The title of graduation thesis appropriately and accurately reflects the most important content of the thesis with concise words (generally no more than 20 words). Thesis topics are usually composed of noun phrases, so we should try to avoid using uncommon abbreviations, acronyms, characters, codes and formulas.
If the content of the paper is multi-layered and difficult to simplify, the method of combining the title and subtitle can be adopted, in which the subtitle plays a role in supplementing and clarifying the title. The title and subtitle should be consistent when they appear in different places throughout the graduation thesis.
2. Summary
It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, an independent and complete essay, generally written in a third-person tone, without comments or supplementary explanations. Should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. Generally, the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the research work should be explained, with emphasis on the results and conclusions.
Generally, the number of Chinese abstracts is 300~600 words, while the number of substantive English abstracts is about 300 words, which can be slightly more if there is special need. As far as possible, unknown and common figures, tables, chemical structures, symbols and terms should be avoided.
3. Keywords
Keywords (including Chinese and English keywords) are words or terms that express the theme information of the paper, which should reflect the characteristics of the paper, have semantics and have a clear source in the paper.
The number of keywords is generally 3-8, and each keyword is separated by a semicolon. There is no punctuation after the last keyword, and Chinese and English keywords should correspond to each other one by one. Chinese keywords should be marked with "Keyword:" and English keywords with "Keyword:".
4. Contents
A table of contents is a sequential list of chapters of graduation thesis. The graduation thesis should be written in a table of contents and marked with page numbers, which is convenient for reading and mastering the main contents of the graduation thesis. The level of the directory should not exceed level 3.
5. Text
The text includes: introduction (or preface, preface), this theory and conclusion.
(1) Introduction: It is the beginning of the graduation thesis and includes the following contents:
(1) Explain the purpose and significance of the thesis writing and the understanding of the research questions;
2 ask questions.
(2) This theory is the main body and the most important part of the paper, and the whole argumentation process is carried out here. This theory generally includes:
(1) according to the needs of the central argument, determine the sub-arguments and arrange the levels and paragraphs of the article;
(2) Put forward arguments and discuss them.
(3) Conclusion: It is the end of the paper, which mainly includes three parts:
(1) put forward or emphasize the conclusion;
(2) Prospect of the future development trend of the research;
(3) A brief description of relevant issues.
(science and engineering majors and grammar majors of economic management require 10000~ 15000 words; English majors write papers in English, requiring more than 6000 real words).
Step 6 refer to
Reference is a collection of documents with specific sources cited in this paper, which is an indispensable part of graduation thesis and the author's recognition and respect for other people's knowledge achievements. There are more than 10 references for graduation thesis, including at least 2 references in foreign languages.
7. Appendix
According to the content requirements of graduation thesis, determine whether an appendix is needed. Including the formula derivation that is too lengthy in this paper, the auxiliary mathematical tools that others need to read easily, the repeated data charts, the symbolic meanings used in the paper, etc. So, how to write a graduation thesis? The first is the topic selection. Topic selection is the key to success or failure of thesis writing. Because choosing a topic is the first step in writing a graduation thesis, it is actually to determine the question of "what to write", that is, to determine the direction of scientific research. If "what to write" is not clear, "how to write" is impossible. Specifically, students can choose topics from the following three aspects. First of all, we should choose a topic from the disadvantages of reality and learn professional knowledge. We should not only stay in books and theories, but also try to integrate theory with practice and use our professional knowledge to find and solve problems that need to be solved urgently in work practice. Secondly, we should choose topics from the blank and marginal fields of scientific research. There are still many virgin lands in scientific research, and there are still many defects and gaps to be filled. Candidates should have unique vision and advanced consciousness to think, discover and study. Finally, we should choose the topic from finding the shortcomings and mistakes of previous studies. Many of the research topics put forward by predecessors have achieved initial research results, but with the continuous development of society, they still need to be enriched, improved and developed. This supplementary or revised research topic also has scientific value and practical guiding significance. Examples of logistics papers:
On the Improvement of Logistics Transportation Efficiency of Enterprises in China
On the basis of analyzing the present situation of China's logistics and transportation industry, this paper probes into the factors that affect China's logistics and transportation efficiency, such as infrastructure, management department, logistics concept and professionals, and puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions on how to improve China's logistics and transportation efficiency.
Keywords: logistics; Transportation; Efficiency; factor
Logistics transportation is the pillar of the whole logistics system, and the improvement of logistics transportation efficiency is the main way to reduce the total cost of social logistics. At present, China's logistics transportation market has just stepped out of the initial stage, but the low efficiency of logistics transportation is still an unsolved problem. Finding out the main factors affecting transportation efficiency and making up for its shortcomings will play a positive role in promoting the rapid development of China's logistics industry.
