Looking back on the distant cold war, we can clearly see that the cold war regularly deduces the road of negation of negation: from the cold war to slowness.

Peace, from detente to the new cold war, is now easing, showing the basic trend of wave-like development.

The sharp ideological conflict and the development of hidden economic relations are roughly the same, but sometimes they deviate from each other. Military political cold war and economic cold war

They are mutual cause and effect and mutual purpose. Although the most striking feature of the Cold War is the confrontation of military forces, wealth and strength have always been.

In a long-term and profound sense, the leader and winner of the Cold War interpretation is not military and political forces, but economic forces.

Based on the background of the economic cold war, this paper discusses the history of the evolution of economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war and reveals its inherent inevitability.

one

From the Cold War to detente

The time range of this stage is roughly from post-war to the end of 1960s. The basic trend of economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union is from hot to cold and then to

From cold to hot, but the former change is obvious and profound, and the latter change is shallow and weak, so it is also called limited relaxation. 1945. II

Before the last smoke of the war dispersed, the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union began to disintegrate, and the military, political and economic relations changed from hot to hot.

Cold, sharp drop in freezing point, while two camps and two military groups are opposed, two parallel market systems are also rapidly established.

And launched a confrontation, forming the economic connotation of the cold war tree carving. At the end of the war, the United States was the largest military, political and economic power in the world.

China, but it is very difficult. What the United States is most worried about is the disappearance of military orders and the demobilization of troops, resulting in large-scale unemployment.

Leading to the economic downturn again, endangering system security; Worried that the Soviet Union would use the economic chaos in Europe for economic infiltration. As a result, the Soviet economy was suppressed.

System strategy came into being, as an important part of Marshall Plan and East-West trade control policy, it is like a double-edged sword.

Directly to the Soviet Union. The Marshall Plan launched by 1947 is an economic replica of Truman Doctrine. As Truman described it, it is true.

Two halves of walnuts. Its main content is to support the western European economy and make it strong enough to resist the Soviet offensive and promote western Europe.

On the basis of union (the direct result is the European body), it became a group force to contain the Soviet Union. Therefore, judging from the relationship between East and West,

From this perspective, the Marshall Plan is the last step towards the Cold War. The East-West trade control policy originated from Truman administration.

Its main content is a total ban on direct or indirect export of strategic materials, commodities in short supply and technical materials related to strategic materials.

Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. From March 1948, the United States decided to impose an embargo on strategic materials on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and then 1949 promulgated the export control law and imposed sanctions on * *.

The establishment of the Coordination Committee for Export Control of the Party Group (Batumi for short) basically formed a strategy to contain the Soviet economy. Its realistic goal is

The sphere of influence of the Soviet Union is limited to the present area. Although the Soviet Union suffered huge losses in the war, it was still the first in Europe and the first in the world.

The second military and political power. Faced with the grim political, military and economic situation in the early postwar period and the aggressive global offensive of the United States, the Soviet Union quickly

Make a quick and strong reaction. Under the extreme guidance of the cold war mentality, Stalin put forward. The theory of confrontation between two parallel markets, while in China

On international economic issues, we will fully implement the policy of opposing the West and resolutely oppose any economic occupation of the Soviet Union and its sphere of influence by the United States.

Figure. 1945 In February, the Soviet Union finally refused to ratify the Bretton Woods Agreement, which further turned economic confrontation from theory into reality.

In view of the influence of the Marg Plan, the Soviet Union strengthened its economic ties with eastern European countries and restricted its economic relations with the West by implementing the Molotov Plan.

Exchange, to 1949, formally developed into the Soviet-East Economic Group (CMEA). In this way, as a direct economic consequence of the two plans of the United States and the Soviet Union,

Europe "has two opposing world systems and two isolated and antagonistic economic groups." The original communication channel between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Tao was completely interrupted. From the mid-to-late 1950s, the Cold War took a turning point for the first time, and the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union turned from cold to hot, showing a trend of continuous easing, although

Even a sudden sharp confrontation like the Cuban missile crisis cannot make it substantially reversed. The relaxed economic background is the Soviet Union and the United States.

The quantitative comparison began a gradual change from inferiority to equilibrium.

In 1950s and 1960s, the American economy was still growing on the whole, but between 65438 and 0945, it quickly lost its wealth and health all over the world.

The relative proportion of production and trade. 1. Since the 1960s, there have been obvious signs of crisis in some important areas of the American economy. face

The United States was forced to adopt a strategic contraction to ease the pressure of the expansion of Soviet military and political strength. The United States has known this since the Eisenhower era.

