Charts in academic papers play an important role in presenting data, transmitting information, supplementing and assisting text narration. This paper introduces the characteristics of charts and their usage rules in academic papers, and probes into how to standardize, effectively and reasonably use charts in academic papers. Standardize the use of three-wire table to simplify the table structure; Effectively use graphics to express data information clearly and intuitively, and specifically explain the methods and steps from sorting out data, clarifying information, determining relationships, selecting charts to creating charts; Using SmartArt graphics correctly can create and express various hierarchical relationships, subordinate relationships, juxtaposition relationships or circular relationships simply, quickly and conveniently.

Find out the important findings related to the theme of the paper concisely from the data analysis, and it is best to use charts to help express them.

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Rules for using ▌ 1 chart in academic papers

In academic papers, the rules for the use of charts can be summarized as follows: ① Selection. The more charts in an article, the better, and should be chosen according to its necessity. If the data are less or the same and can be clearly expressed in short words, there is no need to use charts. ② The structure is concise, intuitive and clear. ③ readability and self-evident. Everything in the chart should be accurate, clear, complete and easy to read. (4) Follow the layout, first look at the corresponding text and then look at the chart. The chart should be immediately after the paragraph that mentions it at 1 for easy reading.

▌2: Three-wire ammeter is used in this specification.

Three-line table is recommended in sci-tech periodicals because of its simple form, clear function and convenient typesetting.

Three-line tables usually have only three rows, namely, top row, bottom row and column row. However, a three-line meter does not necessarily have only three lines. If necessary, you can add auxiliary lines between the top line and the project line. No matter how many auxiliary lines are added, it is still called a three-line table. In academic papers, the elements of three-line table include preface, title, header (item column), text and comments.

▌2. 1 preface and title

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In academic papers, the spacing between the preface and the title is 1, with no punctuation in the middle and centered above the top row of the table. The order of the table is the serial number of the table, which should be numbered consecutively from Arabic numeral "1" in the order in which the table appears in the text, namely "table 1", "table 2" and "table 3". Even if there are only 1 tables in the full text, the table order should be provided, that is, "table 1". The name of the table is the title of the table, and the main content of the table should highlight the core information of the table concisely and accurately, such as time, place, matters, etc., but it should not be too simple or general, nor too cumbersome or lengthy.

▌2.2 Header (item column) and text

The title is the part between the top row and the column row. Generally, there should be multiple columns (titles) in the project column, which can reflect the characteristics or attributes of the column information in the table body. The information under the same column has some * * * characteristics, so it is very important to understand the data in the table. The standard arrangement principle of three-wire table is to read data vertically, which means that the values of each row in the same column in the table body should be arranged vertically under the same heading, which is convenient for readers to read from top to bottom.

The table body is the part above the bottom line and below the column line. It contains most of the information (data or words) in the table and is the main body of the table. The figures in the table have no unit sign, and the percentages have no percent sign "%". The unit sign and the percent sign in the column should be merged. If all columns have the same unit, the unit should be marked on the upper right of the table, and the word "unit" should not be written.

When the numbers of adjacent rows or columns in the table are the same, they still need to be filled in repeatedly and listed one by one, and the words "same left" and "same as above" cannot be used instead. Columns without numbers in the table should be treated differently. GB 77 13- 1987 "Writing Format of Scientific Reports, Dissertations and Academic Papers" stipulates that "blank" in the table means that this item has not been measured, and "-"or "..." means that this item has not been measured.

The decimal point of the number in the table is indicated by ".". Integers greater than 999 and decimals with more than three digits are always separated by a small interval of half an Arabic numeral symbol, and there are no decimal places.

▌2.3 Table Notes

Table comments are words that supplement or annotate the relevant contents in the table, which are generally arranged below the bottom line, and many comments are coded in Arabic numeral order. When necessary, the symbols, marks, codes and items that need to be explained in the form shall be marked with the most concise words.

▌3 Effective use of charts

Using charts to represent data can vividly, intuitively and vividly describe the size, changing trend and distribution of data, reflect the inherent regularity and correlation of things, and facilitate reading, comparison and analysis. Chart is a good way to visualize the object attribute data, which can achieve two purposes: first, to show the data; The second is to transmit information.

How to convert the data initially entered in the table into the final output chart?

▌3. 1 defines the information to be expressed by the data.

Different data can convey different information, even the same data, because of different goals, positions and value judgments. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the information to be conveyed by the data and determine the theme and viewpoint.

▌3.2 Determine the relevance of data

Different information means different data relationships, which will also affect the choice of the final chart. Determining data relationships is a process between defining information and selecting charts. The correlation of data is generally divided into five categories: composition, ranking, time series, frequency distribution and correlation.

▌3.3 Select the applicable chart type.

Chart types include pie chart, bar chart, column chart, line chart, area chart, ring chart, radar chart, bubble chart, surface chart and stock price chart. There are four kinds of charts commonly used in data expression in academic papers: pie chart, bar chart, column chart and line chart.