I. Review issues

The biggest difference between college entrance examination composition and free composition is that there is a unified proposition. If there is a proposition, the composition is required to meet the meaning of the question. Therefore, the first step of exam-oriented composition is often to examine the questions. A college entrance examination composition test can be divided into three parts: topics, materials and requirements (precautions). Of course, not every question has these three parts. Among them, "propositional composition" may have no materials, and "material composition" may also require us to do the questions ourselves. Although the "topic composition" gives a topic, it also advocates testing your own topic. If the composition is to meet the meaning of the question, it is necessary to read and understand all the components shown in the test accurately and comprehensively, and write the composition without bias or omission. If you miss a reading or understanding mistake, you may miss a mile or a thousand miles. However, in recent years, the trend of college entrance examination composition proposition is that there are fewer and fewer "restrictions" and more and more "autonomy". In recent years, the topic composition questions only give materials and topics as the content scope, and we choose our own angles, ideas, styles and topics. It is easier to meet the meaning of the question.

The topics of the composition test can be roughly divided into three categories: one is propositional composition, the other is material composition, and the third is topic composition. Let's talk about their main points respectively.

First, the main points of the proposition composition test:

(1) Grasp the elements and determine the content. Generally speaking, we can ask some questions around this word, and then concretely implement the elements such as people, things, things and scenery involved in this word to determine the specific content of the composition; You can also take the method of supplementing and modifying hedges to narrow the writing scope and bring the topic into your familiar writing scope.

(2) Analyze the symbolic words of the topic to determine the genre of the article. The topic of "I" can be written as narrative, and the topic of "saying", "commenting", "refuting", "analyzing" and "arguing" can be written as argumentative.

(3) Grasp the key points. The topic is biased towards phrases, and the focus of writing often falls on additional elements; The topic is verb-object phrase, so when writing, we should seize the verb to make a fuss; Topics are tied with phrases, and don't forget the relationship between them when writing; The topic is sentences, so pay attention to predicates when writing.

(4) Grasp the connection between the background and the topic, and determine the conception angle. Background material is essentially related to the theme. You know, no matter which angle you choose, it is most reliable to think in combination with the background.

In addition, we should also pay attention to the reality, dialectics and uniqueness of the purpose of the examination.

For example: 1994 national college entrance examination questions

Write a narrative with the topic of "trying", not less than 700 words.

First of all, we must clarify the meaning of "effort". "Try" means practice, experience and experience.

Then we think about selecting materials, and it is not difficult to think that the topic is to ask us to write our own new life experiences and experiences. In this case, the range of materials can be school life, family life and social life. We can write about our new experiences and experiences in moral, intellectual and physical aspects (or on the one hand) within a certain range of life. From the perspective of conception, we can write about the success and experience of an attempt, the failure and lessons of an attempt, and the practice and feelings from failure to success; Of course, no matter from which angle we cut into the topic, we should write its positive significance to the growth of teenagers.

In addition, from the genre point of view, the test questions have clearly requested to be written as narrative, which needs to be further pointed out: it is a narrative for memory.

From the writing point of view, narrative should be given priority to, supplemented by discussion and lyric. As far as this topic is concerned, it is not suitable to simply describe the process of things, without discussion and lyricism, without experience and feelings. We should not only grasp the elements of narrative, but also integrate discussion and lyricism.

From the perspective of language, we should pay attention to the fact that language is full of life interest and intriguing under the premise of accuracy and vividness.

Another example: 1994 Shanghai college entrance examination questions

Introduce a street (or country) store and write an explanatory essay of less than 200 words.

As far as the topic is concerned, it is in the form of radical phrase structure, with the head word "shop" as the object of explanation, and the attributives "street (or country)" and "small" limit the scope:

No matter what store, the scale must be "small", and "small" is a key point in the explanation;

② In addition to the introduction of "orientation", "location" and surrounding environment, there should also be the style and characteristics of "small shop", which is the center of this paper.

1996 Shanghai college entrance examination questions

Title: My Wealth

Wealth can be material or spiritual; It can be concrete or abstract. You can choose your favorite books, stamps, paintings, ball games, long-distance running and so on. You can also write "Poverty is my wealth". A student wrote "Poverty makes me understand the hardship of life and the meaning of labor, and makes me understand that being a man should have backbone and dignity", and so on, which makes me stand out.

