the Chen Dynasty
The purpose of this paper is to explore how the Angie Movement in China in the early Republic of China influenced Chen Jiongming's political thought and behavior all his life. Part of the information in this paper is taken from the English paper Chen Jiongming: Anarchism and Federal State written by the author. .
There is not much information about anarchism in China, because the Kuomintang began to practice "party religion" more than 70 years ago. Starting from Sun Yat-sen's "Three People's Principles", the people in China, including intellectuals and political leaders, all followed the leaders' writings and speeches, and knew little about other political theories, especially anarchism. Most of what you know is misunderstood as terrorism and is not worth talking about.
The following is divided into four sections: (1) the meaning of anarchism, (2) the communication with anarchists, (3) the experiment in Zhangzhou, and (4) anarchism and federation.
What Anna Qi means.
The common noun of anarchism is "anarchism". According to the explanation in the English dictionary, it has both positive and negative meanings. On the contrary, without the government, society will become a lawless world of terror; On the positive side, without the government, everyone can enjoy absolute freedom and realize a peaceful and happy utopia world. Anarchists hate to interfere with personal freedom by force, but they are often accused of being terrorists. This is because the fierce elements among them want to realize their lofty ideals in order to resist the authority of the government, at the expense of their personal lives, and adopt the terrorist means of "the weak" against "the strong".
John p Clark defined anarchy. He listed four items: (1) an ideal non-oppressive and non-authoritative society; (2) Dissatisfaction and criticism of the current society and its system from the viewpoint of opposing authority; And (3) believe that human beings have good nature and can make great progress step by step, and finally achieve their ideal goals. (4) There are reform strategies. This strategy must include the immediate establishment of non-authoritative and decentralized social institutions. [Kak 1978， 13]
Carker believes that any political theory that can meet the above four conditions can be said to be "anarchism in a complete sense." If only some conditions are met, it can be said to be "anarchism in a limited sense". American scholar Peter Zaro quoted Carker's definition to analyze the anarchist movement in China in the early years of the Republic of China, and thought that China's anarchism met the above four conditions to some extent. [Cha Peter1990,239]
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, intellectuals in China were widely influenced by anarchism. It can be divided into Paris and South China [Drake 199 1 283]. The Paris School includes Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, Cai Yuanpei and Zhang Ji [refer to Chen Sanjing1996]; There are Liu Shifu, Liang Bingxian and Chen Qiulin in the Southland School. * * Li Dazhao, who was born in party member, was also deeply influenced by anarchism [Cha Peter1990,217-18].
Angels in China publish periodicals, books and pamphlets in Paris, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Zhangzhou to spread their teachings. Communication, mainly as follows:
(1) proudhon's social revolution theory and private property system theory; Kropotkin's * * * productism and the theory of mutual assistance that supplements Darwin's theory of evolution; Ke's philosophy of life after living with friends. (2) Oppose racism, nationalism and militancy. (3) Oppose buying and selling marriages that deprive human rights and advocate free love. (4) Emphasize individual freedom, public equality and social classless organization. (5) Oppose imperialism and national barriers and promote world harmony. (6) Oppose anesthesia religion, concentrate human wisdom and enrich the material world. [Liang Bingxian1978,6]
As early as the May 4th Movement (19 19), Anna Qi of China had participated in the pioneering work of criticizing Confucius, discussing women's rights, advocating vernacular Chinese and organizing modern trade unions. [Cha Peter1990,2; Drake 199 1, 128] The Confucian philosophical tradition of "human nature is good" makes Anna people in China believe that human beings can finally live in a world of great harmony, so they only admit that there is only one utopia in the world. "There is nothing but the earth! There is no other in the afterlife; If you want to do it well, do it well! If you want to improve the world, improve your neighbor! [Mo Jipeng1997,66]
Anna people think that the "purpose" of revolution and the "means" of revolution are inseparable, which is the basic difference between them and Marxists, although their "goal" is actually similar to an ideal society. 【Kak 1978， 1 1- 12； Qatar 1978, 333-36] Anach people oppose the establishment of a proletarian society through class struggle. They criticized Marxism for establishing an authoritative center in the revolutionary process, which is precisely the power institution that Marxism itself should abolish in theory. [Derek 199 1 9; Dai Lu1964,278]
Contact with Angie people
Chen Jiongming, a member of Guangdong Consultative Bureau, 19 10 sneaked into his hometown Haifeng after the failure of the uprising of Guangzhou New Army in February, and secretly joined an assassination organization called "China Assassination Group" when passing through Hong Kong. Members * * *, and 10 or so have not formally joined the group activities. 19 1 1 year, the Manchu general Fengshan was killed by bombing, and the navy prefect Lee Joon was injured. Members Lin Guanci and Chen died. After the success of the Revolution of 1911, the Republic of China was founded, and the Communist Youth League members decided to dissolve themselves and burned all the articles of association. Fortunately, some members later published two articles, so that the secret activities of this assassination group would not be completely lost. [Ge Xian, 66: 29; Guangdong Xinhai Historical Materials 198 1, 8 1].
