only by Germany, but also by other countries. In fact, as early as 2006, the National Science Foundation (NSF) identified CPS as a key research area. 20 1 1 In March, the European Union announced the "Europe 2020 Strategy" with a budget of 80 billion euros, making it the largest R&D funding plan in the world. Japan has also put forward a similar "industrial intelligence" strategy, focusing on the development of artificial intelligence, service robots and other industries. Germany is well aware of its unfavorable position in the competition in recent years and faces great pressure. Facing the competitive situation, Germany has adopted an inclusive and open strategic strategy, cooperating in competition and competing in cooperation. Germany has formulated a leading supplier strategy and a leading market strategy to support Industry 4.0, focusing on connecting products with appropriate services and developing new business models. This is worth learning from.
3. innovation. Connecting with the history of industrial development, accumulation, inheritance and innovation are organically combined to form high-level innovation. On the one hand, we have fully considered learning from the experience in the early stage of industrialization and inheriting and developing the core values of existing industries. In Germany, general information and communication technology (ICT) still supports 90% of industrial manufacturing processes. Therefore, Industry 4.0 attaches great importance to the traditional advantages of traditional industries and research fields. On the other hand, German Industry 4.0 makes all elements and resources in the manufacturing field form a brand-new social service and real-time guarantee platform through CBS system, which embodies deep innovation. Germany's "Industry 4.0" is a "re-industrialization" strategy. However, unlike the "re-industrialization" of the United States and Japan, the core of Germany's "Industry 4.0" is to use the Internet, the Internet of Things and modular technology to realize the transformation of industrial production mode, which fundamentally changes the phenomenon that production and R&D are out of touch in traditional industries, so that the R&D and upgrading of industrial production technology no longer rely on physical contact, so that Germany can continue to enjoy the advantages of global production while maintaining its own technological R&D advantages. Through new ideas, new strategies and new technologies, Germany has pushed informatization to the qualitative change stage and promoted the new industrial revolution characterized by intelligent manufacturing, Internet, new energy, new materials and modern biology. This is very clever.
4. Forward-looking. Related to future trends, correctly judge the current situation and future trends, and reflect the development law of things. Industry 4.0 is a long-term development strategy; Intelligent economy and intelligent world is a long-term development goal. Between reality and medium-and long-term goals, on the one hand, Germany pays special attention to giving play to its own advantages, and makes a multi-level and multi-angle perspective and description of smart factories, which not only embodies operability, but also reflects foresight, providing theoretical and practical basis for correctly selecting strategic priorities and taking unconventional countermeasures. On the other hand, Germany gives the highest priority to the realization of technical standardization, and first formulates industry standards in an attempt to continue to occupy the commanding heights of global manufacturing. In addition to obtaining actual economic benefits, it is more important to create conditions for the long-term establishment of German manufacturing advantages.
5. marketability. Related to market development needs, adapt to the market, build the market, lead the market and occupy the commanding heights of the market. Germany regards smart factories as a part of the intelligent world, promotes social intelligence with industrial intelligence, provides new generation network infrastructure, advanced communication technology, intelligent control system design, big data analysis methods and other software and hardware for social intelligence, transforms mature industrial solutions into social service solutions, promotes applications in different regions and fields, and builds new market space. In the process of building the market, Germany has established CBS technology and products as the leading market, designed a series of intelligent products according to the needs of different consumers, built an intelligent society, and established brand-new business opportunities and models, which will surely produce immeasurable market value.
Comparison between 2025 and 4.0
In 20 15, based on the analysis of domestic and foreign markets, China followed the objective law of industrial upgrading and transformation, compiled a medium-and long-term ten-year plan, promulgated Made in China 2025, and identified ten key industries, including strategic emerging industries, advanced manufacturing industries, other traditional industries related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and corresponding supply chains and sales networks. Its main line is the deep integration of industrialization and modernization, and its main direction is to promote intelligent manufacturing, mainly in the form of internet plus. "Made in China 2025" and "Industry 4.0" in Germany are both important strategic measures for manufacturing development under the background of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. Comparing the two strategies, we can see that they have their own characteristics, and there are obvious differences in strategic thinking besides the differences in technical basis and industrial basis. German Industry 4.0 has drawn a detailed blueprint for the development of German industry, reflecting the seriousness and rigor peculiar to the German nation, and there are many places worth learning and learning from in strategic thinking, basic research, technical education, policy institutions and measures.