It is in the national interest of the United States to ease the economic relations between the East and the West, and some adjustments have been made in practical policies, such as hitting the economy hard.

Heart turned to China, relax the trade control of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1950s, through the formulation of the East-West exchange plan, the evolution of resilience began.

Policies are gradually replacing radical change policies. In the 1960s, the United States further considered exchanging economic concessions for political concessions of the Soviet Union. When Kennedy

The peace strategy implemented during this period also regards trade as an important means to promote relaxation, but this economic relaxation is still strictly controlled.

Restrictive measures, such as 1962 amendment to the export control law, extend export restrictions to anything that is important for developing military or economic potential.

Italian materials are prohibited from being exported to * * * countries. Due to the recovery of post-war production, high investment formed the initial momentum and

With the extraordinary development of several high-tech departments closely related to military potential, such as aerospace and nuclear ships, the Soviet economy has developed by leaps and bounds.

Its national income began to narrow from 30‰ in 1950 to 58% in 1960. The 20th Khrushchev of the Soviet Union

Put forward the Sanhe route, replacing the isolated confrontation in Stalin's period with the peaceful competition of two parallel markets. He thought, now I'm

Our country has surpassed the United States in terms of growth rate and absolute growth of products, and we are ahead of the United States at a faster speed than the United States.

In recent years, our annual output has exceeded it. Therefore, it is much easier to catch up with the United States now. The two major market systems have long been in a state of peaceful competition.

For a long time, it became the dominant thought of foreign economic relations between Khrushchev and the Soviet Union. Since you can deposit in parallel, foreign (capital

The economic relations in the socialist market system are dispensable, and the economic relations within the socialist market system must be strengthened.

United's easing offensive is mainly manifested in its political stance, and the easing of economic relations is extremely low-key. In the second half of 1960s, the Soviet Union began.

There are signs of actively seeking economic easing with the United States. However, it was not built in a day, and the transformation of economic relations is relatively lagging behind.

Make love. Throughout the 1960s, the economic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union was at a very low level. Take 1.969 as an example, the bilateral trade volume is only1.600 million.

The trade volume between the Soviet Union and other western countries is the lowest (in the same period, the trade volume between the Soviet Union and Britain, West Germany, France and Italy is respectively

760 million, 7.4l million, 470 million, 530 million), and the trade is mainly limited to agricultural products. 1963 The United States exported 500,000 tons of wheat to the Soviet Union.

It can be called the bulk trade in this period.

The period from detente to the new cold war is roughly from the end of 1960s to the end of 1970s. The basic situation of economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union

The trend is to continue the previous relaxation, continue to turn from cold to hot, and then from hot to cold, but the latter turning point is still not obvious in form and content.

Compared with the drastic changes in the military and political situation, the shadow of Xinzheng War once again enveloped the world, showing inconsistency and lag.

At that time, the economic exchanges between the East and the West were still stirring under the frozen river.

1969 the defeat of the United States in the Vietnam war marked the basic completion of the balance of strategic forces between the United States and the Soviet Union, and at the same time promoted economic easing.

Entering a period with certain substantive content, the background is that the economic strength of the United States and the Soviet Union continues to develop in a direction favorable to the Soviet Union.

The economic gap has further narrowed. The failure of the Vietnam War accelerated the pace of economic recession in the United States, and economic hegemony began to waver, resulting in high war costs.

The sharp increase has had a very bad impact on the American economy. lJI has been released since Truman first announced the containment of 194 1.

The gradually formed unanimous support for the cold war foreign policy was shattered. During Nixon's period, a new international economic policy was put forward.

Carry out a relaxation policy with the development of economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union as the main content, and carry out induced economic diplomacy with the Soviet Union. Under the guidance of this policy,

1969 export control law replaces the export restrictions of comprehensive strategic goods with restrictions on high-tech transfer, and relaxes the restrictions on general technologies and commodities.

Export, and use the Batumi exception clause to expand the embargoed goods and restrict the export of goods. However, the purpose of economic easing is clear.

6 Journal of Ningbo University (Humanities Edition) 200 1 Rejection

In fact, American officials publicly declared that our strategy was to use trade concessions as a political tool to restrain the Soviet Union when it took risks.

Dear friends, encourage them when they adopt a cooperative attitude, and let the domestic development and foreign policy of the * * * production party countries follow our expectations.

