Outline of high school Chinese knowledge points
1. Three elements of the novel:
A character b plot c environment
2. Three elements of argumentative writing:
Parameter a, parameter b and parameter c
3. Metaphor three elements:
A body b vehicle c vehicle
4. Six elements of narrative (five W+H):
When, where, where, who, why, how and what.
5. Four conditions for regular poetry:
A Eight Sentences and Four Tones (First Chin, Neck and Tail) B Even Tail Homology C Joint Duality D Flat Tone
6. Five expressions:
A narrative b argument c lyric d description e description
7. Six interpretation methods:
For example, the number C in column B is compared with the number D, and the classification F is defined.
8. Three explanatory texts explain this structure:
A total score summary structure B total score structure C total score structure
9. The order of the three expositions:
A in chronological order, B in spatial order, C in logical order.
10. Two basic argument structures:
A ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems.
B put forward opinions-argumentation opinions-summary opinions.
1 1. Six demonstration methods:
A example method b comparison method c analogy method d reduction to absurdity
12. Eight main rhetorical methods:
A metaphor b personification c platoon is more exaggerated than d.
E repeatedly asks g, f asks h duality.
(abbreviation: metaphor is intended to exaggerate, and the two opposites are set opposite)
13. Four methods of character description:
A appearance description b language description c action description d psychological description
(abbreviation: foreign language temptation)
14. Seven types of phrases:
According to the function, it is divided into seven types.
Parallel phrase part b affirmative phrase
C subject-predicate phrase d verb-object phrase
Verb complement f preposition object phrase
G's word phrase
Divided into three parts of speech.
noun phrase
verb phrase
Adjective phrase
15. Six sentences:
A subject b predicate c object d complement e attributive f adverbial
16. Twelve parts of speech (sex):
A noun-verb, b quantity-generation, c particle, d particle.
17. Three narrative modes (sequence):
A direct sequence b flashback c interpolation
18. The function of the three ellipsis:
References in table A are omitted, enumerations in table B are omitted, and interrupts in table C are extended.
19. Four kinds of twists and turns:
Table a explains the extension of sound interruption in table c and the starting and ending digits in table d.
20. Four quotation mark functions:
Table a refers to the actual content, table b refers to satire, table c refers to the specific title, and table d emphasizes it.
2 the classification of philology
1. Six steps of text preview:
Look up the new words and identify three words. Read the text and feel the content.
C know the author, grasp the background D, mark the paragraph order and distinguish the structure.
E draw the key sentences, understand the function f, summarize the main idea and summarize the characteristics.
2. Five ways for students to attend classes (listen carefully and take notes):
A hear, listen and b see.
C, write d and say s.
E thinking (hearing, eyes, hands, mouth and brain are used together)
3. Poetry appreciation trilogy:
A knowing people and discussing the world (knowing the author and mastering the background)
Translate and analyze the words (translate the whole poem and analyze the scenery)
Clarify the main points (briefly describe the content and clarify the interests)
4. Four ways to divide the structure of the article:
A according to the expression
Looking for clues of light and darkness.
C According to time and spatial order.
In logical order
5. Analyze the functions of eight key sentences:
Point out the topic and ask the following questions (key sentences)
Point out the center, show the main point (central sentence)
Set suspense and stimulate interest (suspense sentence)
D. Connecting the preceding with the following, naturally connecting (turning sentence)
Anaphora, Harmony and Unity (Anaphora Sentence)
Side contrast, indirect contrast (comparative sentence)
G later pave the way, lay a good foundation (foreshadowing sentence)
Enhance language and highlight features (rhetorical sentences)
6. Identify seven writing types:
Contrastive writing
Symbolic writing
Contrastive writing
D is written in small print.
E is to write first and then suppress.
The combination of virtual and real writing
G clip narrative clip discussion writing
3 writing skills 26 knowledge points
First of all, the expression:
Narration, description, lyricism, explanation, discussion
Second, the expression:
Symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express ambition, borrow things to express feelings, associate, imagine, set off (positive contrast, negative contrast)
Third, rhetorical devices:
Metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.