1. Differences in strategic thinking
Comparing German Industry 4.0 with Made in China 2025, an important difference is that German Industry 4.0 strategy is a revolutionary and basic science and technology strategy. Its foothold is not simply to upgrade a few industrial manufacturing technologies, but to change the manufacturing methods at the most basic level, thus achieving a qualitative leap in the development of the whole industry. Therefore, the core content of German Industry 4.0 strategy is not limited to the "quantitative change" on the data level of industrial output value, but pays more attention to the "qualitative change" of industrial production mode. Compared with German Industry 4.0, "Made in China 2025" emphasizes the existing industrial manufacturing level and technology, and realizes the structural change and output increase through the application of "internet plus". This difference is just like "Made in China 2025" seeks to improve and develop the current industrial level and mode of thinking, while Germany seeks to leap from the industrial 3.0 stage to the industrial 4.0 stage and realize "qualitative change". This difference in strategic thinking should be said to reflect the objective conditions and conform to the realistic foundation, but it also shows that Made in China 2025 lacks strategic theoretical depth and technical height, and lacks appeal and influence in the market.
2. Differences in strategic basis
The strategic foundation including basic research, technical education and personnel training is the basic condition for the successful implementation of the strategy. After careful study of German Industry 4.0, we can easily find that the most important factor of this strategy is basic scientific research, and many detailed tasks and goals are based on the theoretical knowledge of "high, precise and cutting-edge". Committed to improving the conditions of basic scientific research in Germany and improving the ability of scientific research and innovation. In contrast, China's basic discipline research is relatively weak, and the ability of scientific research and innovation is not strong, so it is difficult to make a major breakthrough. The root causes are both historical basic conditions and policy factors. In terms of policy support, horizontal research in China is much larger than vertical research in quantity and support, which leads to strong applied research field and weak theoretical research in China. China still lacks experience and conditions in formulating international industry standards. Therefore, it is necessary for us to vigorously strengthen basic research. At the same time, it is necessary for us to adopt an open cooperation policy, actively become an important channel for obtaining advanced network theories and standards, actively carry out international cooperation, and share theories, technologies and markets with developed countries including Germany.
3. Differences in strategic measures
In terms of supporting policies, in order to effectively implement Industry 4.0, Germany pays more attention to the evaluation and adjustment of technology, policy and environment. For example, Germany systematically assessed the possible subversive impact of new technologies on relevant laws, and the shortening of the innovation cycle may lead to frequent updates of relevant rules and regulations, and timely revision of existing rules and regulations that are not conducive to development. Germany pays more attention to building a legal environment supporting Industry 4.0, adjusting relevant laws and regulations such as corporate responsibility, data protection, trade restrictions and password systems in time, cultivating national competition awareness, and paying more attention to reflection and self-adjustment. This is worth learning from.
In terms of coordination agencies, Germany has established a unified government coordination agency, which has established a platform for the fourth industrial revolution. Three professional associations, namely, the German Association for New Media in Information Technology and Communication, the German Federation of Machinery Manufacturing and the German Federation of Electronic Industries, have set up secretariats to formulate road maps for priority themes. In addition to setting up a leading body and strategic advisory committee headed by the State Council, China should also give full play to the role of trade associations and strengthen the construction of industry coordination mechanism.
Enlightenment to China
1. Actively welcome the new era of knowledge economy.
Industry 4.0 will bring about new changes in the interaction between people-technology and people-environment With the help of CPS system, especially Internet plus, people's intelligence can be greatly improved. Intelligence is the ability to turn human wisdom and knowledge into an action. The economy based on the organic integration of human intelligence, computer network and physical world has higher efficiency, which is beyond the reach of traditional industries. Therefore, once intelligence appears, it will replace traditional industries with new structures and forms, forming an "intelligent economy". In the era of intelligent economy, intelligent environmental protection, intelligent building, intelligent transportation, intelligent medical care, etc. Constitute an intelligent economy in different fields; Smart families, smart enterprises, smart cities, smart regions, smart countries and smart worlds constitute different levels of smart society. In the era of knowledge economy, the integrity of global economic integration is more prominent, the internal relations between market entities are closer, and the social and economic system is more open. Intelligent economy characterized by intelligent factories is also likely to be the highest stage of industrial economic development. It can be predicted that the imbalance in the world will become more prominent, the form of competition will change, and the way of global governance will undergo major changes. In this regard, we should be prepared to occupy the commanding heights in development strategy, scientific and technological innovation and humanistic morality and form a good situation.