The goal of progress. Nick orange also vividly said: our goods should be printed not only with economic prices, but also with political prices.

In fact, the United States used to develop economic relations as a bargaining chip against North Vietnam, restrict strategic nuclear weapons, and the domestic policy of the Soviet Union to force the Soviet Union.

Make concessions. Therefore, American economic easing is not the end of containment, but a new form and continuation of containment.

The 1970s was the era when the Soviet Union's military and political strength was the strongest, and the economic strength gap between the Soviet Union and the United States was greatly shortened. 1965, Soviet nationals received income.

Equivalent to 57% of the United States, 1978 rose to about 67%. The output of nearly 20 industrial products such as steel and oil even exceeds that of the United States.

Brezhnev overestimated the economic situation of the Soviet Union. He believed that in the last 25 years, the social, economic, cultural and scientific development of the Soviet Union.

Development has reached its peak, and its achievements can become a decisive factor in world politics. However, compared with the United States at the same time, the Soviet economy has serious disadvantages.

Compared with the superficial crisis, the economic crisis in the Soviet Union is hidden, but it is also deeper. Brezhnev inherited the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union.

The diplomatic line is tough militarily and what do you want from the United States economically? The 24 th National Congress of the Soviet Union put forward a six-point peace program and announced a slowdown.

And strive to improve relations with the United States. Because the United States and the Soviet Union need each other in economic interests, both sides are economically beautiful.

Great progress has been made. 1972 After the signing of the US-Soviet trade agreement, the trade volume showed an upward trend, from 1972 to 1979.

4.477 billion dollars has become a major symbol of relaxation. During this period, several summits were held and dozens of agreements and agreements were signed.

They also have economic content to varying degrees, involving economy, science and technology, trade, energy, medicine, environment, public health and many other aspects. For example, only

1In July, 972, an agreement was signed for the United States to provide loans to the Soviet Union for the Soviet Union to purchase grain worth 750 million dollars from the United States.

This has almost doubled the trade volume between the two countries; About the scientific and technological cooperation between the Soviet Union and American western oil companies totaling $3 billion.

Agreement: Cooperation agreements between the two sides in six research fields, including energy, computer and agriculture. Signed at 1972.

In a three-year comprehensive trade agreement, the United States even promised to ask Congress for approval to grant the most-favored-nation treatment to the Soviet Union, and agreed to be led by the other side.

They all set up trade offices between each other. The economic relations between the two sides have achieved the greatest development since the war.

However, economic easing has not brought about military and political easing. In the middle and late 1970s, when the Soviet Union used the American strategy to shrink, it continued to expand.

In the Middle East, Africa, China and the United States infiltrated and even sent troops to Afghanistan, the global offensive reached its peak. The United States used economic aid as bait to contain the Soviet Union.

The strategic policy of domestic and foreign policy has failed. The opposition of economic interests soon overshadowed the weak consensus, and the foundation of relaxation was established.

The foundation began to collapse and economic confrontation developed again.

1977 Carter came to power and replaced Nick Orangeism with global order politics, although the economic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union still eased along the previous period.

Orbital inertia is advancing, but it has gradually changed from hot to cold. Before 1979, the United States disagreed with the Soviet Union many times on the issue of arms control.

On the grounds of audience, the Soviet Union's armed intervention in Angola and human rights, we used economic means such as shelving trade negotiations and restricting exports.

Sanctions against the Soviet Union.

The 1970s was another period of prosperity and decline of the Soviet Union. 1978, the Soviet military expenditure has reached the first place in the world, 20% higher than that of the United States.

The crazy growth of the world and the stagnation and recession of the economy have made it a "giant with clay feet" and more eager to develop economic relations with the United States.

Brezhnev, under the banner of detente materialization, proposed to supplement political detente with military detente and economic cooperation, which will develop the classic of the United States and the Soviet Union.

Economic relations are a prerequisite for political cooperation. It is suggested that the potential of economic cooperation between the two countries should be realized most quickly and fully.

Despite the escalating sanctions imposed by the United States on the Soviet Union during this period, the Soviet Union imported 1978 10 1.977 from the United States to September .480.

Ten thousand tons of grain, the grain trade volume of 1979 is as high as $2.3 billion, which greatly exceeds the annual $600,800 stipulated in the 1975 agreement.

The quantity of ten thousand tons. In the same year, the United States also imported 548 million dollars worth of gold and 254 million dollars worth of other commodities from the Soviet Union. In that way

But the reality is that the strategic power balance between the United States and the Soviet Union is once again developing in the direction of benefiting the United States, and the United States has become more and more inclined to use this system.

