Establishing a correct biological viewpoint is one of the important goals of learning biology, and a correct biological viewpoint is a powerful weapon for learning and studying biology. With a correct view of biology, we can learn biological knowledge more quickly and accurately. Therefore, in the study of biology, we should pay attention to the materiality of life, the unity of structure and function, the integrity of life, the unity of opposites of life activities, sustainable and efficient development, biological evolution and ecology.
1. Materiality of life view
Biology is made of matter, and all life activities have their material basis. All living things are composed of dozens of chemical elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, iron and copper. And these dozens of chemical elements can be found in inorganic nature. Organisms can complete all kinds of life activities, and all life activities are realized through certain living substances. Without living matter, there is no life activity.
2. The view that structure and function are unified
The view of the unity of structure and function includes two meanings: first, a certain structure must have corresponding functions; Second, any function needs a certain structure to complete. For example, the epidermis of leaves is five-color transparent, the epidermal cells are closely arranged, and there is a transparent stratum corneum on the outer cell wall. The existence of this structure of epidermis is not only beneficial to the penetration of sunlight, but also can prevent the excessive loss of water in leaves and protect the inside of leaves from external damage; The penetration of sunlight, the prevention of water loss and the protection of tissues in leaves need a certain structure, which is the epidermis.
3. The holistic view of biology
An important idea of system theory is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, which is completely applicable to the field of biology. No matter at cell level, tissue level, organ level, or individual level, even including population level and community level, it embodies the overall characteristics. For example, cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, centrosome, plastid, vacuole and other organelles all have their unique functions, but only by forming a whole-a cell, can the metabolic function be completed. If they leave the whole cell, a single organelle cannot complete its function.
4. The viewpoint of unity of opposites in life activities
There is a certain relationship between many biological activities, and some even have the relationship of unity of opposites. For example, photosynthesis and respiration of plants are a pair of life activities of unity of opposites. The essence of photosynthesis is to synthesize organic matter and store energy; The essence of breathing is to decompose organic matter and release energy. Obviously, the two are opposites. Organic matter decomposed by respiration is the product of photosynthesis. It can be said that without photosynthesis, respiration cannot be carried out. On the other hand, in the process of photosynthesis, the energy needed for the transportation of raw materials and products is also released through respiration. Without respiration, photosynthesis cannot be carried out. Therefore, respiration and photosynthesis are interrelated and interdependent. Only when photosynthesis and respiration coexist can the life activities of plants be carried out normally.
5. The viewpoint of biological evolution
Dialectics holds that everything is in constant movement and change, and everything has a process of emergence, development and extinction. Biology is no exception, and there is also a process of emergence and development. The so-called production is the origin of life, and the so-called development is the evolution of organisms. The origin of life has gone through the process from inorganic small molecular substances to organic small molecular substances, to organic high molecular substances, to the formation of multi-molecular systems, and finally to primitive life. The evolution of organisms follows the laws from simple to complex, from aquatic to terrestrial, and from low to high.
6. Ecological point of view
The basic content of ecological view is the interaction, interdependence and mutual restriction between biology and environment. Biology and environment are an inseparable and unified whole. Environmental problems arise from the development of human society, and the contradiction between human beings and the environment is constantly changing and endless. Human beings must rely on the progress of science and technology and the development of education, gradually update the concept of population, improve the quality of population, rationally develop resources, use resources efficiently, protect ecology, manage the environment, and take a new road of survival and development.
Second, master scientific learning methods.
The quality of learning methods is the key to learning success. In order to achieve the ideal learning effect, we must master scientific and efficient learning methods. Learning methods closely related to learning biology include observation, taking notes, thinking and memory.
1 observation method
The learning process is essentially a cognitive process. The cognitive process begins with perceptual knowledge, which is mainly obtained through observation, so observation is the primary learning method. Observation methods mainly include sequential observation, comparative observation, dynamic observation and observation while thinking.
(1) sequential observation
Sequential observation includes two meanings. Generally speaking, the observation method is to use the naked eye first, then the magnifying glass, and finally the microscope. Microscopic observation is also a low-power lens first, and then a high-power lens. For example, the observation of plant root tips is to observe the young roots with naked eyes, distinguish the four parts of root tips according to color and transparency, then observe the root hairs of root tips with a magnifying glass, and finally observe the longitudinal slices of root tips with a microscope; Understand the cell characteristics of apical area. Generally speaking, from the observation direction, the whole is first followed by the part, from outside to inside, from left to right and so on. For example, to observe a flower, we should first observe the shape and color of the flower as a whole, and then observe the calyx, corolla, stamen and pistil from outside to inside in turn.