First, the status quo of China logistics and transportation industry
1. Logistics transportation costs are high.
Transportation cost accounts for a large proportion in the whole logistics cost. Even in developed countries in Europe, transportation costs generally account for more than one-third of the total logistics costs. However, the logistics transportation cost in China has been high. According to the statistics of China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing on the national logistics operation in 2004, in 2004, the total cost of social logistics in China was 29 11400 million yuan, equivalent to 2 1.3% of GDP, which was1times higher than the average level of developed countries, and the transportation cost was/kloc-0. At present, many commercial enterprises in China spend 40% ~ 50% more on logistics and transportation than in the United States. In 2007, an Italian research organization "Asia Observer" conducted a survey, which showed that China is one of the countries with the highest logistics and transportation costs in the world, and the annual expenditure on logistics and transportation is as high as 200 billion US dollars, twice that of the United States.
2. Long logistics transportation time and low capital turnover rate.
According to statistics, in recent years, China manufacturing enterprises spend about 90% of their time on logistics. The output only accounts for about 10%. The long transportation time leads to the low turnover rate of liquidity in China. The distribution of working capital turnover rate in China ranges from 1.2 in state-owned industrial enterprises to 2.3 in state-owned commercial enterprises. The average value in the United States is 15 ~ 20, and some large multinational enterprises can reach 30.
3. The operation level of logistics and transportation enterprises is not high.
At present, most logistics and transportation enterprises in China are transformed from traditional warehousing and transportation enterprises, and there is no qualitative improvement in management level, technical strength and service scope. In addition, on the whole, China's logistics enterprises generally have the phenomena of small scale of operation, small market share, single service function, insufficient operating experience, low degree of informatization, lack of high-quality talents and so on, and the overall operating level is low, lacking advanced management concepts and models.
From the above analysis, we can see that compared with some developed countries, China's logistics transportation industry has high overall cost and low efficiency. To solve this problem, we must first analyze the factors that affect the efficiency of logistics and transportation in China.
Second, the factors affecting the efficiency of logistics and transportation in China
1. Infrastructure
In recent years, our government has invested a lot of money in infrastructure construction, especially in the central and western regions, which not only requires a lot of money, but also takes a long time. Therefore, China's infrastructure construction still lags behind the needs of economic development, especially in the transportation of logistics industry. At present, the most common mode of transportation in China is road, followed by rail, sea and air.
The cost of road transportation is generally higher than that of railway transportation and sea transportation, but road transportation is still the first choice for many enterprises. This is because road transportation can control the delivery time and flexibility, and at the same time ensure the delivery status of goods to the maximum extent. At present, China has invested tens of billions of dollars to upgrade its road traffic network. By the end of 2006, the total mileage of highways in China had reached 3.457 million kilometers, and the mileage of newly added expressways in China was 4,334 kilometers. The main economic regions and four economic center provinces have been connected, and the coastal coastline and the Yangtze River highway line will be realized, and the highway lines from Lanzhou to Lianyungang and from Beijing to Guangzhou will be realized. However, there are many problems in China's highway transportation, such as overload transportation, poor service quality, insufficient preventive maintenance, lack of quality control, unreasonable price agreement and high no-load rate, which lead to the annual loss of China's logistics and transportation industry as high as 8 billion US dollars.
Before 1997, railway transportation undertook the transportation of most materials in China. However, after 1997, especially in recent years, with the continuous development of road transportation, less-than-truckload goods have been basically replaced by road transportation. However, for grain, coal and large overweight equipment, railway transportation is still the most economical mode of transportation. Nowadays, railway transportation mode is rarely given priority. In addition to the lack of freight capacity and service quality, the main reason is the imperfect railway construction. This is not just a problem in China's logistics and transportation industry. Accenture's research report shows that there is a gap of 25% ~ 30% in railway freight transportation, because there are about 2,000 cities in the world without railways. These problems come down to the failure to lay a railway line. For example, ports and factories usually lack joint transport ports and railway branches. Without combined transport, containers cannot be directly transferred from trains to trucks. Without the railway branch line, the goods must be handled twice at the loading and unloading point, which increases the probability of damage and makes it impossible to choose railway transportation.
At present, maritime transportation is a mode of transportation often used in import and export trade activities. However, shipping is not suitable for the transportation of time-sensitive goods and finished products. It is suitable for bulk goods and goods that need long-distance transportation, but it still needs relatively complete infrastructure, otherwise it will be difficult for this method to play its role efficiently. The cost of air transportation is relatively high, but the time is short, which is suitable for goods with short transportation period and urgently needed commercial or disaster relief goods. At present, there are still the following problems in air freight behavior: high price, few routes, blocked information between shippers and airlines, unbalanced distribution of route networks, disordered routes and poor planning.
2. Logistics Management Department
China's logistics management departments are fragmented, and it is difficult to form a joint force of logistics and transportation. For example, railway, highway, water transport, aviation and other transportation resources are directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Communications and the General Administration of Aviation, and each department has its own logistics system, logistics facilities and resources. It is difficult for all departments to form a joint logistics force for their own interests, and it is also impossible to consider the overall development of logistics and transportation strategically. Logistics management and the dispersion of resources greatly weaken the overall function of logistics, hinder the development of logistics transportation, and it is difficult to form a socialized logistics distribution system. This compartmentalized management system forms a top-down vertical subordination and management pattern, which seriously restricts the reasonable overall planning and planning of logistics and transportation in the whole society, hinders the socialization process of logistics and transportation, and cannot give full play to the overall efficiency of logistics and transportation.