The unofficial leader of the assassination group is undoubtedly Master Liu (1884- 19 15). Liu Can can be said to be the leader of the anarchist movement in China in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. He tried to bomb Lee Joon before organizing the assassination. After the recovery of Guangdong, he worked in Guangzhou Legion Association to help Chen Jiongming dissolve the People's Army. Shi Fu believes that to transform society, the starting point should be personal ethics, that is, "setting an example". Shi Fu established a "heart meeting" with about twelve items: no smoking, no drinking, no gambling, no rickshaw riding, no being a servant, no eating meat (meat), no being an official, no being a member of parliament, no being a gendarme, no being religious, no surname and no getting married [Mo Jipeng1997,40]. According to Liang Bingxian's memory:
Jiongming and Master Liu get along well. Liu founded the Society in Guangzhou and advocated free socialism. Chen expressed great sympathy. Besides devoting himself to propaganda, Shi Fu also combined his heart with society and comrades, and "not being an official or an army" is one of the main creeds. Chen said: "It is more difficult to lose the burden of sin, but it is more difficult to bear it. Let me learn from others and endure it for a lifetime. It means "if I don't go to hell, who will go to hell". [Liang Bingxian 195 1, 1 1]
Ming is not completely opposed to the method of "setting an example" to transform the society, but he should embark on a more active road of political reform in order to realize the harmony and tranquility of the Datong society.
Anna people resort to terrorist means, which actually violates the principle that "ends and means cannot be separated" they believe in. Whether Anna people should completely give up violence is a controversial issue among Anna people. For example, Tolstoy (Tolstoy1828-1910) in Russia is one of the strongest opponents of violence [Kada1978,320]. Some radicals think that the violence they use and their victims are a drop in the bucket compared with the violent government killing thousands of people. [Goldman 1969, 107] After the success of the Revolution of 1911, the members of the China assassination group dissolved themselves. Obviously, they are not proud of what they have done, so they don't want to be spread as rumors by future generations.
Chen Jiongming's friendship with Wu Zhihui, a leading Parisian figure, is also excellent. Wu often says to people, "I only have two bosom friends in my life, the man is Chen Jiongming and the woman is (Wang Jingwei's wife)". 192 1 year, with the support of Chen Jiongming, Wu worked part-time and founded the Sino-French University in Lyon, France. [Mo Jipeng1997,24]
Zhangzhou experiment
On August 3 19 18, Chen Jiongming led the Guangdong army into Zhangzhou, playing the slogan of "protecting the law". In fact, he wanted to return to Guangzhou after a period of training and consolidation in southern Fujian, and wanted to build Guangdong into a model province with the idea of "striving for local autonomy first and then establishing a joint provincial government". The area under the jurisdiction of Jiong Ming, including 26 counties in southern Fujian, is called "Minnan Law Protection Zone".
Jiong Ming's achievements in Zhangzhou for two years have also attracted the attention of foreigners. German newspapers praised Zhangzhou as "a star of the East, shining brightly" [Chen Qiyou1985,42]. The Soviet Union sent representatives to visit. In the future, A.S.Carleton, the American consul in Xiamen, reported to Beautiful Scenery: "When Chen was in Zhangzhou, he carried out various municipal reforms, and his methods were almost revolutionary; But the result is good and the people are satisfied. This shows the people of China that things can be done without too much effort and heavy taxes. " . Usa 409 1, 192 1. 8。 3 1, Xiamen].
After visiting Zhangzhou, some "Left-leaning" Peking University students reported in Peking University Student Weekly that the measures taken in Zhangzhou were "like this in the production era" and praised Zhangzhou as "Russia in southern Fujian" [No.1959525 on May 4].
At that time, the May 4th Movement swept across the country, and Jiong Ming invited a group of "free socialists" to Zhangzhou with Master Liu's old subordinates (Liu died three years ago) to "refresh education, publish books and newspapers, change social atmosphere, improve people's knowledge, and then build 26 counties into sound independent autonomous regions to impress people and promote national innovation." [Liang Bingxian 195 1, 12]
In this way, Jiong Ming launched a wide range of new cultural movements, and all kinds of new ideas and theories were widely spread in the "Southern Fujian Legal Protection Zone" under his rule. 1919121Minxing Bimonthly (hereinafter referred to as Minxing) was founded, with eight volumes published every month. With Chen Qiulin as the editor-in-chief, he advocates democratic politics, the economy tends to socialism, and promotes the new culture movement. In June 1 920,65438+10/,Minxing Daily was founded. The purpose of these two publications is different: Minxing Daily mainly contains world news and local news. Regarding the current situation and local political customs, "we should sincerely criticize them, try our best to guide the people and fulfill our social responsibilities tacitly". On the other hand, Minxing mainly discusses and introduces academic theories, and cooperates with Minxing Daily to "complement" [May 4th Daily1959,389].