Four, the six elements of narrative:
The time, place, person, reason, course and result of the incident.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) narrative order:
Direct narration, flashback and insertion
Sixth, the description angle:
Front description, side description
Seven, the method of describing characters:
Language, action, attitude, psychology, appearance
Eight, the angle of describing the scenery:
Sight, hearing, taste and touch
Nine, the method of describing the scenery:
The combination of dynamic and static (writing static and dynamic), generalization and concreteness, from far to near (or from near to far)
Ten, description (or lyric) way:
Heads (also called direct) and tails (also called indirect)
Eleven, narrative way:
General description, detailed description
Twelve, explain the order:
Chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
XIII. Interpretation method:
Examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.
Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts:
Beginning, development and end
Fifteen, the three elements of the novel:
Characters, stories, specific environment
Sixteen, environmental description is divided into:
Natural environment and social environment
Seventeen, argumentative three elements:
Argument, argument, argument
Eighteen, arguments are classified as:
Argument of facts, argument of reasons
Nineteen, demonstration method:
Example (or fact) argument, truth argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument.
Twenty, demonstration mode:
Argument, refutation (refutable argument, argument, argument)
Twenty-one, the structure of the argumentative essay:
Total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.
Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks:
Citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, irony, irony
Twenty-three, dash usage:
Prompt, comment, summary, progress, topic change, interjection
Twenty-four, others:
(A) the role of sentences in the text:
1. Preface: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;
2. Text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(2) the function of rhetoric: the function of rhetoric itself; Combined with sentence context.
1. Metaphor and personification: vivid;
Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2. parallelism: momentum, emphasis on tone, and so on. ;
Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3. Ask questions: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeat: emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering a question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. Because:
1. does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence)
This word has a one-to-one correspondence with the above.
These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged.
(6) Summary of paragraph meaning
1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.
Format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.
Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?
4 Rhetorical skills to explain the eight skills
First, metaphor
1. Features and functions of metaphor:
Metaphor is "metaphor" That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology (object to be compared), vehicle (object to be compared) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). Form a metaphor
The key: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness.
2. Types of metaphor:
1 simile. The typical form is: A is like B, and ontological vehicles all appear, which are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, the harvested crops are piled up like hills. "
2 metaphor. The typical form is: A is B, both ontology and vehicle appear, and there are no figurative words in the middle. It is often associated with "yes", "success" and "success". For example, the relationship between Marxism and China Revolution is the relationship between the arrow and the target.
3 metaphor. The typical form is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Find out the similarities between the two things by metonymy. Such as putting down the luggage and starting the machine.
4 metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers dotted sporadically, some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly; Like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, like a beauty who just took a bath.
Second, comparison.
1. Characteristics and functions of analogy:
Writing things as people, or people as crops, or things as other things, its formal characteristics are: humanization of things, materialization of people, or materialization of things. Its function is to make the written "people" or "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful.
2. Types of analogy:
(1) personification. For example, Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is fluttering.
② simulacra. For example, if we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs.
Thirdly, metonymy.
1. Features and functions of metonymy:
Metonymy is not to directly express the person or thing, but to replace it with something related to it. It emphasizes the correlation between two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, everything with strangeness and feelings with things.
2. Types of metonymy:
① Feature-generated ontology. For example, the beard roared.
(2) Concrete generation abstraction. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.
(3) proper name generalization. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng.
(4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun.
⑤ Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt.
⑥ Consequences and causes. For example, specializing in pen and ink, laughing at strong men.
All landowners raw materials rather than finished products. For example, in fifty years, everything is empty, and I am lazy to turn my hair bronze.
(8) Place name replaces ontology. For example: Yan 'an or Xi 'an? It is necessary to draw a clear line.
Fourth, exaggeration.
1. Features and functions of exaggeration:
Exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain expressive effect. Requirements are used without losing the foundation and basis of life and without exaggeration. Its function lies in setting off the atmosphere, enhancing association and enlightening people.
2. Several exaggerated forms:
① Enlarge and exaggerate. For example, I suspect that the Milky Way has set for nine days.
(2) reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.
3 exaggerate in advance. For example, when you see such bright green wheat seedlings, you can smell the white flour steamed bread.
