Freud's most important work is The Interpretation of Dreams. Other masterpieces include Beyond the Principle of Music, Totems and Taboos, Three Treatises on Sexology, Psychopathology in Daily Life, etc.
The following is his life:
childhood
Sigmund freud, formerly known as sigmund freud, 1856 was born in a Jewish family in freiberg, Moravia province, Austria-Hungary.
My father Jacob Freud was a kind and honest wool merchant, and my mother Amalia Nathan was my father's third wife. She is beautiful, but she has a bad temper. The year Sigmund was born, he already had two half brothers, Emanuel and Philip. 1858, my sister Anna was born.
1859, the whole family moved to Leipzig, Germany. 1 year later, moved to Vienna, the capital of Austria-Hungary. In the next six years, my mother gave birth to four more daughters, Adolphine, Mary, Pauline and Rosa, 1 son, Alexander.
Student period
Freud's enlightenment education was carried out by his parents at home. 1865, that is, at the age of 9-one year earlier than the normal school age-I entered the famous Leopold Real Middle School (junior high school and senior high school). During this period, Freud learned a lot of classical literature from ancient Greece to ancient Rome, as well as Latin, Greek, French and English. He also taught himself Spanish and Italian. In high school, he was influenced by a friend and wanted to be a lawyer in the future.
1In the autumn of 873, Freud entered the University of Vienna to study medicine. Here, he changed his name from Sigmund to Sigmund. At this stage, he was influenced by Darwin's evolution theory. He also carefully read Feuerbach's works and listened to brentano's courses. From the third year of college, he began to study physiology in Ernst Brooke's physiological laboratory.
1879 was recruited by the army and engaged in medical work for one year.
188 1 year, and graduated from the school.
The initial stage of work
After graduation, Freud worked in Brooke's laboratory for 1 year.
June 1882, engaged to Martha bernays. At Brooke's suggestion, he left the physiology laboratory.
1July, 882, worked in Vienna General Hospital, first as a surgeon, then as an intern in internal medicine.
In May, 1883, he was transferred to the psychiatric clinic as an associate physician.
1In the spring of 885, Freud was appointed as a lecturer in neuropathology at the Medical College of Vienna University.
1In August, 885, under the recommendation of Professor Brooke, he won a considerable scholarship to study abroad and went to Sabriel Hospital in Paris to study with Shaq.
1February 886, he returned to Vienna.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/886, due to economic reasons, he began to practice medicine privately as a neurologist. In September, Freud married his fiancee. After marriage, they have three men and three women.
Learning hypnosis
When studying with Shack in Paris, Freud was inspired by Shack's thought. During this period, he changed from a neurologist to a psychopath, and from studying the body to studying psychology. Freud's interest in psychoanalysis began during his cooperation with Josef Breuer in 1884. Breuer is an outstanding doctor. He not only helped Freud solve problems, but also taught Freud to treat hysteria with new methods.
1882165438+10 month, he has learned the effect of hypnosis and catharsis therapy (Bluel called it "talk therapy") from the case of Anna Ou, a patient in Bluel. After returning from Paris to Vienna, he further considered studying Anna Ou's case with Bluel. By this time, Freud had learned the cure for hysteria from Shaq. On the basis of accepting Bleuel's research results, he further explored the hidden problems, and finally understood the application scope of hypnotherapy and its relationship with people's inner mental state.
In order to perfect hypnosis, in the summer of 1889, Freud went to Nancy to learn from Bernheim. He also persuaded a female patient to go to Nancy for hypnotherapy with him. In the process of treating this patient, Freud's discussion with French doctor Ben Han reached an important result, that is, he thought that the role of hypnotherapy was limited, and he found that not all patients could be hypnotized. Finally, Freud gave up hypnosis and turned to free association.
Founding theory
1895, Freud and Bluel wrote a book on hysteria based on their research. The publication of this book laid a theoretical foundation for Freud's psychoanalysis. In the process of studying hysteria, Freud first used the concept of "psychoanalysis" in the history of medicine and psychology.
