Reflections on the implementation of specific accounting standards: China's enterprise accounting standards are composed of basic accounting standards and specific accounting standards. The promulgation and implementation of specific accounting standards have had a certain impact on China's accounting standards system and played an inestimable role in the disclosure of relevant accounting information of enterprises. However, in view of the current situation in China, there are still some problems in the implementation of specific accounting standards, and this paper tries to discuss them. Enterprise accounting laws and regulations consist of basic accounting standards, specific accounting standards, industry accounting system, general rules of enterprise finance and industry financial system. These five aspects regulate accounting and reporting behaviors with different contents, and each plays a different role. Specific accounting standards are formulated under the guidance of basic accounting standards, which are concrete and operable, and also provide basis and guidance for formulating internal accounting systems of enterprises. Industry accounting system is an enterprise accounting system that conforms to the basic accounting standards formulated by the industry, which mainly stipulates the contents and methods of accounting and accounting reports of corresponding industries and businesses. It can be seen that the coexistence of accounting standards and accounting systems is an important feature of the composition of accounting standards for enterprises in China at present. However, from the actual implementation, in the two different forms of specific accounting standards and industry accounting system, industry accounting system occupies a dominant position, and specific accounting standards do not occupy its due position. This is caused by the special relationship between basic accounting standards and industry accounting system in the past. After the publication of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises, that is, Basic Accounting Standards, it is still the industry accounting system that regulates business accounting. As for whether the specific accounting standards with strong operability will change this situation after promulgation and implementation, the author thinks it is not entirely true. The specific accounting standards newly promulgated and implemented in China are only applicable to listed companies, and non-listed companies still follow the industry accounting system. Although the growth rate of listed companies in China is amazing, compared with the whole national economy, its proportion is far less than that of western countries with mature capital markets, and non-listed companies will remain an important pillar of the national economy for a long time. Therefore, the application of accounting standards in listed companies that only account for a small proportion of the national economy is too advanced, and its strength and influence will naturally be affected. Coupled with the long-term dependence of accountants on the industry accounting system, the implementation of specific accounting standards has been discounted. The accounting standard followed by accountants of non-listed companies is the industry accounting system, which has been accepted and recognized by the majority of accountants. Therefore, it is naturally difficult for accounting standards of unlisted companies to occupy their due position. In order to fundamentally solve the passive situation of specific accounting standards at present, the feasible method should be to gradually realize the merger of accounting standards and accounting systems. In my opinion, the basic idea should be to revise the existing enterprise accounting system according to the specific accounting standards of enterprises, formulate a set of operational guidelines for model accounting standards to replace the existing enterprise accounting system and financial system, and then gradually cancel the model guidelines after the trial, so that all accounting entities can formulate internal accounting systems suitable for their own units according to accounting standards. At present, the specific accounting standard is only 10, but it has shown its advantages in some aspects, making up for the defects or deficiencies of the previous accounting system. Specific performance in the following aspects. 1, which shortens the gap with international practice. The increasing trend of China's economic participation in international division of labor and international competition requires accounting information to become an international business language, and the procedures and methods of accounting treatment should adopt International accounting practices as far as possible. The introduction and implementation of specific accounting standards has narrowed the distance between China and western countries. 2. More operability. Although only a few specific accounting standards have been issued, they have made detailed provisions on accounting and accounting reports related to specific economic operations, mainly including three aspects: confirmation methods, measurement methods and reporting methods, making them more operable. For example, Article 13 of the Basic Accounting Standards stipulates: "The accounting treatment methods before and after the backup period shall be consistent and shall not be changed at will. The circumstances and reasons of the change and its impact on the financial position and operating results of the enterprise shall be explained in the financial report. " But it does not explain under what circumstances "really need to change". In accounting policies, accounting estimation changes and accounting error correction accounting standards, there are two reasons for clearly stipulating that "it is really necessary to change": first, laws, accounting standards and other administrative regulations and rules require changes in accounting policies; Second, changing the accounting policy can make the accounting information provided more relevant and reliable, and stipulate the accounting treatment methods of accounting policy change, namely retrospective adjustment method and future application method. 3. Pay full attention to the disclosure of off-balance-sheet items. There is no uniform requirement for off-balance-sheet disclosure items in China. Even for listed companies, the disclosure of off-balance sheet information is not standardized, mainly in the disclosure of more favorable matters and less or no disclosure of unfavorable matters. Specific accounting standards have strict provisions on off-balance-sheet disclosure, which makes up for the shortcomings in the past, can increase the authenticity of accounting information and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of accounting information users. For example, in the Accounting Standards for Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Correction of Accounting Errors, it is clearly stipulated that the following contents should be disclosed in the notes to accounting statements: the contents and reasons of changes in accounting policies and accounting estimates, the impact of changes and the reasons why the impact of changes cannot be reasonably determined; Contents of important accounting errors; The amount of correction of important accounting errors, etc. For another example, the Accounting Standards for the Disclosure of Related Party Relations and Transaction Information clearly stipulates that the following disclosures should be made in the notes to the accounting statements: in the case of a controlling relationship, if the related party is an enterprise, the main information related to the enterprise should be disclosed regardless of whether there is a transaction between them; Where a transaction occurs with a related party, the nature, transaction type and transaction elements of the related party relationship shall be disclosed. 