(2) Comparative observation
Comparative observation is helpful to grasp the personality and individuality of things quickly, so as to grasp the essence of things. For example, to observe the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts, we must first seek common ground while reserving differences: they all have double-layer membranes, which contain granules, matrix, enzymes, a small amount of DNA and RNA. Then seek differences from the same: the mitochondrial inner membrane folds into a ridge, while the chloroplast inner membrane does not fold inward; Mitochondria have enzymes related to respiration, which are distributed in intima, granules and matrix. However, there are enzymes related to photosynthesis in chloroplasts, which are distributed in grana layer and matrix. Chlorophyll exists in chloroplasts, but not in mitochondria.
(3) Dynamic observation
The observation of living habits, growth process and reproductive development of organisms belongs to dynamic observation. The key to dynamic observation is to grasp the development and change of the observed object. For example, observing the growth of roots, in the process of continuous culture after drawing equidistant ink lines on young roots, the key point is to observe the change of the distance between each ink line, so as to draw the conclusion that roots grow by the apex.
(4) observe while thinking.
Observation is the basis of thinking, and thinking can promote the deepening of observation, which are inseparable. Therefore, we should observe with questions, while thinking and observing. For example, when observing the structure of leaves with a microscope, we should observe and think about the following questions: ① What is the color and arrangement of epidermal cells? ② What are the differences between cells near the upper epidermis and cells near the lower epidermis in shape, arrangement and the number of green particles in mesophyll? ③ What color and shape are venous cells? How are these cells arranged?
2. Method of taking notes
Mr. Lu Xun said: "In any case, as long as you continue to collect information and accumulate it for ten years, you can always become a scholar." Summarizing the experience of many scholars at home and abroad, it can be said that taking notes is a way to become a talent. There are many ways to take notes. In biology learning, there are mainly three kinds: reading notes, listening notes and observation notes.
(1) Reading Notes
If you want to store what you have learned for a long time, extract it at any time and use it freely, you should take reading notes at any time when you are reading. There are mainly the following kinds of reading notes.
(1) Copying notes is divided into full copying and excerpting. When making such notes, you should pay attention to proofreading after copying to avoid mistakes, and then indicate the source for future reference.
(2) Card comments, the content of the card is not limited, and varies from person to person, but generally it should have information category, number, source, author's name, text and other contents. It should be noted that each card should write a content, which should be classified and filed in time or bound into a book.
3 comment notes, that is, the page is empty. Bai Chu wrote down his personal opinions and experiences in the original text.
(4) Symbol notes, that is, symbols are marked between the original texts to deepen the understanding of the original texts. Common symbols are black dot, circle, straight line, curve, double line, dotted line, arrow, box, triangle, exclamation mark, question mark and so on. Two points should be paid attention to when taking notes on symbols: First, the meaning of symbols must be clear and consistent; Second, symbols should not be too dense, otherwise it is difficult to highlight the key points.
(5) Summarize notes, that is, summarize and write the key contents of a book or an article in your own language.
(2) Listening notes
That is, listening to reports, lectures and lectures. The prominent contradiction in taking such notes is that the speed of taking notes can't keep up with the speed of speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of "three notes and three no notes", that is, notes whose key issues and difficulties are not in books; Small problems, understandable points, some of which are not remembered in the book.
(3) Observation records
That is, the records made when observing biological forms and life phenomena inside and outside biology classes. When making such notes, we should pay attention to details, contrast, process changes and grasp the characteristics.
3. Thinking method
Thinking ability is the core of all kinds of abilities, and thinking method is the key to thinking ability, so thinking method occupies a core position in learning methods. The common thinking methods in biology learning include analysis and synthesis, comparison and classification, systematization and concretization, abstraction and generalization.
(1) analytical synthesis method
Analysis is a way of thinking that decomposes a whole knowledge into various parts for investigation, while synthesis is a way of thinking that combines all parts of knowledge into a whole for investigation. Analysis and synthesis are important methods often used in biology learning, and they are closely related and inseparable. If the analysis is not comprehensive, you will only see the trees but not the forest; If we only make a comprehensive analysis, we will see the trees but not the forest. In practical application, we can analyze first and then synthesize, analyze first and then analyze, and synthesize while analyzing.
(2) methods of comparison and classification
Comparison is a way of thinking that compares related knowledge to determine their similarities and differences. Comparison generally follows two ways: one is to find out the similarities between knowledge, that is, to seek common ground in differences; The second is to find out the differences on the basis of finding out the similarities of things, that is, to seek differences from the same.
Classification is a way of thinking that classifies knowledge according to certain standards. There are two kinds of classification methods commonly used in biology learning: one is scientific classification method, that is, from a scientific point of view, according to the essential characteristics of biology; The second is practical classification, that is, from a practical point of view, according to the non-essential attributes of organisms to classify.
