The graduation thesis of traditional Chinese medicine is written by graduates (undergraduate and postgraduate) majoring in traditional Chinese medicine in colleges and universities, which is an important aspect of cultivating high-level talents of traditional Chinese medicine. The purpose of writing graduation thesis is to enable students to process and integrate all kinds of knowledge learned in class through thesis writing and transform it into the ability to find and solve problems. Graduation thesis writing is an independent and irreplaceable important learning link.
The graduation thesis should show that the author has mastered the basic theory, professional knowledge and basic skills of traditional Chinese medicine, can comprehensively use this professional knowledge to analyze and solve problems, and has the preliminary ability to engage in the technology and research of traditional Chinese medicine. The topics involved in this kind of thesis are not too difficult, and the graduation thesis is not completely equivalent to the degree (bachelor's) thesis. Dissertations (including bachelor, master and doctor). It is an academic paper written by a degree applicant in order to obtain a degree, which is used for defense. Dissertation is an important basis for evaluating whether a degree applicant can obtain a degree.
According to the degree regulations promulgated by China 1980, bachelor's degree can be awarded to undergraduate graduates of institutions of higher learning who have excellent course performance and excellent bachelor's degree thesis performance. At present, there is no independent bachelor degree thesis in the field of medical education in China. It is generally believed that writing a bachelor's degree thesis should meet the following requirements:
1) has mastered the professional knowledge of basic theories and systems of traditional Chinese medicine.
2) Have the ability to engage in Chinese medicine research or undertake specialized technical work.
3) Have a new view (experience) on the research topic.
The format of the paper is determined by the content of the paper, and Chinese medicine papers generally belong to the category of natural science papers. The writing format should follow the national and international standards and regulations. The national standard is GB77 13—86-86 "Writing Format of Scientific Reports, Dissertations and Academic Papers", and the international standard is ISO8- 1977 "Document Work-Periodical Format". The author should always pay attention to the latest requirements of relevant journals for the writing format of TCM papers. According to the current relevant standards, the basic format of TCM thesis writing should include the following parts: title, abstract, introduction, text discussion (clinical data, materials and methods), summary, thanks and references.
The structure of dissertations is slightly different due to different degree levels and professional types. But the basic structure is composed of title, signature, table of contents, abstract, keywords, text (introduction, data, conclusion) discussion, thanks and references. Dissertation belongs to the category of academic papers and has the general characteristics of academic papers. It is an important style of TCM thesis, but it is also a very special academic thesis. Its distinctive personality characteristics are as follows:
1. Single author: The bachelor's degree thesis is independently completed by undergraduate graduates, so as to examine the applicant's knowledge base and practical ability (the master's degree thesis and doctoral degree thesis are graduate students, or those who have no postgraduate education but have made outstanding achievements in the research of traditional Chinese medicine).
2. Unlimited length: The paper should show that the author has mastered solid basic theory, systematic professional knowledge and corresponding working ability. The paper should reflect a certain amount of work, so the length of the paper is not limited, but it cannot be too short (5000- 10000 words).
3. For applying for a degree: Academic papers are used to convey academic information and conduct academic exchanges, mostly in the form of public publication or reading at meetings. However, the purpose of writing a degree thesis is to reply, apply for a degree, or submit a thesis to the degree-granting department.
4. Assessment basis of degree: The academic performance of undergraduate or graduate students is mainly reflected in the learning situation of courses and the writing level of papers. In order to comprehensively evaluate the academic level of degree applicants, the thesis is an important basis to reflect their knowledge and ability. By examining the quality of the thesis and the results of the defense, decide whether to grant the degree.
(a) Title
Title is the title of a paper, also known as "title", "topic", "proposition" or "topic". Title is the "signboard" of TCM papers, which can reveal the theme of the papers and provide the main information of the papers. As the saying goes, "read the cover before buying a book, and the title of the book before reading a magazine". The title of the book can give readers a first impression, and a good title can attract people's attention. The author should attach great importance to the fate of the title. The writing of titles of TCM papers with different themes has different rules. Generally speaking, the topic is drawn up from the theme and scope of the paper. The theme (central argument) of the paper is directly reflected in the title, which has the advantages of clear point of view, clear meaning of the title, clear at a glance and straight to the point. Inscription of destiny should pay attention to the following points:
1, the national standard requires that the title should not exceed 20 words, and generally there is no need for positive and negative titles. When it is difficult for 20 Chinese characters to summarize the central content of the paper, positive and negative titles can be used, the subtitle should be placed below the topic, and the subtitle and the topic should be separated by brackets or dashes.