2. Actively explore the road of industrialization with China characteristics.
China is still a developing country, still in the process of industrialization, backward and advanced coexist, and tradition and modernity coexist. We should actively explore the road of industrialization with China characteristics: combine the promotion of traditional industries with the cultivation of emerging industries; The combination of traditional handicrafts and advanced manufacturing; The first industrialization is combined with the second industrialization; The combination of informationization and industrialization. China may need to promote "Industry 2.0", "Industry 3.0" and "Industry 4.0" at the same time for a considerable period of time, not only to realize the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, but also to realize the leap-forward development of high-end fields, and to establish China's industrial system that conforms to China's reality and reflects the development trend of the world, thus providing a solid and broad foundation for realizing a well-off society in an all-round way and modernization. We should consider both improving labor productivity and solving the employment problem.
3. Correctly understand China's manufacturing industry in the re-industrialization of developed countries.
Under the current international situation, China's manufacturing industry faces three challenges: on the one hand, challenges from high-end. By combining "re-industrialization" with the new industrial revolution, developed countries will further strengthen their long-accumulated advantages in science and technology, information and capital, become the main beneficiaries of the dividends of scientific and technological innovation and industrial revolution, further solidify the "center-periphery" world division of labor system that is not conducive to developing countries, and further widen the distance with China. On the other hand, from the low-end squeeze, developing countries such as India, Vietnam and Indonesia may undertake the transfer of labor-intensive industries with lower labor costs and seize the low-end manufacturing industry. The advantage of China's manufacturing industry in the low-end market is in danger of being lost. On the other hand, it comes from internal difficulties. Generally speaking, China's independent innovation ability is not strong, and the core technology is highly dependent on foreign countries; The manufacturing industry is still at the low-end level of the industry, lacking world-class large enterprises and well-known brands, and accounting for a small share in the high value-added links of the global industrial chain; The industrial structure is not reasonable, the proportion of technology-intensive industries and production-oriented service industries is low, the level of industrial agglomeration and cluster development is not high, and the product quality problem is more prominent; Low resource utilization efficiency and serious environmental protection problems; Low management level and low management efficiency lead to high management cost and seriously affect product competitiveness.
China's manufacturing industry has also ushered in three major opportunities. The first is a new opportunity. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation have formed a historic intersection with China's accelerated transformation of economic development mode, and the pattern of international industrial division of labor has entered a stage of reshaping. There are many gaps in the initial period of new ideas, new technologies and new methods, which to some extent provide a new starting line for the world and an opportunity for China to catch up with development. Followed by new supply and demand. The organic combination of "re-industrialization" in developed countries and the emerging new round of industrial revolution shows us a brand-new production mode, production factors and organizational model which is different from the traditional assembly line and centralized machine mass production, and will certainly create new markets and supply and demand. These are all places where China can give full play to his talents. Third, the "de-industrialization" and "re-industrialization" of developed countries have provided us with lessons. Excessive "de-industrialization" and the development of high-risk and highly leveraged financial services in developed countries have led to the disconnection between the real economy and the virtual economy. China fully draws lessons from the forward-looking policies and measures in the "re-industrialization" development strategy, and promotes structural optimization and upgrading in a focused and differentiated manner according to the characteristics of different types of industries. By breaking through the key links that restrict the upgrading of industrial structure, such as R&D, design, marketing network, brand and supply chain management, it has been completely
To turn challenges into opportunities, it may be necessary to consider the strategic planning pattern of "fighting for both ends and protecting the middle" and establish a modern industrial system with China characteristics. First, focus on outstanding strength, vigorously enhance the ability of integrated innovation, cultivate the original innovation ability, speed up the possession of a number of core key technologies, and strive to occupy a place in some important high-end fields. We have done this in the past, and we should do it in the future, so that we can have a certain voice in international core clubs. One is to continue to strive for a certain share at the low end and strive to create more employment opportunities. It should be upgraded on the basis of long-term bottom. It is unrealistic to upgrade all of them to the high end, and upgrading to the middle end should be our main option. Overcome the dilemma faced by "Made in China" and become an important provider of excellent (mid-range) products and services in domestic and foreign markets.
