Guangfu ethnic group: people refer to various tribes of a nation and different ethnic groups of Han nationality. Their nationality and culture originated from the Han nationality, each with its own regional characteristics. The formation of different ethnic groups (sub-ethnic groups) or different regional cultures is related to the following reasons: (1) ethnic migration in history; (2) Different natural environments in different regions have an important influence on the group lifestyle; (3) Different groups and cultures gathered in a certain area in different periods influenced and blended with each other, forming a unique folk custom system and culture which originated from Han nationality and Han culture. Different nationalities are distinguished by dialects, lifestyles, customs, people's feelings, religious beliefs and cultural characteristics. Guangfu people are basically distinguished by speaking Cantonese dialect. Gaozhou is dominated by Guangfu people, some are Hakkas, and a few are Fulao people. Guangfu clan was first formed in Fengkai, Guangdong and Wuzhou, Guangxi. It is the fusion of Han nationality and Guyue nationality in Central Plains. Cantonese retains many archaic features and vocabulary, and also blends Zhuang and Dong languages. Many words in Gaozhou Cantonese are the same as Zhuang language. Lin Yutang said: Cantonese is centered on Maoming (now Gaozhou) (with a map), and most of Gaozhou vernacular (Cantonese) has sounds and words, while Guangzhou dialect often has sounds and no words. Western Cantonese "still preserves the ancient sounds of Sui and Tang Dynasties" and "the rhyme and rhyme are consistent with Guang Yun dialect". However, the bloodline of Guangfu people is still mostly ancient Yue, which is the result of the invasive integration of Chinese culture into the Central Plains, not the result of the bloodline integration caused by the dominant number of Han people in the Central Plains. The genealogy of Gaozhou people shows that many Gaozhou immigrants are from Fujian (Hakka, Fulao), which does not reflect the fact that Cantonese residents in Guangfu are the majority. The Guangfu clan in Gaozhou was formed after the rule of Feng Xian in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Because the genealogy culture had not yet started (the earliest recorded Han immigrants in Maoming area were in the Tang Dynasty, and the genealogy recorded that there were not many Han surnames in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and how many people moved in, whether it was fake or not was another matter), coupled with the arrival of Fujian immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and immigrants from the Pearl River Delta, it also brought a prosperous genealogy culture. For example, the Xian family is obviously an indigenous and ancient aristocratic family, but the genealogy of the Xian family says that their ancestors were from the Central Plains. The most common surnames in ancient slang are Feng, Ning, Li, Chen and Pang. Without exception, it should be incorrect to say that one's ancestors came from the Central Plains. Japanese scholars believe that the "Legend of Zhuji Lane" of Guangfu family, the "Legend of Putian" of Fulao family and the "Legend of Ninghua Stone Wall" of Hakkas are the result of the simultaneous spread of the sinicization of ethnic minorities, which contains many fictional elements. The research results of anthropology make me tend to think that most Guangfu people are descendants of Yue people, so we can't simply study their origins by genealogy, but we should distinguish genealogy. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * What is a Hakka? Historians in China have always believed that the Han people who moved south from the Central Plains are called Hakkas. Because there was a "guest-giving system" in the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a "guest", compared with the local aborigines. In the entry of "Hakka" in Ci Hai, it is said that during the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty (early 4th century), some Han people in the Yellow River valley moved south to cross the river because of the war. By the end of the Tang Dynasty (the end of the 9th century) and the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (13), a large number of them passed through the south of the Yangtze River and went down to Jiangxi, Fujian, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong, and were called "visitors". In recent years, many scholars have published many academic papers, and have different views on the definition of "Hakka", mainly as follows: (1) As a title of ethnic groups, the word "Hakka" has its own stipulation in its connotation, which is determined by its characteristics different from other ethnic groups, not relative to the aborigines who originally lived there. If the saying that the title of "Hakka" is symmetrical with the local indigenous residents can be established, then the refugees who have lived in other places in history can be called "Hakka" after they settle down, but this is not the case. (2) In history, the so-called "guest-giving system" customers were actually farmers who were displaced by war and oppression under the cruel feudal exploitation and land annexation since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and they were called "refugees" or "tenants". In the Tang Dynasty, there were even "principal households" and "customers" in the household registration. Customer "actually refers to tenants and tenants." Owners and customers take ownership of land as the distinguishing standard. Owners who lose land are "customers", and customers who can own land become "owners". It can be seen that the title of "Hakka" can't be that the word "Hakka" comes from "Hakka system". (3) If the "guest" of the "guest-giving system" refers to the ethnic group that moved from the Central Plains, then the Han people who moved from the Central Plains and settled in Zhang Quan in southern Fujian are called "Heluo people" and their dialect is "Heluo dialect"; People who have settled in eastern Fujian are generally called "Fulao people", and