Duality of verb (abbreviation of verb)
The characteristics and functions of 1. duality;
Duality is "duality", also known as "duality". It must be a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings. The relationship between the two sentences includes inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and conditions. Its functions are: easy to recite and beautiful music; table
Be concise and lyrical.
2. Several forms of duality:
① According to the content, it can be divided into right, reverse and string.
Exactly: the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is similar, similar, complementary and contrasting.
Such as the silver hoes of Wuling in the sky, and the iron arms of Sanjiang shake.
Objection: the upper and lower sentences are opposite. For example, it is better to use the remaining brave to chase the poor bandits than to learn from the bullies.
Series pair: Also called "flow pair". The meanings of the upper and lower sentences are inheritance, progressive, causal, hypothetical and conditional.
For example, in order to sacrifice more ambitions, I dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the weather.
② According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair.
The so-called pairing of works is to strictly follow the requirements of pairing in terms of words, parts of speech, structure, level and words; The so-called tolerance means that it basically meets the requirements of confrontation, but it is slightly different in some aspects. That is to say, the formal requirements are a little looser.
③ According to the structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality.
Binary composition. For example, the ignorance of mountains and rivers, butterfly geese heartless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, that is, they will not laugh because of the rich and powerful, nor will they skimp on Shan Ye's fishing and firewood.
Sixth, parallel.
1. Parallel features and functions;
Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. The same word that is often emphasized repeatedly appears in the same position in every phrase or sentence. Its function lies in strengthening language situation, emphasizing content and aggravating feelings.
2. Several forms of parallelism:
(1) component ratio. For example, without the three northeastern provinces, the party and the country will become more and more like a country. If we lose the three northeastern provinces, no one will make a sound. If the three northeastern provinces are lost and only a few students make a few "submissions", the party and the country will become more and more like a country and win the praise of "friends".
This country will last forever.
② Sentence parallelism. For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
Seven, ask questions
The characteristics of questioning: "Ask without doubt". Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself and answer yourself or ask questions with uncertain answers. The purpose is to emphasize the problem, so as to attract people's attention and inspire people to think. For example, what pigment does a white flower contain? White flowers have no pigment.
Another example: the social productive forces have developed so much and the labor productivity has improved so much. What is X? The most important thing is the power of X-learning and technology.
Eight, rhetorical question
Rhetorical questions also have the characteristics of "asking without doubt" Express definite meaning in the form of interrogative sentences, so as to strengthen the tone and enhance the expression effect. A question mark is usually put at the end of a sentence, and some can also put an exclamation point.
There are two forms of rhetorical question:
(1) in the form of positive negation. What are we proud of? All the same.
(2) Express affirmation in the form of negation. For example, "Didn't we working people create the human world?"
Five main expressions of writing
I. Narration
Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space.
1. Sequential narrative-chronological narrative. The structural pattern of sequence type is: total narrative+sub-narrative (sub-narrative 1+ sub-narrative 2+ sub-narrative 3+ sub-narrative n)+ ending. Function: The narrative is clear.
2. Flashback-bring the end of an event or an important chapter in its development to the front of the article, write the end or chapter, and then write it in chronological order. Function: This kind of brushwork can arouse suspense and attract readers.
3. Interpolation (supplementary narrative is a kind of interpolation)-For the full text, interpolation is only a fragment. After interpolation, the article returns to the original event narrative. This kind of narration is not the main part of narration, and generally does not happen in the mainstream time range. If this episode is deleted, it will weaken the profundity of the theme, but it will not obviously affect the integrity of the main plot.
Function: Make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial. Supplementary function: supplement and explain the above contents, and make some explanations for the following.
Second, describe
Description is an expression that describes the appearance and form of an object and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it.
Generally speaking, description has the following functions: ① Reproduce natural scenery. ② Describe the appearance and inner world of the characters. ③ Explain the natural and social environment of the characters' activities.
1. Five description methods of characters: portrait (appearance) description, language description, action description, psychological description and expression description.
Function: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters. Depicting characters' personalities, reflecting their psychological activities and promoting the development of stories. Wait a minute. When answering specifically, you should be clear about your personality and psychology.
2, two kinds of environment description:
Description of natural environment-Describe the natural scenery in detail, create an atmosphere, and set off the emotions and thoughts of the characters. Contrast the mood of the characters, render the atmosphere, etc.