Second, the main points of the composition test:

(1) Read the provided written materials or graphic materials and carefully discriminate the key sentences in the materials. Only by grasping the key points and the essence of the material can writing be targeted.

(2) Analysis of images or philosophies in materials. For example, all kinds of images in fables often reflect a certain philosophy and have a certain tendency, which needs careful investigation.

(3) Pay attention to the contrast in the materials. If the materials provided are compared, pay special attention when writing. If it is a variety of materials, it is necessary to analyze them carefully and pay attention to distinguish their similarities and differences.

(4) Distinguish the types of materials. For a single material, we should pay attention to the connotation and extension of the concepts involved, and pay attention to the tendency of the material. For many materials, we should pay attention to seeking common ground while reserving differences, and dig out weighty opinions from differences; Pay attention to seeking common ground while reserving differences and refine opinions from the same point; Pay attention to "arguing differences in differences" and refine opinions from differences; Pay attention to the "complementary superposition" relationship between materials, stack materials reasonably, and extract correct views.

(5) Pay attention to the restrictions in the "requirements". Such as the number of words, genre and so on.

Example of material composition: 1999 Shanghai college entrance examination questions

Topic: Read the following text and write an article of 700 ~ 800 words with the inspiration of "echo"

Echo: One child doesn't know what an echo is. Once, he stood alone in the wilderness and shouted, "Hello! Hey! " The nearby hill immediately echoed his voice: "Hello! Hey! " He called again, "Who are you?" The echo replied, "Who are you?" He screamed again: "You are a fool!" Immediately came the answer of "idiot" from the mountain. The child was very angry and scolded the hill. However, Hill gave him a rude reply. When the child came home, he told his mother, and her mother said to him, "Son, that's what you did wrong. If you speak kindly to it, it will treat you kindly. In fact, many things in the world are like this! "

This topic contains two aspects: one is to understand the meaning of echo-the relationship between people in social life is causal. You know how to be kind to others, and others will be kind to you, and vice versa. Therefore, it is very important to promote the establishment of harmonious interpersonal relationships among society, families and schools. Learning to be kind to others is one of the basic qualities. Secondly, pay attention to the last sentence in the material: "In fact, everything in the world is like this!" The enlightenment of this sentence is that there is an echo relationship not only between people, but also between people and nature. In this way, we can think that people should be kind to others, but also to the world and nature, otherwise the natural environment will respond accordingly. With this idea, the article has reached a higher level. Then, echo covers more than the simple relationship between people.

Another example: read the following materials and write as required.

Dead-leaf butterfly has no beautiful appearance, only two brown lifeless wings, which are totally unworthy of its name "butterfly". It often folds its wings and stands quietly on the branches, swaying in the wind like dead leaves, silently enduring the ridicule of other butterflies. However, when the butterfly is caught and made into a specimen, it can lie on the branch, watch all this quietly and be happy for its luck.

Please write an article of not less than 800 words according to your feelings about this material, conceive it yourself, draw up a title yourself, and choose your own style except poetry.

This material says that the dead-leaf butterfly does not have the beautiful appearance of ordinary butterflies, and it is laughed at by those colorful butterflies, and it is taken lightly. When those butterflies are caught and made into specimens, they can lie on the branches, watch all this quietly and be happy for their luck. Because it is an allegorical composition, you should thoroughly understand the connotation of the material after reading it, jump out of the "butterfly experience" quickly, think of the experiences of people like "butterflies" from things and people, and list examples or famous sayings of people like dead-leaf butterflies and colorful butterflies on the draft paper; Then sort out and ponder the listed examples and famous sayings; The third step is to make a train of thought from different angles, choose the easiest train of thought, draw up an outline and write it down.

Compared with material composition, the biggest change of topic composition is to break through the limitation of materials and make students write more openly.

However, openness does not mean that you can do whatever you want as long as you bring a topic. This point has been reflected in the composition of the college entrance examination in the first four years. The topic composition only stipulates a scope, and some people vividly compare it to a goal. The closer the bullet is to the center, the higher the number of rings it gets. How to make the idea you want to express closer to the "center" of the composition topic in an hour or so? It is very important to understand the connotation and tendency of materials.