2. Emphasis is placed at the beginning of the topic: the words at the beginning of the topic can leave a deep impression on people, and the words emphasized in the content of the paper are placed at the beginning of the topic, making the meaning of the topic more distinct and the focus more prominent. For example, the title "Introduction of Prescription and Chinese Patent Medicine for Treating Senile Constipation" was changed to "Introduction of Prescription and Chinese Patent Medicine for Treating Senile Constipation" to emphasize the key point of "Senile Constipation"; The change from "clinical application experience of Sophora flavescens" to "clinical application experience of Sophora flavescens" highlights the research object of Sophora flavescens.
3. The title should be exact, concise and exact: the title should be consistent, and the title should accurately express the specific theme and content of the paper. The content of the paper is the basis of drafting the topic. Can realistically summarize the depth and breadth of the author's research work. Conciseness: that is, conciseness and vividness, and the title should be expressed in the shortest and most concise words. The title is concise, and on the premise of accurately expressing the content, redundant words are deleted, such as the title "Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Compound Danshen Tablet for Promoting Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis on 100 Patients with Cor Pulmonale". The 30 words are quite complicated. It can be changed to "analysis of curative effect of compound Danshen tablets on cor pulmonale 100 cases", which is concise and clear without affecting the original intention. It is not a generalization, the simpler the better. For example, a paper introducing the nursing experience of postpartum diseases, entitled "Experience of Postpartum Diseases", is easily misunderstood. Therefore, the keyword "nursing" was added and changed to "nursing experience of postpartum diseases", with the same content and complete meaning.
4. The language should be standardized, the semantics of logical questions should be complete, and it should conform to grammar and logical rules. The words used in the topic should be completely corresponding to the words appearing in the paper, and the connotation and extension of their concepts should be consistent, and they should not violate the relevant logical rules. By adjusting the word order of the title, the meaning of the title conforms to the grammatical rules and avoids misunderstanding of the meaning. If the title "A professor's experience in treating ascites due to cirrhosis" is adjusted to "A professor's experience in treating ascites due to cirrhosis", it is more in line with the original intention of the paper.
5. Do not use nonstandard abbreviations, codes or outdated terms. Such as "induced abortion" and "chronic bronchitis", should be changed to "induced abortion" and "chronic bronchitis" respectively; "Tonsil", "Cesarean section" and "antibiotic" should be changed to "Tonsil", "Cesarean section" and "antibiotic" respectively. Titles should conform to the rules of keywords, title compilation, indexing and retrieval, and avoid using unrecognizable codes, characters, abbreviations and abbreviations (no chemical structure or mathematical formula). If a foreign language (English) is attached, the meaning of the title must be exactly the same as the Chinese title. The research topic itself is the topic of the paper. In the process of work, there are often new situations that do not fully meet the pre-design requirements or cannot be predicted in advance. The scope, depth or focus of the theme often changes. Before writing a paper, you need to re-examine the original topic and redraft it on this basis.
(2) Signature of the author
Traditional Chinese medicine papers belong to one kind of scientific papers. In principle, the author's real name is required, and the author of the dissertation must have his real name. This is the right given to the author by law. The specific location of the author's signature is generally under the title and before the abstract of the paper.
(3) Abstract
"Abstract" is also called abstract, abstract and content abstract. The position of the abstract is after the author's signature and before the key words. This paper briefly introduces the main contents of the paper, and the summary statement focuses on the information part of the paper. To write a good abstract of academic papers on traditional Chinese medicine, it is necessary to have a certain quality and a long length.
Abstract is a concise essay. Independent of the main text, a reportable essay with complete meaning, no comments and independent meaning should be controlled between 200 and 400 words to avoid unclear or incomplete information. Generally segmented (no chart, chemical structure and unrecognizable codes, technical terms and references), Chinese medicine papers with abstracts generally do not add "abstract" after the text to avoid repetition. The contents of foreign (English) abstracts should be completely consistent with Chinese abstracts.
"Four structured abstracts" are often used, including: the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the paper, referred to as four elements. This abstract is standard in format, unified in structure, clear in organization, distinct in hierarchy and full in information. It meets the requirements of People's Republic of China (PRC) national standard GB6447-86 "Rules for Abstract Writing".
Objective: to explain the problem to be solved in this study, highlight the theme, be simple and clear, and generally use only one sentence. Methods: Explain the methods, approaches, drugs and instruments used in this study, that is, the simplification of "materials and methods" in this paper. If it is a theoretical article of traditional Chinese medicine, it should indicate the basis of theoretical research. Conclusion: The facts, data, materials, new technologies and methods, functions or achievements of new devices obtained in this study are introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages compared with traditional methods are pointed out. Abstracts of dissertations are often independent of the original text, which is the epitome of dissertations (abstracts are used for submission and defense). Independent writing, focused and complete, contains the same academic information as academic papers, and each content is not demonstrated. There is no need for charts, mathematical formulas and chemical structures in the paper, and it is not limited by the abstract writing of academic papers. Including: ① the purpose and significance of the topic; ② Research methods and means; ③ Summarize the research contents and the progress of the work process; ④ Main achievements; ⑤ Concluding comments.