their dialect is "Fulao dialect". People who live in Guangzhou (including most of the Pearl River Delta) are called "Guangfu people", and their dialect is "Cantonese". They are not called "Hakkas". (4) It is considered that the Han nationality in Du Nan, Guan Yi is the establishment household, but it is the main household, and the aborigines are not the establishment households, but the customers, so the customers of the "guest-giving system" are not the Han nationality who guides the relocation. (5) It is considered that the Han people who moved before the Tang and Song Dynasties are the main households and the customers who moved during the Tang and Song Dynasties. In short, people have different opinions. We believe that the definition of Hakka should be based on the scientific scale, which can neither be completely determined from the origin, nor can we abandon historical facts to speculate or reason. Although the origin theory can explain the historical fact that the Central Plains nationalities moved south to form Hakka in a certain sense, it can't explain the historical fact that the complex multi-ethnic groups of Han nationality evolved into Hakka, let alone the complex evolution of the multi-ethnic groups of Han nationality, especially the evolution result after moving south. To define Hakka, we should make a comprehensive and essential scientific summary of Hakka, that is, make a scientific summary from the perspective of combining the connotation of national concept with the characteristics that constitute the people, that is, personality, especially the personality characteristics of Hakka, and give an accurate definition ... So, what is Hakka? I think it can be summarized as follows: the unique and stable Hakkas of the Han nationality formed due to historical reasons have the same interests and unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (that is, Hakka spirit). Anyone who meets the above stability is called a Hakka, otherwise it cannot be called a Hakka. ""As an important ethnic group in the Han nationality, Hakka people have their own characteristics in the process of their formation and development, except their own region, language, economic life and psychological quality, so they have similarities and differences with their own historical and cultural characteristics, which are manifested in the unity of * * * and personality, and the existence of generality and particularity. "The challenges faced by the Han nationality, Hakka ancestors and their descendants who moved southward in the Central Plains are naturally different from those in the Central Plains. On the one hand, the objective living environment forces them to make some appropriate adjustments to their original psychological quality; On the other hand, the interaction, integration and even struggle with indigenous people and other nationalities in the process of migration will change their original psychological factors in one way or another. In this way, under the mutual influence of geographical environment, historical tradition, ethnic integration and economic life, the psychological quality of the Han nationality in the Central Plains who moved south will naturally be adjusted, changed and reintegrated in one way or another. Once this adjustment, change and re-integration are completed, Hakka people will eventually form. " In particular, Hakka dialect, as a "living fossil" of ancient Chinese, is still popular in Hakka areas such as eastern Guangdong, western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, and has become an independent dialect system in modern Chinese. The final formation of this unique dialect system is also an important symbol of the formation of Hakka. Therefore, the formation of Hakka clans should also be marked by four factors: * * the same region, * the same language, * the same economic life and * * the same psychological quality. "Of course, the primary factor of forming a clan is people. Only by having superior crowd strength can we form a self-superior environment and develop a personality based on self-origin and integrated with the new environment, and continue to maintain and develop. " The formation period of Hakka clan is from the Five Dynasties to the Zhao and Song Dynasties, which has a history of nearly a thousand years. Generally speaking: 1, Hakka is one of the unique and stable ethnic groups of the Han nationality (the Central Plains nationality). In ancient history, Central Plains people had merged with Baiyue or other ethnic minorities after moving south. After thousands of years, their physical and mental temperament remains unchanged and has unique stability. 2. Hakka dialect is a unique language of Hakka people. The languages of Hakka people in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces are basically the same or the same (except that the languages of some counties are influenced by other language families, but the basis of Hakka dialect is still retained, but the intonation is different). For example, the languages of Changting City and Ninghua Zhiping people are exactly the same; The Hakka dialect in Changting can be completely connected with the Hakka dialects in Meizhou, Guangdong and Gannan, Jiangxi. Overseas Chinese who have returned home for 50 or 60 years will never forget that they can speak Hakka fluently in their hometown. Hakka dialect has nothing to do with Cantonese (Guangfu dialect), Fulao dialect (Mindong dialect) and Heluo dialect (Zhang Quan dialect), but it has many similarities with the phonology of Zhongzhou (Zhengzhou area) in Henan Province. Professor Huntington of Yale University in the United States said: "Hakka dialect originated in the north, and their dialect ... is like the dialect of Henan in Zhongzhou." Zhongzhou dialect is a dialect of Zhengzhou, Henan province, which is very similar to Hakka dialect. 