Let's first look at a typical composition question:

There is a fisherman who is a good fisherman. He has a habit of taking an oath before every fishing. One spring, I heard that the price of cuttlefish is the highest in the market, so I made an oath: I will only catch cuttlefish this time and make a good profit. But all he caught were crabs. Had to return empty-handed. Only after landing did I know that crabs were more expensive than cuttlefish. He regretted it and vowed to only catch crabs in the future. The second time I went out to sea, all I caught were cuttlefish and returned empty-handed. The cuttlefish is more expensive than the crab this time.

He was very remorseful and vowed to catch crabs and cuttlefish in the future. When he went out to sea for the third time, all he saw was mackerel, and the fisherman returned empty-handed ... Before he went out to sea for the fourth time, he died of hunger and cold.

We have always advocated a firm goal. So once the goal is set, is it really unchangeable? What does this fable make you think? Please write an argumentative essay on the topic of "established goals and objective reality".

In the above materials, the fisherman's first goal was squid, but all he caught were crabs, so the fisherman gave up crabs and returned empty-handed. But after landing, I found that the price of crabs in the market was higher. Of course I regretted it, so I changed my goal for the second time. It backfired, and so did the third time. If the materials are only here, the fisherman seems to be persistent and has not changed his goals because of the reality he encountered. Of course, we can say that the fisherman is working steadfastly towards his goal. But at the end of the material, another sentence appeared: "The fisherman died of hunger and cold before going out to sea for the fourth time." A man who lost his life for the so-called goal, I believe most people disapprove. From the words "not yet" and "already", it can be found that the proponent holds a negative attitude towards the fisherman's behavior. Therefore, the real intention of the proposer is that people can't live without goals, but when there is a distance between the objective reality and the goals, they should also learn to change the goals. Only in this way can we gain something, instead of "hunger and cold."

It can be seen that only by truly understanding the material can we realize that the proposer does not agree with the unchangeable goal, but prefers the ever-changing relationship between the goal and reality. Therefore, it is necessary to set the composition theme as the goal according to the materials, and change with the changes of objective reality, so as to meet the proposition intention.

In addition to finding the propositional intention in the materials, I think it is also very important to grasp the propositional intention by grasping several suggestive sentences between the materials and the topics in the topic composition.

In the above topic, the proposer said after explaining the materials: "We have always advocated firm goals. So, once the goal is set, is it really impossible to change it? What kind of thinking did this fable inspire you? " This fable may make you think a lot, but not every thought is right. In fact, the previous rhetorical question already contains the answer, which is the direction that the proposer asks us to think: "Once the goal is set, can it really not be changed?" Obviously. The proposer believes that once the goal is set, it can sometimes be changed, and the basis of change is objective reality. According to the fable given, the fisherman went out to sea three times and returned empty-handed. In the end, he could only die of hunger and cold. His ending is because his fishing goal has not changed with the change of objective reality, which confirms the implied words from the opposite side.

Some people may think that since the tip is "What makes you think of this fable" and the title is "Established goal and objective reality", it does not conform to the proposition intention that "the goal should not change with the change of objective reality, but should work unswervingly"? Besides, in Hemingway's masterpiece "The Old Man and the Sea", Santiago searched for eels and returned home unshakable in 84 days. Didn't he succeed at last? At first glance, it makes sense, but I think it still doesn't meet the original intention of the proponent. First of all, in the first sentence of the prompt, "We have always advocated firm goals, so once the goals are set, can they really not be changed?" Obviously, the proposer is targeted and has obvious tendency. Third, contact the material again. The fisherman hasn't changed. When he was fishing, he didn't know how to change according to the present situation. He must stick to his set goals before fishing, which is different from Santiago's insistence. Therefore, it is obviously inappropriate to set the story of this fisherman with the example of the old man and the sea, and sticking to the end is not the main reason for this fable. Therefore, please pay attention to several key points in the topic composition.

(1) Comprehensive reading topic. The topic composition proposition generally consists of four parts: material, introduction, topic and requirement. When examining the questions, you should read them through and examine them item by item, and you can't neglect them. It is necessary to examine the scope of the topic and make clear what to write and how to write it.

