The history of cars

History of automobile development-early period

Vehicles in ancient China

The first car in human history was invented by the ancestors of the Chinese nation. According to historical records, in the Dayu era in the early summer of more than 2000 BC, a man named Xi Zhong invented a car with two wheels to set up an axle. The axle is fixed on the frame with a shaft, and a suitcase is attached to the frame for loading goods. This is the first car in the world.

The original means of transportation were all human-driven, and they were called rickshaws. Later, people began to use cattle and horse-drawn carts, which were called animal-drawn carts. According to legend, the animal-drawn cart was invented by Shang Tang's ancestors Xiangtu and Wang Hai.

In the development of vehicles in past dynasties, the south guide car and the drum car in mind also have important technical value.

During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a skilled technician named Ma Jun who invented the compass. The South Guide Car is a kind of two-wheeled single-wheeled car, on which stands a Woodenhead, with his arm extended to the south. As long as you start driving, Woodenhead's arm always points to the south, no matter whether you turn east or west.

The drum car in memory is an instrument for recording mileage first invented by China in the 3rd century. Unfortunately, the original structure was lost, and it was only in the Song Dynasty that it was successfully recreated by Yan Su.

The guided car and drum car in memory all work by gear transmission principle. Its appearance reflects the high level of China's vehicle manufacturing engineering technology more than 700 years ago, and it is an outstanding achievement of China's ancient technology.

History of automobile development-early period

The first steam car

1765, the Englishman watt invented the steam engine, leading mankind into the "steam engine era". Many inventors also applied Watt's invention to the design of "bicycle".

1769 It took France six years to build the world's first steam car with practical value. This strange car has a hardwood frame supported by three iron wheels that are more than one person high. There is a pear-shaped boiler with a volume of 50L in front of the car, and there are two cylinders with a volume of 1 1 gallon behind the boiler. The boiler transmits the movement of the piston to the front wheel through a simple crank, which makes the front wheel rotate. At the same time, the front wheel is still the steering wheel. Because there is a heavy boiler on the front wheel, it is very difficult to control the steering rod.

This steam car has a fatal flaw. After walking for 15 minutes, the pressure of the boiler is exhausted, so we have to stop and add water to boil it into steam, and the maximum speed is only 4 km/h.

Due to the difficulty in steering the steering rod, the car had many accidents during the test run. When I was going downhill near Sannu Arsenal, I bumped into the wall of the Arsenal because I couldn't turn in time. The world's first memorable car was hit beyond recognition.

(1): automobile development history

The Golden Age of Early Steam Cars (1)

At the end of 18, there was an upsurge of research and manufacture of steam cars in European and American countries, and various steam cars came out one after another. The car body and other mechanisms are also improving rapidly. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, there was a heyday of steam cars.

180 1 year, Richard trey witrich built the earliest steam car in Britain. Two years later, Dai made a steam car that looked like a coach. This bus can take 8 people, setting a world record of 9.6km/h on a flat road and 6.4km/h on a ramp.

1825, the duke of England made the first steam bus. The engine of this car is installed at the rear, driven by the rear axle and steered by the front axle. It uses a clever special steering shaft design, the first two wheels do not bear the weight of the car, and the driver can easily steer by using the steering tiller, and then the front axle is guided by a shaft, which makes the steering easy and comfortable.

183 1 year, Jianei started the world's earliest bus operation with this car, so this car is also considered as the world's earliest bus.

(2): Golden Age of Early Steam Cars (1)

1828, Hagel became a steam bus with excellent performance in Yoga Yu, and started public transportation. His car can carry 22 passengers at a speed of 32km/h, and it is very popular after operation. 1834, the earliest bus transportation company in the world-"Scottish Steam Company" was established.

(3): automobile development history

The Golden Age of Early Steam Cars (Ⅱ)

1805, American Evans made an amphibious car with a steam engine for the first time. This amphibious vehicle was commissioned by the Port Authority of Philadelphia to clean up the port of Philadelphia. At first, it intended to build a dredger. Unexpectedly, after the ship was built, because the working place was not on the coast, the steam ship had to be transported to a place with a port. Evans installed four wheels at the bottom of the boat and drove them with the steam engine on board. In this way, the ship was transported to the port. Therefore, dredgers have become amphibious vehicles. It has also become the originator of modern amphibious vehicles.

1928, the French cooperated with Quayle to build a steam-driven car. For the first time, the car adopts the general arrangement scheme that the engine is placed at the front end of the car and driven by the rear axle. It is driven by a chain between the engine and the rear axle. In order to steer flexibly, the rear shafting consists of two half shafts connected by a differential. This is the first differential invented. In addition, the two small front wheels are elastically connected with the frame, which is called independent suspension. This independent suspension design was of epoch-making significance at that time. The design of Quayle's chain drive, differential and independent suspension has made great contributions to the development of automobiles and is still widely used in automobiles.

(4): automobile development history

The decline of early steam cars

In the initial development period of steam cars, their design was very simple, that is, installing a steam engine on the chassis and wheels. In order to achieve a certain output power, it is necessary to have a boiler as large as possible; In order to achieve a certain journey, we must have enough water and coal; When the car body is heavy, a solid underframe and solid wheels are needed. In this way, the vicious circle, the car is getting heavier and heavier, and the operation is getting harder and harder.

Therefore, these large steam trucks are only suitable for scheduled round-trip driving, with fixed routes and coal and water supply along the way. Even so, there are still many inevitable defects, such as difficult braking, heavy car, narrow wheels, large inertia and insensitive steering. Sometimes you know you have to slow down and turn, but you can't slow down and turn. You can only watch the car hit an obstacle, or brake too hard and the axle is broken. What is even more frightening is that the boiler pressure is too high, which is difficult to control for a while, and boiler explosions often occur.

And riding this kind of car depends on the weather: on rainy days, the car cover is not tight, the road is muddy and unsafe; It is difficult to boil water in cold weather, easy to turn off the fire and drive slowly; No one wants to sit next to the boiler in hot weather; It depends on the wind direction on a windy day. When the wind is downwind, the smoke at the rear of the car will make passengers breathless.