3. Hakka people have special Hakka culture and customs. Yongding's round and square earth buildings were left over from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with heavy and magnificent structures. Ninghua Anle, Anyuan, Changting Fangtu, Xuancheng, Guangdong Xingning, Meixian multi-storey Longwei House, Changting Jiutang Eighteen Wells, symbolizing the architectural art of Hakka people, and its unique structure is the witness of the "big house" where Hakka people live in different places and live in groups. In particular, the unique architecture of Yongding earth building has attracted the attention and appreciation of the world architectural community. "Yongding earth building is the cultural wealth of Yongding people, China people and the people of the world." The settlement of Baijia surname and the military island in Zhongshan, Wuping are cultural phenomena worthy of attention in Hakka studies. The Biography of Wang Dao in the Book of Jin said: "Russia and Luo Jing were overthrown, and the gentry women in Zhongzhou fled to the left of the river ..." Due to the southward migration, the Han nationality in Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Taihu Lake was formed. Poyang Lake tribe is the ancestor of Hakkas. They are Han people. They first lived in Shanxi and Henan, fled to Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu and Jiangxi, and then moved to Gannan and western Fujian along Poyang Lake. According to "Jiaying County Records", "Today's aborigines are mostly from the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, and the people who received them from the eyes and ears asked where they came from, mostly from Ninghua in Tingzhou and Ganzhou. Its language and voice are close to Gan Ting ... "Now the genealogy and genealogy of many clans in Jiashi are clearly recorded, and they moved in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, with sufficient evidence. Hakka is a branch of the Han nationality in the Chinese nation, namely Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Hakka people live in the areas connected with the three provinces of western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi. There are 33 pure Hakka counties here, which have been the pioneers of Hakka people for thousands of years. Ninghua Shibi Village in Tingzhou was a transit point for Hakkas to move southward before Song and Yuan Dynasties. Meizhou, Xingning, Tai Po and other places are the transit points of Hakkas in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Most of them are from eastern Guangdong, southern Guangdong, western Fujian and southern Fujian. Shantou and Xiamen are two famous overseas Chinese ports in China since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The genealogy of Hong Kong compatriots and overseas Chinese (some of whom are Hakkas and their descendants) preserved in commercial ports in Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Nanyang Islands, as well as the research data on the origin of overseas Hakkas, all show that their ancestors were Han people from the Central Plains who went south to Fujian, once lived in Shibi, Ninghua and Tingzhou, then went to Shantou, Guangdong via Changting, Shanghang and Yongding, or went to sea from western Fujian and southern Fujian via Xiamen, or migrated to Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Tingzhou via Guangzhou. After several great migrations, Hakka has a long history. Hakka children are distributed on five continents, and their footprints inspire the whole world. They wander around the world, live in foreign countries, and the tradition of patriotism and love for their hometown has been passed down from generation to generation. Hakka is one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups in the contemporary world. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Rich people: Rich people are a branch of the Han nationality and descendants of ancient Fujian and Vietnam (East Vietnam). Fujian and Guangdong Chaoshan, where Fulao people lived in their early days, are vast and sparsely populated, with great pressure on population, resources and environment. Therefore, they constantly go out to make a living and emigrate, and cultivate a strong sense of goods. They have strong adaptability, competitiveness and internal cohesion, are good at adapting to the environment, work hard to start a business and unite sincerely. They are strong, smart and attach importance to rural conditions. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Fulao people began to migrate to western Guangdong. At the end of the sinicization of Li nationality in Maoming, it also occupied a large number of contiguous areas and settled on a large scale, forming regional residents independent of Guangfu people. This is the situation of Fulao dialect island in Dianbai County. What they say is Li (slang, thunder) dialect, which is actually a fusion of Fujian immigrants, slang descendants and Guangfu people. Li dialect belongs to Minnan language family, but it is very different from Minnan language. In Gaozhou, Guangfu clan is dominant, and Fulao clan can only enter through infiltration, and most of the descendants of these Fulao clans no longer speak Minnan. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Fujian businessmen occupied all walks of life and played an important role in the local economy, such as Gaozhou, Huazhou, Wuchuan (Wuyang) and Meilong, and their commercial talents were revealed. South Gate of Gaozhou, West Gate of Gaozhou, Shigu Ruins, Dahan Village of Surabaya, Jiebaopo Village, etc. Everyone has a temple of heaven or worships the goddess of heaven. Tianhou is also known as Mazu and Tian Fei, and Gaozhou people also call it Aunt, which originated from Zhangzhou, Fujian Province and may be brought by Fujian commercial immigrants. Gaozhou puppet show was also introduced from southern Fujian in the Ming Dynasty. It can be seen that Minnan culture has a great influence on Gaozhou culture. A considerable part of Gaozhou's surname genealogy says that their ancestors came from southern Fujian such as Putian (as well as Huazhou and Wuchuan), which reflects certain historical facts, but it is also necessary to distinguish its authenticity, and many of them are fictitious. The most popular surnames of the so-called Gaozhou Fujian immigrants are Lin, Cui, Cai, Chen, Xu, Zheng, Ke and Zou. Of course, not all of them can be confirmed.