3. The concept of logistics transportation
In the thoughts of some managers of logistics and transportation enterprises, there are still three kinds of consciousness occupying a place in their thoughts, and it is precisely because of these three old ideas that logistics and transportation are inefficient. First, "value profit over righteousness". When negotiating with customers, we always consider cost and price, not service quality. There are many one-time transactions and lack of stable customer relationship. Second, "close the door." Some logistics enterprises regard business information as a secret and a source of profit, which is not easy to leak or share. This awareness will lead some logistics enterprises to temporarily store the goods to be shipped because of limited transportation capacity, while others will idle a lot of equipment and personnel, resulting in a serious waste of resources. Third, "fragmentation". At present, the phenomenon of "going it alone" in the logistics and transportation industry is serious, and the concept of joint transportation among enterprises is very weak. It is often the combination of various modes of transportation that can exert the greatest effect of joint transportation.
4. Logistics professionals
In the past, people paid too much attention to the growth of value in the manufacturing process, but ignored the huge profits brought by the high efficiency of logistics and transportation, thus causing the domestic research and education on logistics to lag behind the needs of the times. At present, there is still a shortage of logistics talents in China. According to the survey data, at present, only 2L% of logistics employees in China have a college degree, and more than 50% have a high school degree, a technical secondary school degree and a secondary vocational education. In fact, what China lacks most is not personnel who are specifically engaged in logistics and transportation operations, but high-quality talents who have a solid theoretical foundation of logistics and transportation and know how to manage and operate.
Three. Countermeasures and suggestions
From the analysis of the above factors, it can be seen that it will take a long time to change the present situation of logistics and transportation industry in China. During this period, if China logistics transportation industry wants to seize the opportunity and meet the challenge, it needs to start from the following aspects:
1. Strengthen the construction of logistics infrastructure.
The development of logistics transportation depends on the construction of logistics infrastructure to a great extent, and we should continue to strengthen the construction of logistics infrastructure, especially the construction of large-scale logistics infrastructure such as central cities, transportation hubs, material distribution centers and ports. China has a vast territory, so it is urgent to establish a logistics transportation network that radiates across the country and adapts to the development of large businesses.
2. Establish a coordination mechanism and integrate resources.
In order to ensure the formation of logistics and transportation synergy and give full play to the overall efficiency of logistics and transportation, it is necessary to establish a coordination mechanism to promote the development of modern logistics and transportation, coordinate all departments to participate in solving the overall problems of logistics and transportation development, and take active measures to break the blockade of departments and regions. It is suggested that the government set up a special coordination agency or authorize the corresponding departments to effectively integrate and reconfigure the existing resources to prevent the logistics management departments from acting in their own way.
3. Change the concept of logistics and transportation; Strengthen the consciousness of modern logistics
The main output of logistics transportation industry is transportation service, and its products are the result of the displacement of the service object through transportation. Therefore, in order to change the outdated concept of logistics and transportation, we should first pay attention to the optimization and improvement of service quality. In the open modern market competition, service quality is the foundation of logistics and transportation enterprises, the source of profits and the important guarantee for them to be invincible in the competition. Secondly, we should be far-sighted, have a bold spirit of "reform and opening up", enjoy effective information and rationally allocate resources, so as to save social resources and improve the overall efficiency of logistics and transportation industry. In addition, we should have the consciousness of "* * * win", actively establish and strengthen the joint transportation among enterprises, and realize the maximization of logistics transportation utility through the effective combination of various transportation modes.
4. Accelerate the training of logistics professionals.
The talent problem has become a bottleneck restricting the development of China's logistics and transportation industry. The government and society should attach importance to the research and education of logistics, increase the support and investment in the training of logistics and transportation talents, encourage colleges and universities to set up logistics majors, and expand the enrollment scale of master's and doctoral students in this major. In addition, relevant enterprises should actively seek cooperation with universities, strengthen the training of relevant internal personnel and establish an effective talent introduction mechanism.
References:
Chen Wen The development status and existing problems of the logistics industry in China [J]. Introduction and Consultation, 2006, (2): 38-40,
[2] Accenture World-renowned management consulting report-supply chain management in China on the edge of change [Z]. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House, 2006.
[3] Ministry of Communications of People's Republic of China (PRC). Statistical bulletin on the development of highway and waterway transportation in 2006 [N]. China Traffic News, April 23, 2007.
[4], Yang,. Study on Improving the Utilization Rate of Empty Cars in Highway Logistics Transportation [J]. Communication Standardization, 2007, (2):13/-136.
[5] Min Xu. Problems and Countermeasures in the Development of Logistics Industry in China [J]. Jiangsu Business Theory. 2005,( 12).29—30.