With the outbreak of the Afghanistan incident, the United States imposed large-scale economic sanctions on the Soviet Union, a new cold war.

Set off a climax.

Second, from the new cold war to the new detente.

The time range of this stage is roughly from the late 1970s to the disintegration of the Soviet Union in l99 1. The basic situation of economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union is as follows

Similar to the early form of the cold war, that is, from hot to cold, and then from cold to hot. However, the international economic environment and the domestic economic situation of the United States and the Soviet Union

Niu Xiaofeng's fourth issue: the evolution of economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the war.

Great changes have formed a new background of economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, and neither high-pressure containment nor the combination of inducement and pressure can stop the tide of economic exchanges.

The flow and development of economic relations has become the premise and key to solve all other problems.

Since 1979, the economic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union has greatly cooled down, and has remained at a low level since then until the first half of the 1980s.

The fundamental reason lies in the substantial changes in the balance of power between the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States regained its advantage and launched an all-out offensive against the Soviet Union again.

The scope of economic offensive and the strength of economic weapons are unprecedented. The rapid development of the new scientific and technological revolution has greatly promoted the United States

Economy, although economic development still faces many difficulties and economic strength is relatively declining, the overall trend of domestic economic development has taken shape.

All right. Because the result of economic easing to the Soviet Union was quite different from the initial decline, the United States once again adjusted its economic strategy to the Soviet Union. 1980 1 month, card

The introduction of individualism became the signal of the new economic containment strategy, and then the Reagan administration launched the Star Wars plan which cost trillions of dollars.

It is the product of the combination of American global hegemonic politics and powerful comprehensive national strength, which has both military and economic significance.

While introducing the arms race into space, it will also push the economic relationship with the Soviet Union to a low ebb. In the long run, it is of great economic significance to the Soviet Union.

Compared with the economic containment strategy of molybdenum in the early postwar period, the economic containment of the United States to the Soviet Union reached a new level during this period.

Gaofeng changed the relaxation policy of induced economic diplomacy since the 1970s and implemented high-pressure economic diplomacy, which dealt a blow to the economy.

Re-aim at the Soviet Union: take technology transfer restrictions as a basic national policy, establish a system similar to Batumi control and third-country cooperation, and expand the scope of restrictions.

Control range; Adopting a policy without exception to the Soviet Union and taking various measures to cut molybdenum aggravated its domestic economic difficulties.

The economic recession in the Soviet Union accelerated in the 1980s, and the economy became more and more difficult. According to the estimation of the Central Intelligence Agency and other western institutions, the Soviet Union was in. 198 1 year.

The growth rate of GNP is only 1%, and the proportion of GNP in the world has dropped from 1.970 to 1.5%.

L.6% gap in the overall level of science and technology. N D 1L "and the United States continue to expand. In the mid-1980s, new technologies were used in civilian production.

It is nearly 20 years behind the United States and its comprehensive national strength is less than half that of the United States. Faced with the actual power contrast, the Soviet Union turned to take strategic defense against the United States.

Economically, it adopts a low profile and hopes to get rid of economic difficulties with the help of the United States. But this is just wishful thinking. After 2008+0979, the United States

China imposed large-scale economic sanctions on the Soviet Union, including the unilateral suspension of a number of approved export exceptions: 1975.

Except as stipulated in the agreement, the 6.5438+0.7 million tons of grain ordered by the Soviet Union will no longer be paid; License to stop exporting advanced technologies and strategic commodities. Do n't move

Application for export of Soviet high-tech projects with a value of $654.38+$55 million; Strictly restrict the Soviet Union's fishing rights in American waters. both sides

Economic relations suddenly cooled down, and the trade volume dropped sharply from $4.477 billion in 1979 to $196.3 billion.

Continuously expand the scope of molybdenum cutting, such as delaying the negotiation of long-term grain agreements between the two sides; Impose an oil and gas embargo on the Soviet Union; Ask for everything abroad

American subsidiaries, including foreign companies using American patents, imposed an oil and gas embargo on the Soviet Union until they ordered the arrival of molybdenum.

Moscow Olympic Games. Tough to the extreme

The last turning point in the cold war era occurred in the mid-1980s. 10, Reagan and Gorbachev met for the first time, which marked the first time.