(2) Open your mind with materials and clues. The materials of topic composition can help us to understand the content of composition actively. The combination of the two can quickly open up writing ideas. When thinking, be good at "seeing the big from the small", and if the topic is suitable, be good at "turning the small into the big".

(3) Use questioning method or vocabulary addition method to deal with the topic, determine the theme, and determine the writing content. Topics in topic composition are generally extended because of their wide adaptability. We should think according to our own accumulation and expertise, and turn small into big. We can ask several questions around the topic (each question contains a topic). Such as "buy a mirror"-what kind of mirror to buy? How to buy a mirror? Who buys the mirror? Why buy a mirror? Why are many people willing to buy vertigo lenses? Wait; You can also add words before, during and after the topic, such as "buying a mirror"-Tang Taizong bought a mirror, bought a mirror of history, bought a failed mirror, bought a mirror storm and so on. This not only narrows the scope of writing, but also preserves the topic.

Let's talk about several practical methods of examining questions with examples:

1. Understand the meaning thoroughly and write according to the topic.

The key to writing a composition on a topic is to examine the topic, and the key to examining the topic is to thoroughly understand the connotation of the topic. So how can we thoroughly understand the connotation of the topic?

① Interpret the topic according to the meaning of dictionary identification or social habit formation.

Write a composition of about 800 words on the topic of "tolerance".

Let's first understand the meaning of "tolerance", and the word "tolerance" in Modern Chinese Dictionary explains two meanings: tolerance and forbearance. "forbearance" means magnanimity, which is harmful to one's interests, reputation, status, etc. Will not be investigated. Accordingly, we can conceive from the following aspects: tolerance is the generosity of understanding and understanding others; Tolerance is good for bad, not haggle over every ounce; Tolerance can win the love and respect of others; Tolerance should not lose its principle, but should be tolerant; Only by tolerating others and severely criticizing others can we learn from the past and save lives. "Accommodation" means accepting (people or things) in a fixed space and scope. Accordingly, we can conceive from the following aspects: (1) Tolerance is great; Heaven and earth can't accommodate it, but the heart can accommodate it; Tolerate others and develop themselves; Accommodate advanced culture, carry forward national traditions and so on.

② Pay attention to topic modifiers.

Example: Write a composition of more than 800 words with the topic of "Win-Win Wisdom". The title is a formal phrase, "wisdom" is the core of the title, and "win-win" is the specific restriction on the title word. In fact, candidates should understand this topic from two levels: the inner topic is "wisdom" and the outer topic is "win-win". You can write what kind of "wisdom" a win-win situation is, and what kind of "wisdom" you can write in exchange for a win-win situation. When writing a narrative, we can interpret the "wisdom" in "win-win" through the arrangement of stories.

2. Read the material and understand the metaphor.

For a fabled and figurative topic, the grasp of the connotation of the topic must be combined with the understanding of the material. So how to understand the material in this topic composition?

(1) Look for keywords and phrases in topic materials, that is, words and phrases that reveal the center of topic materials and contain the composition range set by the proposer.

Read the following short poem, and then write as required.

How long is the night in the clam shell?

No more thinking, no more thinking,

I have got rid of my depression and sadness,

If you are drowned by the tears of the past,

My life will not flash.

Please write an article of about 800 words on the topic of "Pearl" according to the meaning of this poem.

After reading the first three lines of this poem, we know that the pearl has spent countless nights in the clam shell, suffered numerous hardships and got rid of countless anguish and sadness. This is the basis of understanding poetry, and the following two sentences "If I am drowned by the tears of the past//My life will not shine" are the key, because after reading these two sentences, we will deeply realize that life is inseparable from hardships, and only by experiencing hardships and overcoming them can we win the glory of life.

Reference topic: A. Success and tribulation B. Life and frustration C. Let life shine in tribulation

② Confirm the metaphorical meaning of the topic. The figurative meaning of topic composition based on materials is generally implied in topic materials, and the confirmation of this topic figurative meaning should be based on materials instead of imagination. A topic without materials, or a propositional composition, should focus on the topic itself and explore its metaphorical meaning.