Comparison and classification are prerequisites. On the one hand, only by comparing and understanding the similarities and differences of organisms can we classify them. On the other hand, only by classifying organisms can we compare them. Therefore, we should organically combine the two in the process of biology learning.
(3) Specific methods of the system
Systematization is a way of thinking that arranges all kinds of related knowledge in a certain order or system. Systematization is not only the classification of knowledge. Moreover, it is a systematic combing of knowledge to form a relatively complete system. In the process of biology learning, we often use the methods of writing an outline, listing solutions and drawing charts to systematically sort out what we have learned.
Concretization is a way of thinking that applies theoretical knowledge to specific and individual occasions. In biology learning, there are two ways to apply concretization: one is to apply what you have learned to life and production practice, and to analyze and explain some life phenomena; The second is to illustrate the theoretical knowledge of biology with some concrete examples in life.
(4) Abstract and generalized methods
Abstraction is the non-essential category of extracting knowledge. A way of thinking about sex or essential attributes. Abstraction can be divided into two levels: one is the abstraction of non-essential attributes; The second is the abstraction of essential attributes.
Generalization is a way of thinking that links the non-essential attributes or essential attributes of related knowledge. It also has two levels: one is the generalization of non-essential attributes, which is called perceptual generalization; The other is the generalization of essential attributes, which is called rational generalization.
Abstraction and generalization are also prerequisites and complement each other. In the process of learning, we should consciously generalize abstractly, so as to achieve a correct and in-depth grasp of knowledge.
4. Memory method
Memory is the foundation of learning, the storehouse of knowledge, the companion of thinking and the premise of creation. Therefore, according to the characteristics of different knowledge, with appropriate memory methods, learning efficiency and quality can be effectively improved. There are many ways to remember, and the most common one in biology learning is just quoting.
(1) Simplified mnemonic method
That is, by analyzing the teaching materials, find out the main points and simplify the knowledge into regular words to help remember. For example, the molecular structure of DNA can be simplified as "5432 1", that is, five basic elements and four basic units, each unit has three basic substances, and many units form two deoxynucleic acid chains, which become a regular double helix structure.
(2) Associative memory method
That is, according to the content of the textbook, skillfully use association to help memory. For example, remember that the composition of plasma can be associated with food in the kitchen, just remember water, eggs, sugar and salt (water is water, eggs are protein, sugar refers to glucose, and salt represents inorganic salts).
(3) Comparative memory method
In biology learning, there are many similar nouns that are easily confused and difficult to remember. For such content, you can remember it by comparison. Comparative method is to list the relevant nouns, and then compare them from the scope, connotation, extension and even words to find out the differences. This contrast is sharp and easy to remember. For example, assimilation and alienation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, hormone regulation and nerve regulation, material circulation and energy flow.
(4) contour memory method
There are many important and complicated contents in biology that are not easy to remember. The core content or key words of these knowledge can be extracted as the outline of knowledge, and grasping the outline is beneficial to the memory of knowledge. For example, the material metabolism of higher animals is very complicated, but there are certain rules to follow. No matter what kind of organic matter is metabolized, it usually goes through five processes: digestion, absorption, transportation, utilization and excretion. These ten words become the outline of memory knowledge.
(5) diffraction memory method
This method takes an important knowledge point as the core, and establishes as many connections as possible with other related knowledge through the divergent process of thinking. This method is mostly used to summarize or review chapter knowledge, and can also be used to link related knowledge scattered in various chapters. For example, taking cells as the core, we can diffract the concept, discovery, theory, type, composition, structure, function and division of cells.
Third, pay attention to integrating theory with practice.
The theoretical knowledge of biology is closely related to nature, production and life. In the study of biology, we should pay attention to linking these facts. The combination of learning and application is not only conducive to a solid grasp of biological knowledge, but also conducive to improving their ability to solve problems.
1. Connect with nature and reality
There are many animals and plants living in farmland, grassland, Woods, parks, gardens, zoos, courtyards and roadsides near the residence. When studying related knowledge, visiting these places is of great benefit to understanding and mastering theoretical knowledge. When learning the knowledge of biology and environment, we should think of protecting local animal and plant resources and protecting the surrounding ecological environment.
2. Contact with actual production
Many principles in biology are closely related to industrial and agricultural production. When learning these principles, we should consider which problems it can help solve in production. Doing so not only helps to master the principle, but also serves the local economic construction. For example, after learning the principle of grafting, a middle school student insisted on practicing after class and quickly improved his skills. One autumn, he and his parents grafted nearly 10,000 peach and pear seedlings, which contributed to the local garden planting industry.
Contact with real life
The relationship between biological knowledge and real life is more direct and universal, so it is more important to closely connect with real life in biological learning. Life actually includes existing common sense of life and future life behavior. Common sense of life can help us understand biological knowledge, and biological knowledge can also guide our life behavior. This theme aroused strong interest.