4. Avoid the situation of inflated income. According to the industry accounting system, enterprises should adopt the accrual basis principle, and confirm the realization of operating income when issuing goods and providing services, receiving the price at the same time or obtaining the evidence of asking for the price. According to this regulation, for some special businesses, such as repurchase business, it is necessary to confirm the realization of income, which will lead to inflated operating income and untrue profits. Income accounting standards pay attention to the main risks and rewards of commodity ownership have been transferred, the sold goods are no longer controlled, the economic benefits related to the transaction can flow into the enterprise, and the related income and costs can be measured reliably, so as to judge whether the income can be confirmed. According to the requirements of this accounting standard, for the repurchase business, because there is no relevant economic benefit flowing into the enterprise, it is impossible to confirm the realization of income, so the situation of inflated income can be avoided and the problem of untrue profit can be solved accordingly. Since specific accounting standards have irreplaceable advantages, can they really play their due role in the implementation process? The answer is no, mainly in two aspects: 1. It is difficult for accountants to meet the requirements of specific accounting standards in a short time, which directly affects the implementation of specific accounting standards. The specific accounting standards have an obvious feature, that is, some economic businesses require accountants to make professional judgments before accounting. For example, the concept of income in income accounting standards talks about the important essence of income, that is, "the total inflow of economic benefits." Therefore, when applying the income accounting standards, accountants should pay special attention to analyzing the essence of income transactions, instead of making judgments in the form of transactions like the industry system, which requires accountants to make professional judgments. For another example, one of the core of accounting standards for events after the balance sheet date is to deal with major events after the balance sheet preparation date. But "importance" is not defined by quantity. In fact, it is difficult to formulate such quantitative indicators, which also requires accountants to make professional judgments. They can neither disclose only the favorable things and avoid the unfavorable things, nor disclose everything. The ability of professional judgment determines that the specific accounting standards have higher requirements for financial personnel, but the actual level of accountants in China is far from the requirements of specific accounting standards, mainly because China has long implemented the accounting system of sub-department, sub-industry and sub-ownership, leaving little room for accountants to choose and judge, forming the habit of many accountants following the trend and forming a relatively stereotyped accounting thinking. Once this specification becomes flexible and the choice space increases, many people will be at a loss. Therefore, it will directly affect the implementation of specific accounting standards. 2. The understanding of specific accounting standards is also an important aspect of whether specific accounting standards can play a role. One of the most important purposes of the promulgation and implementation of specific accounting standards is to ensure the authenticity and comprehensiveness of accounting information disclosure and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of accounting information users. However, whether accountants can deeply understand the basic meaning of accounting standards and thoroughly understand accounting standards will directly affect accounting recognition, measurement and reporting, and then affect the authenticity and comprehensiveness of accounting disclosure. For example, the change of income accounting standards to the principle of income recognition makes accountants analyze it when confirming. According to the standards and industry systems, the results of installment sales, consignment sales, payment withdrawal, sales advance payment, collection, acceptance and settlement are the same, but for special circumstances, they are different. For example, in order to maintain trade relations, Company A shipped a batch of goods abroad to Company B and obtained the right to collect money. At that time, the political situation in the country where Company B was located was turbulent. According to the provisions of the industry system, Company A has every reason to confirm the realization of operating income when it obtains the right to collect payment for goods. However, according to the income standard, Company A cannot confirm the realization of income. Because it is still unknown whether the payment can really be recovered. Even if it can be recovered, it is difficult to clearly judge whether to recover the full amount or only a small part. Therefore, it is necessary for accountants to seriously understand the spirit of the standards and ensure that the recognition and measurement of income are true and accurate. In addition, listed companies and non-listed companies follow different accounting standards, which will inevitably cause some accounting information to lose comparability. However, the investment forecasts and decisions made by users of accounting information based on financial reports are difficult to be accurate or even wrong. In order to successfully implement specific accounting standards and really play its due role, we should take improving the quality of the majority of accountants as a key task. The quality of accountants is undoubtedly a decisive factor in the quality of accounting information. In view of the huge gap in the professional level of accountants in the industry at present, there should be strict regulations on the qualifications of accountants; In view of the knowledge barrier between accountants in different industries and the lack of comprehensive knowledge structure, on the basis of adhering to the system of combining vocational qualification examinations, we should improve the access conditions of qualification examinations and pay attention to the role of academic education in examinations and evaluations; At the same time, strengthen the continuing education of accountants and improve the concept of lifelong education for accountants, so as to continuously absorb new knowledge and optimize the knowledge structure.