4. Attach great importance to the organizational changes of enterprises in internet plus.
"internet plus" is an organic combination of science and technology and economy. In the implementation of the "internet plus" strategy, the organizational transformation of enterprises in internet plus is of great significance. As an important subject of the market and the cell of the economy, enterprises should not only use the Internet to strengthen interconnection with the market and promote networked collaborative manufacturing and services, but also strive to enhance endogenous motivation and glow internal vitality. How to use information technology to improve and reconstruct production factors, deepen enterprise organizational changes, innovate production methods, improve asset quality and service functions, and adapt to market demand and changes are issues that affect the overall strategy of Made in China 2025. To answer this question, we first need to correctly understand the relationship between technology and organization. The relationship between technical structure and enterprise organizational structure is a process of mutual promotion and mutual construction. Internet technology, in particular, organizes the relationships of consumers, suppliers, partners and employees in the computer network, making the acquisition, processing, transmission and application of information fast and convenient, which inevitably requires the corresponding adjustment and reform of the production mode, management mode and organizational structure of enterprises. In this case, only by deepening the organizational transformation of enterprises, closely combining Internet technology with enterprise production methods, and forming an effective information communication and feedback mechanism, can we realize the benign interaction between technology and organization, make the development of Internet technology meet the needs of enterprises, and enterprises can become the main force to promote enterprise technological progress.
5. Strengthen the basic work of Made in China 2025.
Our country has some understanding and measures about the importance of basic research, basic training and infrastructure, but it lacks depth, core and soul. A grand strategy, especially one involving a country's long-term development, must have its own systematic and profound theoretical foundation, its own core and key innovative technologies, innovative ideas, talents who dare to take responsibility and have the ability to solve problems.
Although we can narrow the technological gap by learning from western developed countries, if theoretical research can't keep up, we will always fall behind others and lose our real competitiveness. Germany has a lot of valuable experience in basic research and basic training, which is worth learning.
How to strengthen basic research and basic training? We can consider starting with infrastructure construction. Infrastructure construction is also an important part of Made in China 2025. Made in China 2025 must have supporting infrastructure and available corresponding materials. A more in-depth study and analysis of China's manufacturing infrastructure projects can find and solve problems, reflect the innovative research ideas of problem-oriented, strengthen theoretical research in a targeted manner, and provide basic conditions for manufacturing in China. Judging from the current situation, it is necessary to sort out the names of important domestic infrastructures such as broadband Internet infrastructure, high-efficiency and large-capacity data infrastructure, IT infrastructure, unified security framework and unique identifier. On the basis of comparative reference to the corresponding international advanced infrastructure, the theoretical research scheme and engineering construction scheme of China manufacturing infrastructure projects should be formulated item by item to lay a good foundation for Made in China 2025.
It is undeniable that a new wave of industrial revolution is emerging, the prospect of the intelligent world is unfolding, and the horn of fierce competition has sounded. We can't be in a hurry or slow down. The key is to make in-depth judgment, long-term layout and appropriate measures. "Made in China" needs to change from factor-driven to innovation-driven; From low-cost competitive advantage to quality and efficiency competitive advantage; From extensive manufacturing with high resource consumption and high pollutant emission to green manufacturing; Change from production manufacturing to service manufacturing. The core meaning of China's manufacturing industry development strategy should be: to speed up the integration of the new generation of information technology and manufacturing industry as the main line, to improve quality and efficiency as the center, to meet the needs of economic and social development and national defense construction for major technical equipment, to strengthen industrial basic capabilities in an open and cooperative way, to improve the comprehensive integration level, to improve the multi-level talent system, to cultivate China's characteristic manufacturing culture, to promote industrial transformation and upgrading, and to realize the historical leap from large to strong manufacturing industry. It is entirely possible for China to become an important beneficiary of the new industrial revolution and make an important contribution to it.
6. Smart factories should have samples that meet the national conditions.
The "Industry 4.0" strategic plan first put forward by Hannover Messe in 20 13 opened the curtain of the new industrial revolution led by global intelligent manufacturing.
20 15 in the process of becoming a manufacturing power, the government of China drew lessons from "Industry 4.0" and put forward the "Made in China 2025" plan, aiming at achieving comprehensive strength to enter the forefront of the world manufacturing power through three "ten years" efforts. Although "Made in China 2025" is similar to "Industry 4.0", the actual national conditions are quite different. "Industry 4.0" can learn from the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry, but it is difficult to refer to it. "Made in China 2025" must have a reference sample that conforms to the national conditions.
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