Example: Write an article on the topic "Flowers are redder this year than last year". (Liaoning topic in 2005 college entrance examination)

The composition topic of Liaoning volume is very difficult to test. The author quotes a famous sentence from the Northern Song Dynasty poet Ouyang Xiu's "Langtaosha": "This year's flowers are better than last year's ... (It's a pity that next year's flowers will be better. Who do you know? )"。 This is a very sad poem, but when people quote it, they often express a philosophical attitude towards life, or people, things and things are developing and changing in a positive direction. "Flower" is a symbol of people, things and things, which can be a material flower or a spiritual flower.

Therefore, in writing this article, we should not only write about flowers, but also determine the direction of conception after grasping its metaphorical meaning. We can conceive from the following angles: ① the process of human growth; (2) the evolution of thinking; ③ Changes of people and things in hometown; (4) changes in nature; ⑤ Changes in social life.

(3) Clarify the relationship and make dialectical reasoning.

To write relational topics, we should clarify the relationship between concepts and analyze and reason dialectically, so how can we meet these requirements?

(1) Improve the ability to understand the relationship between things.

Correctly grasping the relationship between things is the premise of dialectical analysis. When discussing two aspects of one thing or two things, we must make clear the direction of their relationship. The relationship between these things mainly includes:

(1) dependency. For example, "learn from time to time", learn from it, ask widely, and diligence and curiosity are always linked. If you can't ask, you can't learn, you can't learn, you can't doubt. When discussing, only by profoundly expounding the interdependence between the two can the topic be discussed thoroughly.

② Primary and secondary relations. For example, "achievements and shortcomings", "dedication and demand" and "individual and collective", we should distinguish between primary and secondary, mainstream and tributary, and avoid using pen and ink on average.

3 weigh the relationship. For example, "self-abasement and self-improvement", self-abasement will make people depressed, and a person's talent and intelligence will be buried in lamentation. Self-improvement is the "catalyst" of the cause and a persistent spirit. Only by constantly striving for self-improvement can we make our life shine. Two things are positive and negative, and the emotional color is positive and negative. We should be able to analyze their essential differences and affirm one aspect in the analysis.

④ Conditional relationship. For example, in Inheritance and Development and Trees, Forests and Climate, many trees form forests, and forests change the climate, which shows that forests are the fundamental conditions for changing the climate.

(2) Improve the ability of dialectical analysis.

There is always a certain connection between the two concepts of relational topics, and the proposer also asks candidates to think dialectically about it. If you only say one side and forget the other, you will make one-sided mistakes, which is the most taboo in writing argumentative papers. Therefore, we must cultivate the ability of dialectical analysis of problems, that is, learn to look at problems with a comprehensive, developing and connected perspective. Read the following materials, and then write a composition as required (composition topic of Zhejiang college entrance examination in 2003)

The Tang poem said, "A leaf falls to know the autumn on earth." Song goes: "Spring can't shut the garden, an almond goes out of the wall."

A leaf falls in autumn, and a flower blooms in spring. Ordinary and subtle things are often the epitome of the world, and infinity is often collected in the limited.

Please write an article on the topic of "One Leaf, One World". Except poetry, the genre is not limited, and it is required to be within 800 words.

Zhejiang college entrance examination composition questions are full of humanistic atmosphere and philosophical connotation. The proposer took great pains in the design of the topic, instead of adopting the topic form of the binary concept relationship in the national volume, he contained philosophy in the metaphor phrase of "one branch, one leaf and one world", which was an innovation and made the examination of the topic more difficult. When examining the questions, at least two points should be made clear: ① a branch and a leaf, which are metaphors of details and subtle life phenomena in life; The world refers to the overall picture and spiritual essence of things. ② "One branch and one leaf" and "the world" are the whole and local relations, and "one branch and one leaf" is the particularity of individuality and contradiction; The "world" is universal and contradictory. * * * Sex lies in personality, and personality shows * * *. Be wary of the following mistakes when writing: ① Grasp one point, not as good as the rest. Write the beauty of "a branch and a leaf", but it does not reflect the characteristics of "the world". Empty talk, no specific "branches and leaves". (2) equally divided, no focus. The article wrote "a branch and a leaf" and "the world", but they are equally divided, and there is no distinction between primary and secondary; Some "branches and leaves" are like water, and "the world" is like "oil", and the two are not integrated. (3) Understand paranoia and argue irrationally. Lack of development vision has separated the relationship between "branches and leaves" and "world"

If these methods still make you feel at a loss, you may wish to refer to the following skills-reasonable examination of questions, breaking the order of propositions.