Description of social environment-explain the background of people's activities, point out the time and place of events, render the atmosphere, and better express people.
3. Front description and side description: The front directly shows people and things; Highlight people and things from the side.
4. Detail description: Describe the characters' personalities, reflect their psychological activities and promote the development of the story. It can also describe the voice of the characters and receive special effects.
Third, lyricism.
Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives.
Fourth, discuss
Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; In general narration and description
It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in literature or literary works.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) description
Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
6 4 Common punctuation marks
1. The role of dashes:
(1) table description; (2) ideographic progression; ③ Form topic conversion; (4) Pronunciation is prolonged; (5) indicates that there is a big pause or interruption in the speech; ⑥ Semantic jumping or turning; ⑦ The table summarizes the above contents; ⑧ Used before subtitles; Pet-name ruby list items.
2. The role of ellipsis:
(1) Omit the quoted or quoted text; ② Omission of repeated words; ③ Omission of similar things and ordinal numbers; (4) silence or thinking; ⑤ The table speaks intermittently; ⑥ Predicative interruption; ⑦ The expression is unfinished and the semantics is unfinished.
3. The use of ellipsis should pay attention to:
(1) ellipsis means "etc" and "etc", and ellipsis and "etc" can be enumerated or omitted, and they can be combined into one, but not at the same time;
(2) Ellipsis is generally followed by no dots.
4. The role of the colon:
① After the words "say", "think", "yes", "prove", "announce", "for example" and "as follows", it is expressed as follows.
(2) used at the back of the total discourse, said caused by the following points.
(3) used at the back of the address, said to mention the following.
(4) used in front of the general discourse, in order to summarize the above content.
5. The role of quotation marks:
(1) table refers to the actual content; 2 satire; ③ Special appellation for dining table ④ Emphasis on dining table.
Seven sentence patterns have eight functions.
1. Point out the topic and trigger the following (key sentences)
2. Point out the center and show the main idea (central sentence)
3. Set suspense to arouse interest (suspense sentence)
4. Connecting the preceding with the following, naturally connecting (turning sentence)
5. Reference before and after, harmony and unity (reference sentence)
6. Side contrast, indirect contrast (comparative sentence)
7. After the article is paved, pave the way (foreshadowing sentence)
8. Enhance language and highlight features (rhetorical sentences)
How to review Chinese knowledge points in senior high school?
First, study the syllabus, targeted
Chinese knowledge is scattered, and the knowledge points in Chinese textbooks are not as systematic as mathematics and physics, so it is difficult for candidates to fully cover the test sites of the college entrance examination simply by reviewing textbooks. Therefore, it is very important to study the outline of the college entrance examination in the second round of review. Only by studying the syllabus carefully and understanding the content and ability level of the college entrance examination questions can candidates be targeted in the second round of review and get the greatest return in the shortest time.
Second, step by step and lay a solid foundation.
Before the second round of review, candidates should first choose a special review reference book closely combined with the outline of the college entrance examination. There are not many books, but they are good. Candidates should choose appropriate review materials, and then carry out detailed and systematic study and practice.
After selecting the materials, candidates should review the questions one by one according to the contents stipulated in the outline of the college entrance examination. The review here includes two aspects: one is watching and the other is doing. Look, it's the explanation of the college entrance examination center. The regulations and requirements on the syllabus are general and general, and candidates should refine the test sites when reviewing.
Seeing is fundamental and foundation; Doing is a means, not a method. Seeing is primary, doing is secondary. For some difficult content, you should draw it and read it again and again. Be good at summarizing and paying attention to methods when doing problems.
Third, review the past and learn new things, and summarize the methods.
Because one topic is not closely related to another, candidates should constantly consolidate what they have reviewed in the past when reviewing new topics so as not to forget. For example, when some candidates review modern Chinese reading, they forget the contents of the ill sentences they reviewed before, and what six kinds of ill sentences are required to master in the examination syllabus have been blurred. The same phenomenon also appears in the examination of phonetics, glyphs and idioms. In view of this phenomenon, remind candidates to squeeze out some time every day to consolidate their past review content. Only by continuous consolidation can we deepen our impression and understanding, and our previous efforts will not be in vain.