(4) Keywords
Keywords are located after abstracts, and papers without abstracts are placed before the main body of the paper. Keywords are separated by commas, semicolons or spaces (usually spaces), and finally no punctuation is added. Foreign keywords must correspond to Chinese keywords and be placed after foreign abstracts.
Keywords are used for document indexing, and words and phrases that reflect the theme content are selected from the papers. Generally, a paper can select 3-8 words, and try to select standardized words, phrases or terms from the recognized thesaurus such as China Thesaurus, Medical Thesaurus and Traditional Chinese Medicine Thesaurus. When necessary, you can also select important terms of new disciplines and technologies that have not been included as keywords.
(5) Text:
The text is the main part of TCM papers, accounting for the vast majority of the papers. Traditional Chinese medicine papers generally do not indicate the word "Wen", and the text has corresponding levels and subheadings. Because of the different contents of various TCM papers, the text can have many different forms, including three basic elements: argument, argument and argumentation. The layout of these three elements in the text depends on the theme, genre or research method. Guided by the theory of traditional Chinese medicine or other disciplines, this paper expounds new theories and viewpoints, or reports new discoveries and innovations from the aspects of research materials, methods, various data recorded by observation and the results of data processing.
Taking clinical research papers as an example, it includes basic formats such as title, signature, abstract, keywords and references. Its main body consists of five parts: introduction, clinical data, methods (efficacy standards and observation methods), results (efficacy standards and therapeutic effects) and discussion.
1, Introduction
Also known as the introduction, it is generally unnecessary to indicate the word "introduction". Introduction is the "preface" to guide readers to think, enter the text and introduce the background materials of the paper. The introduction of clinical research papers should briefly explain the origin, purpose, significance, main methods and scope of the topic, so as to understand the context and writing intention of the paper. Such as the current research status, case collection time, etc.
The introduction introduces and evaluates the achievements made by predecessors in this field, leaving gaps and problems, clarifying the problems to be solved in the author's research work, paving the way for putting forward his own new arguments, reporting new discoveries and inventions, and implicitly expressing the advanced, scientific, theoretical and practical value of the author's research work.
The difference between graduation thesis and general academic thesis is that it is necessary to elaborate relevant professional knowledge and make necessary literature review and evaluation, so as to show that the author has mastered solid basic theory, extensive professional knowledge and the progress made in this topic and reflect the workload of the author's thesis (this part is put in the introduction).
In general, the contents of materials, methods, results, conclusions and other items are not described in the introduction to avoid repetition with the following articles. In the introduction, it is forbidden to extract the general theoretical derivation in textbooks in large paragraphs, and don't deviate from the theme and go beyond the scope of the paper discussion, so that readers get nowhere.
2. Clinical data (materials and methods)
When writing clinical reports, we should pay attention to the authenticity of paper materials and respect facts. Clinical medical research can't be false, can't add water intentionally or unintentionally, or even cheat, so as not to cause serious consequences.
The topic of clinical research should be as specific and clear as possible. If there are many contents, it can be divided into several articles. Don't cover everything in a paper, with complicated contents and no prominent center.
(6) Typical cases: (2-3)
(7) Experience (discussion)
The discussion is a theoretical exposition of the experimental results (listed in several subheadings) and a summary of the whole paper. Generally, it can be compared with similar research at home and abroad to explain the theoretical and practical significance of the new discovery, explain some abnormal phenomena, and put forward research directions or suggestions for unsolved problems. Don't repeat the experimental results too much in the discussion, and don't exaggerate the evaluation of the results, such as "domestic leading" and "international advanced level".
Discussion is the essence of the article, the theoretical analysis of the research results, the argument based on clinical observation, and the demonstration of one's own point of view, which is the destination of the whole research work. The discussion is from practice to theory, and it should focus on the content of clinical research. For reports based on clinical observation, discussion can also be written as experience. I will talk about my own views on the phenomena observed in clinic, my own experience on prescription medication, and my ideas for improvement.
8. References
The main references listed in the paper are arranged in the order of appearance. The listed references are directly quoted by the author, published in official publications and accessible to readers. Information that is not published in official publications is generally not quoted. The listed references can not only reflect the author's scientific and rigorous style of study, but also show respect for the original author's serious attitude, avoid copyright disputes, and also provide readers with information sources to consult when they need it.
The above is the content of the basic format of TCM papers, and not every paper must be complete. The formats of TCM papers with different genres and contents are also flexible, some can be omitted and some can be merged. What to write in each part is not immutable, and it can be flexibly mastered according to the specific situation.
The structure of experimental research papers of traditional Chinese medicine is different from other basic formats, such as title, signature, abstract, keywords, thanks, references and so on. It consists of five parts: introduction, materials, methods, results and discussion.