In China, the identification of scientific and technological achievements such as papers, projects, invention patents and software copyrights is usually guided by the Administrative Measures for Appraisal of Scientific and Technological Achievements. This document was jointly formulated by China Academy of Sciences, China Academy of Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, China National Intellectual Property Administration and State Administration for Industry and Commerce, which stipulated the standards and procedures for accreditation of scientific and technological achievements, as well as the responsibilities and rights of accreditation institutions and experts. At the same time, different scientific and technological achievements may have other relevant management regulations and standards, which need to be confirmed according to specific circumstances.