First, focus on topic language.

We often look at the materials first, then at the topics and finally at the requirements. In fact, this practice is not necessarily the most suitable for topic composition. We know that first impressions are very important. It is precisely because we read the material first that we were locked by a few words in the material, so we began to feel and write close-ups and forgot to take the topic into account. For example. The topic of the college entrance examination in 2002 is "the choice of mind". After reading the materials, some people immediately positioned the center of the article as "helping others" and "helping others equals self-help". In fact, this topic is "the choice of mind", and the focus of writing should be "how to choose the mind". Therefore, the first step in examining the topic is to look at the language of the topic and make clear the object, scope and focus of writing. In order to deepen the impression before writing, in order to be "aware" before writing.

Secondly, use material language to understand the meaning of the topic.

After defining the content of the topic, we have to consider what this topic means and how to understand it correctly. This requires the second step of examining the topic: understanding the meaning of the topic through the material language. Material language plays a great role in composition, which can reveal the connotation of the topic and make it concrete and visual. With the help of it, we can accurately understand the intention of the proposer. Take the title of the college entrance examination in 2003 as an example. At first glance, "emotional closeness" and "cognition of things" seem to be "irrelevant". One is about the emotional relationship between people and things, and the other is about people's cognition of things. How to unify the two? How to establish the central point of the article on this basis? If you only look at the topic language in isolation, it may take some brains, but you can "sit in the right place" by reading the material language carefully and thinking a little. "Emotional closeness" refers to the three characters in the fable: the "rich man" is close to the "son" and alienated from the "old man next door". Because of this, in the face of heavy rain, although the "son" and the "old man in the neighborhood" have the same advice: "If you don't fix it, someone will steal it." Look, rich people lose things at night, and rich people can't handle problems correctly. He doesn't think that "son" and "neighbor's old man" are smart, and he doesn't doubt that "son" and "neighbor's old man" are thieves. But according to feelings: the son who is close to feelings, he thinks "smart", the old man who is alienated from feelings, he suspects that he is a thief. In this way, with the help of material language, we can initially understand the topic language: people's cognition of things is not necessarily objective, and in real life, the closeness of feelings often determines the depth of right and wrong cognition of things. From this, the meaning of the topic will suddenly become clear.

Third, rely on hints to open writing ideas.

Although I can correctly understand the meaning of the topic, I may be at a loss because of emotional tension when writing, and I don't know how to open my mind. It doesn't matter. At this time, you can check our "shortcut keys in the composition computer"-tips. The suggestion in the topic is carefully conceived by the proposer, which can stimulate our writing inspiration, make us cut into the writing scope faster and better, and determine the writing angle. Look at the hint of the composition of the 2003 college entrance examination: "Until today, we can still hear similar stories in real life;" However, many different or even opposite situations are also common. When we know things and deal with problems, is there a relationship between the intimacy of feelings and the depth of right and wrong cognition of things? What kind of relationship is it? "This hint can give us the following enlightenment: 1. We can write stories in today's real life; 2. You can write about things whose feelings have a negative binding effect on the cognition of things; 3. Contrary to the above idea, you can also write about things that feelings have a positive effect on cognition; 4. You can deeply analyze the relationship between the two, or analyze the reasons for this phenomenon, write an argumentative paper and so on. On this basis, we can also quickly judge which contents have something to say, which contents are most in line with the meaning of the question and which are innovative themes.

Fourth, master the curriculum according to the required language.

Of course, before you start writing, please don't forget to read the final requirements. The title, style and number of words should not be sloppy. Only in this way can we write an excellent composition that meets the requirements.

In short, we can't treat the four major parts of the topic composition in isolation, simply intercept a certain part and then write it down. Only by reading all the topics reasonably can we not only ensure that the theme, viewpoint and emotion of the article are consistent with the original intention of the proposer, but also publicize our own personality and talent, so as to write a good article that satisfies both the author and the reader.