1897, one year after his father died, Freud began to analyze himself. The main method of self-analysis is to analyze your dreams. After two years of self-analysis, he believes that psychological barriers are caused by the accumulation of sexual tension. He wrote the conclusion of the analysis as Interpretation of Dreams, which was published in 1899 (the publication date was 1900). This book was later praised by many as Freud's greatest work. However, this book has also received a lot of criticism. Freud insisted on self-analysis for the rest of his life, and the last half hour of his work every day was devoted to self-analysis.
Influence expansion
With the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams, the psychoanalytic movement has gradually developed. At this time, a group of young scholars gathered around Freud and formed the "Wednesday Psychoanalysis Group", or the Vienna Psychoanalysis Group. 1902, psychoanalytic association was established. All the participants at that time later became outstanding psychoanalysts, including Adler, Rank, Feden and Jung.
Psychopathology in Daily Life, published in 1904, discusses the psychological impact of common mistakes in life, such as forgetting, slip of the tongue, slip of the pen, misplacing things, etc. Freud's conclusion in the book is now widely accepted.
1905, he published three important works:
A long book, generally called Dora's Analysis, in which Freud elaborated how to reveal and treat various symptoms of neurosis by analyzing dreams;
Another book is Joke and Its Relationship with Unconsciousness, in which he studies various ways of indirect expression of unconscious motivation.
The last book is the most controversial three papers on sexuality, in which he expressed his views on sexual desire in infancy and its relationship with sexual perversion and neurosis. The ideas in this book attracted a lot of ridicule for Freud.
1909, at the invitation of Hall, President of Clark University in the United States, Freud and his disciples attended the 20th anniversary of the school. Freud himself was awarded an honorary doctorate and met with famous American psychologists such as william james, Tichner and Cartel, which indicated that psychoanalytic theory finally gained international recognition.
School branch
With the increasing influence of psychoanalysis, due to different academic opinions, the internal contradictions of psychoanalysis school are deepening and the organization is beginning to split. The main reason is that Adler, Frank and Jung all gradually developed their own theories and styles because they did not conform to Freud's thoughts. At several meetings of the psychoanalytic group of191kloc-0/,Freud sharply criticized Adler's theory. Adler left the group to continue studying his own theory and founded individual psychology. At this time, the ideological conflict between Freud and his designated heir Jung became more and more serious. Jung was dissatisfied with Freud's overemphasis on sexiness when analyzing human development and neurosis, and their relationship deteriorated accordingly. 19 14, jung resigned as the president of the international psychoanalytic association and formally parted ways with Freud to establish analytical psychology.
Late research
19 13, Freud's Totems and Taboos was published, which is second only to Interpretation of Dreams. Freud claimed that by studying incest, fear, emotional contradictions and many other characteristics, he discovered three truths: dreams are the disguised satisfaction of unconscious desires and childhood desires; Oedipus complex is a universal psychological complex of human beings; Children have sexual awareness and motivation. 19 19, Freud founded an international publishing company, specializing in publishing magazines and books on psychoanalysis. Before the Nazi seizure in 1938, the company had published five magazines and 150 books. 1920 His 26-year-old daughter passed away. Perhaps the most serious problem is the fear of two sons going to war. Under this historical background, Freud established the theory of death instinct in 1920, which is the opposite of death desire, life instinct or survival instinct.
old age
1923 In the spring, he was diagnosed with oral cancer, which may be related to his habit of smoking too many cigars every day. Even after he discovered cancer, he didn't change this habit. 1923- 1939, he has undergone many operations. Although it was painful, he refused to use painkillers. He continued to treat patients and write books. 1933 Nazis persecuted Jews after they came to power, and they publicly burned Freud's works in Berlin. 1938 After the occupation of Vienna, Freud still refused to leave. Finally, because his daughter anna Floyd was arrested and her house was robbed many times by Nazi gangsters, she agreed to go to London. Later, his four sisters were all killed by the Nazis in Austria. 1939 On September 23rd, Freud died in London.