Jiong Ming wrote a publication for People Star and a publication declaration for People Star Daily. In addition, several articles have been published: Don't Be a Slave of Evil, Life and Interests, A Book on the Revolution of the Two Juns in Kang Dynasty, and A Reply to the China Women's Federation. He also published five vernacular poems in Minxing under the pseudonym of Lu An: Minxing, Compass, Oriental Civilization, Yingzhou Grass and Pacific Ocean. It can be noted that in the May 4th New Culture Movement, Chen Jiongming was one of the earliest writers of vernacular poems. [See Chen Jiongming's Collected Works, Volume I 1998]
From Chen Jiongming's works, freedom, equality, fraternity, mutual assistance and ethics are obviously influenced by anarchism. However, Jiong Ming and Angie people have different views on religious beliefs. In Not an Evil Slave, Tim Ming praised Jesus Christ as "a man who talks about equality, freedom, fraternity, sacrifice and asceticism to save the world". Regarding Christianity, he said: "The reason why European and American countries are so powerful today is that people have freedom and equality, which enables them to give full play to their talents and build national and social undertakings. This motivation has to be attributed to the great influence of Christianity. " [Collected Works of Chen Jiongming 1998, Volume I, 4 10-4 1 1]
In British and American intelligence departments, Jiong Ming is often called "General Bolshevik". The American consul in Xiamen reported that an American missionary thought Chen was a "socialist", but he didn't think he belonged to the "most radical category". The report also included a leaflet distributed by Master Liu, a translator, to promote anarchism in Zhangzhou. 00B/2 1920 .4。 26. Beijing; 893。 00B/4， 1920 .4。 24, Xiamen. Tours, British consul in Xiamen, reported that in early April, Chen Jiongming distributed a large number of "Bolshevik propaganda" leaflets at the sports competition conference he founded, and said that the manager of British American Tobacco Company in Xiamen had visited Chen Jiongming in Zhangzhou. In Chen's office, he saw many such propaganda materials. 6。 4. Beijing]. At that time, just over two years after the founding of the Soviet Union and Russia, the western powers did not know much about it and were hostile and fearful. What "Bolsheviks", "socialists" and "anarchists" are all birds of a feather to them, and they are often called "radicals".
Anna Qi and the Federation
In "My Humble Opinion on the Unification of China", Jiong Ming explained his "joint democracy" as follows:
What is a unified democracy? In short, the same is true of Tuanjie township and autonomous region, Tuanjie district and autonomous county, Tuanjie county and autonomous province. In other words, the national political organization takes industry governance as the warp and domain governance as the weft, forming a five-level political system. From township governance to the above, all levels of constituent elements are based on regional professional groups, and their order is based on township autonomy. On this basis, you built it for the district, the county, the province and the country.
What Jiong Ming is talking about here is based on township autonomy and "building on it", that is, the concept that political power belongs to the lowest level of state organizations and then redistributes. Jiong Ming's "villages and towns", like Jefferson's "Jefferson Town", actually have the roots of anarchism "extreme decentralization" [Locke 1973, 56-57]. In the traditional regional organizations (townships, districts, counties, provinces and countries), Jiong Ming's "co-governing democracy" is divided into professional organizations. It can be seen that this proposal is influenced by bakunin's theory. Pasteur once suggested that various professional groups, such as agriculture, industry, scientists and writers, should freely unite into a "free federation" as the basis for organizing society. 【 Masmov1964,298; Kak 1978，6]
After tomorrow, Tim proposed to establish the country with federalism, establish Asia (Asian Federation), and then organize an unarmed "League of Nations" with the European Federation and the American Federation. In his view, if human beings want to enter a "one world" without borders, species and people, the first political organization they must go through is the Commonwealth.
During the May 4th Movement, Marxist Li Dazhao predicted that the United States, Europe and Asia would form an alliance and finally unite to abolish all racial and territorial boundaries [Cha Peter1990,218]. On the surface, there seems to be no difference between Chen Jiongming's proposition and Li Dazhao's expectation. But the main difference lies in the "means" adopted, not in the "goal". Federalist Chen Jiongming adopted the principle of federal decentralization and established a bottom-up democratic federalism, which is the principle that the "means" and "ends" of anarchism cannot be separated. Anarchists believe that the ultimate "purpose" of Marxism is similar to anarchism, but the method adopted by Marxists will not achieve its "purpose". [Kak 1978， 1 1]
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Chen Jiongming's association with anarchists deeply influenced his life ethics and political thoughts. Tim Ming's private life is frugal and housekeeping. John Dewey, a famous American educator, once gave a lecture in China for two years (1919-1921) and praised Chen: "He (pointed out) lived an extremely simple life in a country where being an official was rewarded and enjoying a luxurious life. [Mid-evaluation, 1: 4: 195, 192 1 year 10 month]
Anarchism and nationalism are two extreme views on government authority. The federal decentralized political system, which is obedient for life, distributes the power of the government between the central and local governments and avoids the situation of centralization and tyranny, which is really a compromise.
From the late Qing Dynasty to the present, the narratives of China's modern history are all nationalism, revolution and productism. In this way, from the perspective of the winner, we ignore the "federalism" and "anarchism". Through the study of Chen Jiongming's life, we can get a glimpse of the relationship between federalism, nationalism and anarchism on the eve of the introduction of * * * productism into China. James Joll once said: If historians are only interested in the history of "the winner is king", many valuable and strange historical facts in the past will be ignored, which will lead to a narrow world outlook. [iris1967,4]