In ancient literature, in order to distinguish it from verse and parallel prose, all articles with irregular rhymes and sentences are called prose.

Modern prose refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, short stories and drama.

Prose is characterized by "scattered form but not spirit". That is, the selection of materials is extensive and free, the expression method is flexible and changeable, and various techniques such as narration, description, lyricism and discussion can be used; But the center must be clear and focused.

Prose can be divided into narrative prose (focusing on taking notes) and lyric prose (focusing on lyricism).

Two. novel

Novel is a literary genre that reflects social life through the description of characters, story plots and environment.

The three elements of a novel are: characters, stories and environment.

An important feature of the novel is to create typical characters, who are portrayed through portraits, psychological activities, actions and language.

The story of the novel includes: beginning, development, climax and ending. Some novels have orderly words and epilogues.

The environmental description of the novel includes social environment and natural environment.

Novels can be divided into novels, novellas, short stories and short stories by length.

China's novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and experienced the development process of Six Dynasties, Tang legends, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming Hui novels and modern novels since the May 4th Movement.

Three. Informal article

There are the following categories:

1, narrative

Narratives are mostly based on fragments of daily life or the author's accidental experience, and the basic content is narrative writing. The theme of essays is to write feelings and see things, and its expression is often integrated into the author's subjective feelings, sometimes directly expressing his thoughts and sometimes hiding behind the words; It often describes ordinary things that everyone has experienced, but after careful appreciation, it will make you aware of the secular and realize the truth of life.

2. Argumentative essay

This kind of essay is also called "random feeling" or "miscellaneous feeling" The so-called "sui" means to write it down casually rather than deliberately; The so-called "miscellaneous" refers to a wide range of contents, ranging from social problems and philosophy of life to trivial matters, affairs, pets, birds and beasts, campus customs, study experiences, book reviews, relatives and friends. However, the focus of the composition is still a word "feeling". The author should have a feeling, even a little thought, feeling and flashing thoughts can be brought into the article. Don't put on airs and keep a casual style.

3. Explanatory articles

Li Xianyao wrote an essay on the relationship between man and nature, Favorite of Heaven, which focused on various natural landscapes, expressed his love for nature, and tried to strengthen people's ecological awareness. Therefore, descriptive essays are different from pure expository essays. They attach importance to the interest in things and have the nature of appreciation. Sometimes they express their feelings through things and have other sustenance. "Mo Shan Pan Shui" often depicts various forms of nature accurately and vividly with fragments of words. To practice this kind of essays, we should capture the life of things with fine and keen observation, and write lightly, not deliberately. As Wang Guowei said: "Everything is my color, because I see things."

Four. poetic sentiment

Poetry is a literary genre with emotion as the main body. It reflects social life in a lyrical way, is highly concise and concentrated, and expresses thoughts and feelings in the form of rich imagination, rhythmic language and line arrangement.

The classification of poetic style is a complicated problem. Now just from a general point of view, simply talk about the poetic style of the Han, Wei, Six Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties.

Poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties are generally called archaic poems, including ancient poems of Yuefu in the Han and Wei Dynasties, folk songs of Yuefu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and literati poems in this period. Yuefu was originally the name of the official office. Yuefu songs are collected by Yuefu organs and sung with music scores.

From the metrical point of view, the poetic style after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: modern poetry and ancient poetry. Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, has certain meter. Classical poetry, also called archaic style, is written according to the practice of ancient poetry, and its form is relatively free, and it is not bound by metrical rules.

Judging from the number of words in poetry, there are four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four words are four words, five words are five words and seven words are seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so they were usually divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems; The use of three, five and seven characters at the same time is generally considered as seven ancient characters. Five-character rhythmic poems are referred to as five laws for short, and are limited to eight sentences and forty words; Seven-character metrical poems are abbreviated as seven laws, and are limited to eight sentences and fifty-six words. More than eight sentences are called long method, which is also called exclusive method. The long method is generally a five-character poem. Only four sentences are called quatrains; Five lines * * 20 words, seven lines * * 28 words. There are two kinds of quatrains: absolute and ancient. The law should be restricted by Pingqimi, and the ancient law should not be restricted by Pingqimi. The ancient absolutely is generally limited to the five absolutely.

1953 used the name "Modern Poetry Society" for the first time-it was established when Ji Xian founded the "Modern Poetry Society". The significance of modern poetry;

1. The form is free.

2. The connotation is open.

3. Image management is more important than rhetoric.

Five. sketch

Prose is a branch of prose and a variant of argumentative writing, which is both argumentative and lyrical. They are usually short in length and varied in form. Writers often use various rhetorical devices to convey their views and emotions in twists and turns, and the language is smart, gentle and ironic. This is a popular style in a society where words are forbidden.

There are different opinions about the concept and attribution of essays, which can be roughly divided into the following categories:

1 belongs to the category of prose in literature. This division accounts for the vast majority.

2. "Essays are essays, mainly discussing and criticizing; Essays mainly focus on extensive social criticism and civilization criticism, and generally affirm and praise truth, goodness and beauty by exposing and criticizing falsehood, ugliness and ugliness;

3. "Essay, a kind of prose, is a kind of literary paper which is mainly about discussion and lyrical. Known for being short, sharp and sharp, there are many styles, such as essays, miscellaneous feelings, miscellaneous talks, notes, etc. "

4. "Essay, a kind of prose, is an essay. Generally short, lively and sharp. The content is all-encompassing, with rich and diverse formats, including miscellaneous feelings, rambling, short comments, essays, notes and so on.

5. "Prose, a kind of modern prose, is not limited to a certain form, but focuses on discussion and can also be described."