The beginning of a new round of detente is the result of a long-term contest between the comprehensive national strength of the United States and the Soviet Union, and it is also the two major trends of contemporary peace and development.

Thus, since the 1980s, the main battlefield of international competition has shifted from the military field to the economic field, dealing with the relations between countries.

Our ways and methods are no longer based on military, political and ideological confrontation, but on developing economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation.

During this period, the United States once again dominated. Driven by the information revolution, the American economy has gradually accumulated substantial changes.

Foundation, take the lead in entering the era of knowledge economy. However, there are also many difficulties and problems, especially the previous economic containment strategy has not achieved great success.

On the contrary, the fiscal and trade deficits and debts are increasing, and the international economic status is seriously weakened. However, its problems are far less than those of its rival Sue.

The severity of the alliance is the first problem of relative decline. _ 5 The Reagan administration comprehensively summed up its previous economic strategy towards the Soviet Union and considered it rigid.

Confrontation, high-pressure containment, and blind development of economic relations with the Soviet Union in exchange for concessions. So a seemingly compromise

. The economic foreign policy of combining inducement with pressure was replaced. The main content of the combination of inducement and pressure is to develop economic relations as bait, and at the same time,

Additional political, military, cultural, ideological and other conditions forced the Soviet Union to retreat in an all-round way, eventually making its political, economic system and ideology

1989 in may, the bush administration launched the strategy of transcending containment, which made great contributions to the Soviet policy for more than 40 years after the war.

Make adjustments and openly put forward that the current goal of the United States is not only to limit the expansion of the Soviet Union, but to make the Soviet Union become the international community again.

It can be seen that the strategy of surpassing containment is not surpassing economic containment, but actual containment, complete containment and final containment.

Achieve peaceful evolution. Therefore, no matter during Reagan's second term or Bush's period, most American aid programs to the Soviet Union were lip service.

It is often accompanied by things such as reducing armaments, establishing a capitalist market system, promoting western political democratization, and changing attitudes towards dissidents.

Journal of Ningbo University (Humanities Edition) 200 1 Yan

Policies, ethnic policies, etc., almost include all aspects of Soviet internal and external policies. US Secretary of State Baker turned a blind eye to this.

Call a spade a spade: Washington will not stop blocking the Soviet Union until there are signs that the Soviet Union has carried out democratic and free market economic reforms.

Joint economic assistance organization.

In Gorbachev's Soviet Union, the economic recession was on the verge of collapse. The national income continued to grow negatively, reaching 3% in 1990.

During the same period, the inflation rate was as high as 86%. Western data show that the gross national product of the Soviet Union has dropped from 1990 to 1, 3 ~ second only to the United States.

The grim situation forced the Soviet Union to turn its main attention to the domestic economy and place unprecedented hopes on the United States and other western countries.

As the theoretical basis of the new diplomatic strategy, Gorbachev put forward and completed the new thinking of foreign relations.

The third major change in the diplomatic history of the Soviet Union ended the diplomatic struggle since Khrushchev and began to enter a new and most

The latter period. The primary task of new thinking diplomatic strategy is to create a peaceful international environment for domestic economic construction. Base shrinkage,

Give up confrontation in exchange for American economic assistance. A new period of relaxation. Substantial progress has been made in economic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. 1989, Bush and

During Gorbachev's meeting, he first discussed the economic difficulties of the Soviet Union. The United States expressed its willingness to provide economic assistance and agreed to give it to the Soviet Union.

Most favored nation treatment. Support the Soviet Union to participate in GATT as an observer. And adjust the trade policy with the Soviet Union: expand economy, industry and technology.

Cooperation agreement; Hold trade negotiations at the vice minister level; Reorganize the US-Soviet Business Council: provide various loans and emergency assistance.

Ease the dialogue and establish a platform and partnership. Trade has also rebounded sharply. By the end of 1989, it had increased to $5.5 billion.

However, with the continuous easing of economic relations. On the one hand, the base position of the United States is pressing, on the other hand, the Soviet Union is losing ground. American aid did not.

The Soviet Union, which saved the economic collapse, gave up a dose of opium instead, which played a fatal role in the process of institutional evolution and national disintegration of the Soviet Union.

199 1 At the end of the year,' the Soviet Union disintegrated and the Cold War ended, so did the economic cold war. Due to the sudden withdrawal of an opponent, the cold war.

The end of is more sudden than its beginning. However, as Toynbee said, the end of hostilities is far from the end of the story. This is reserved for

Human thinking and enlightenment are far more important than process.