This paper analyzes the evolution process of Shanghai agriculture from rural agriculture to suburban agriculture and urban agriculture since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and analyzes the main dynamic mechanism in the current development stage and evolution process. On this basis, combined with the comprehensive evaluation of the present situation and the comparison of international models, this paper puts forward the development orientation, functional orientation, industrial structure and production layout adjustment and development countermeasures of Shanghai urban agriculture. Based on the history, present situation and future development, this paper concludes that the evolution of agricultural types is a gradual process with objective laws of historical inheritance. By defining the development stages, we can more reasonably determine the development ideas of modern urban agriculture in the future. By analyzing the main influencing mechanism in the process of historical evolution, we can avoid, improve and develop it in the future urban agricultural development policy, thus promoting the better and faster development of Shanghai urban modern agriculture.