6. It belongs to literature, but not to prose.

The essential feature of essays is to express the author's thoughts and viewpoints mainly through "reasoning", that is, to achieve the goals of social criticism, civilized criticism and political criticism through "reasoning". The author analyzes something, or ideology, or words and deeds of a certain character, or some objective existence (such as social system, political order, etc.). ), expounds his views on love and hate, approval, opposition and evaluation, and explains the reasons and consequences of this view. "Reasoning" is the goal and process of prose.

Interviewee: ◆ Pigs love sweets ◆-Manager Level 4 2009- 1-24 14:35

In fact, there is no concept of narration in literary theory. The so-called narration is a style established in order to distinguish different expressions (discussion, lyricism, narration, explanation and description) in teaching. Correspondingly, there are argumentative essays, expository essays and lyric essays. Argumentative writing, expository writing, lyric prose and narrative writing all belong to the category of prose.

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In fact, the meaning of prose is very wide, and anything that is independent of novels, plays, poems and other major genres can be classified as prose.

Argumentative, explanatory, narrative, etc. It belongs to another classification method, in which there is a phenomenon that this classification is staggered. For example, argumentative writing, expository writing and narrative writing can all be written in prose or other genres.

Different characteristics, although they are all narratives, but the focus is also different.

Narrative is mainly about events, and prose is mainly about narration and lyricism.

(Supplement the characteristics of two articles)

Characteristics of narrative text

Narrative refers to articles that remember people, narrate, write scenes, write objects, etc. Ancient notes, biographies, prefaces, tables and records, as well as modern news, newsletters, briefings, close-ups, biographies, memoirs and travel notes, all belong to the category of narrative.

Writing a narrative should do the following:

First, be sure to explain clearly. Whether writing notes or landscapes, you should generally explain the time, place, people, events, reasons and results, otherwise the article will be incomplete.

Second, the clues are clear. Although the angle of observation and the way of description can be different, every article must have a contact material and a central clue that runs through the whole article, otherwise the article will be loose.

Third, people should be consistent. Whether the first person "I" or the third person "He" is used, it should be consistent throughout, and it is generally not appropriate to change it at will, otherwise it will easily lead to confusion.

Narrative is mainly narrative, but there are often descriptions, lyricism and arguments between them, and there can be no clear division. This is a style with flexible form and diverse writing style as much as possible.

Characteristics of prose

Prose is a common literary genre. Because of its wide range of materials, swaying posture and rich artistic expressions, it is like a colorful landscape painting, which makes people intoxicated and loved. So how do we write prose? Writing prose should firmly grasp its five characteristics:

First, the time span is large.

Prose is not limited by time and can cover ancient times, the future and today. For example, Qin Mu's prose "Land" is full of vitality from today's land, which can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Zhong Er, the son of the Jin Dynasty, fled in panic, holding soil in his hand, thanking the land for being a gift from God. Another example is Yang Shuo's essay "Litchi Honey". When I was a child, I was stung by a bee peak in a tree. Now I visit a bee farm. The time span is very long, but it closely revolves around the theme that the author wants to express, without making people feel the slightest scattered. Lenovo is extremely rich, free and easy in writing and infectious.

When writing prose, we can expand the time span, enrich some related events, insert multiple sets of shots and increase the content and color of prose according to this feature of prose, so as to make the article colorful and knowledgeable.

Second, the spatial transformation is wide.

Prose is not limited by time or space, and it can be contained in the vastness of the country and space universe. For example, Lu Xun's reminiscence prose "Mr. Fujino" spans from China to Japan, from Tokyo to Sendai, from Sendai to Beijing, and then to Xiamen. The spatial span is large, and the number of spatial transformations is dizzying, but it is clear and rich in details. Put complex people and things in every space, some are colored at will, some are painted with ink, patchwork and colorful. Pay attention to this feature when writing prose, and you won't make the mistake of being thin and poor.

Third, there are many incidents involved.

Writing prose is mostly inseparable from events, especially narratives. Events are the "hardware" of prose. Many good articles have a central event and some other events related to it. For example, Yuan Ying wrote in his essay "Bamboo in Jinggangshan" that the bamboo in Jinggangshan was used as a weapon to kill the enemy, as a bamboo tube for porridge, and as a pole for the Red Army to carry the China Revolution from Jinggangshan to Yan 'an and Beijing. After the founding of New China, bamboo has been used in socialist construction ... There are so many incidents that people are overwhelmed.

Fourth, the expression is lively.

Prose often uses narrative, explanation, lyricism, discussion, description and other expressions. Mao Dun's famous poem Praise of Poplar uses a variety of expressions. For example, at the beginning of the article, he described and described the appearance of the loess plateau seen by the car driving on the loess plateau, and pointed out the symbolic significance of poplar by lyric and discussion. The application of these methods effectively expresses the theme and makes the article magnificent and amazing. When writing prose, we should pay special attention to the comprehensive use of various expressions to make the article full of waves.

V. Cleverly connecting the full text

The selection of prose materials can be described as "a mess" by chapters. Even if the scattered ideas are broad and the packaging capacity is large, the prose will closely focus on the author's intention and will not be "deviant". Qin Mu said that the most important thing in writing prose is "ideological red line". It is to use a striking and profound idea to write through a lot of seemingly scattered materials. If these events are compared to "pearls", they can really be called "red thread piercing pearls".

Explanatory text is to explain things and people, as long as the characteristics are clearly stated; Argumentative essays should have opinions and evidence to prove their opinions, which are obviously different and easy to distinguish.

See for yourself ~ ~