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Single-chip microcomputer, also known as single-chip microcontroller, is not a chip to complete a certain logical function, but to integrate a computer system into a chip.
Single chip microcomputer reference
[1] Chen. Editor-in-chief Liu Principle and application of single chip microcomputer. Beijing: beijing institute of technology press, 2007.
[2] Shen Meiming. Editor: Wen Dongchan. PC assembly language programming. Beijing: Tsinghua University Publishing House, 1994.
[3] Zhang et al. Handbook of Quick Check on Common Software and Hardware Technologies of Microcomputer. Beijing: Beijing Hope Computer Company, 1994.
Jiang et al. Principle and application of computer control. Xi 'an: xidian university Publishing House, 1999.
Development history
The microcontroller was born in 197 1 year, and has gone through three stages: SCM, MCU and SoC. Early SCM microcontrollers were all 8-bit or 4-bit. The most successful one is INTEL's 805 1, and then MCS5 1 series MCU system is developed on 805 1. The single chip microcomputer system based on this system is still widely used. With the improvement of industrial control requirements, 16-bit single-chip microcomputer has appeared, but it has not been widely used because of its unsatisfactory cost performance. With the great development of consumer electronic products since 1990s, the technology of single chip microcomputer has been greatly improved. With the wide application of INTEL i960 series, especially the later ARM series, 32-bit single-chip microcomputer quickly replaced the high-end position of 16-bit single-chip microcomputer and entered the mainstream market.
The performance of the traditional 8-bit single-chip microcomputer has also been improved rapidly, and the processing capacity has been improved by hundreds of times compared with that in the 1980s. The main frequency of the high-end 32-bit Soc single-chip microcomputer has exceeded 300MHz, and its performance is catching up with that of the special-purpose processor in the mid-1990s, while the ex-factory price of the common model has dropped to 1 USD, and the highest-end model is only1USD.
Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer just developed and used in bare-metal environment, and a large number of dedicated embedded operating systems are widely used in all series of single-chip microcomputers. In the high-end single-chip microcomputer as the core processing of handheld computers and mobile phones, even special Windows and Linux operating systems can be directly used.
Main stage
early stage
Single-chip microcomputer is the stage of microcontroller, mainly seeking the best architecture of single-chip embedded system. The success of "innovation mode" has laid a completely different development path between single chip microcomputer and general computer. Intel has made great contributions to the independent development of embedded systems.
Medium-term development
MCU is the stage of microcontroller unit, and its main technical development direction is to expand all kinds of peripheral circuits and interface circuits that meet the requirements of embedded applications and highlight its intelligent control ability. The fields it involves are all related to the object system, so the important task of developing MCU inevitably falls on the electrical and electronic technology manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel's gradual fading out of MCU also has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturer is Philips.
With its great advantages in embedded applications, Philips Company has rapidly developed MCS-5 1 from a single chip microcomputer to a microcontroller. Therefore, when we review the development path of embedded systems, don't forget the historical achievements of Intel and Philips.
Contemporary trends
An important factor in the independent development of SoC embedded system (system on chip) to MCU stage is to seek the maximum solution of SOC application system. Therefore, the development of dedicated single-chip microcomputer naturally forms the trend of SoC. With the development of microelectronic technology, ic design and EDA tools, the design of single chip microcomputer application system based on SoC will have great development. Therefore, the understanding of MCU can be extended from MCU and MCU to MCU application system.
Early development
197 1 year, Intel developed the world's first 4-bit microprocessor; Hoff of Intel Company successfully developed the world's first 4-bit microprocessor chip Intel 4004, which marked the advent of the first generation of microprocessors and the beginning of the era of microprocessors and microcomputers. Because of the invention of the microprocessor, Hoff was listed as one of the "seven most influential scientists since World War II" by The Economist magazine.
197 1 year1month, Intel introduced MCS-4 microcomputer system (including 400 1 ROM chip, 4002 RAM chip, 4003 shift register chip and 4004 microprocessor), of which 4004 (as shown below).
1972 In April, Hoff and others developed the first 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8008. Because 8008 adopts P-channel MOS microprocessor, it still belongs to the first generation microprocessor.
1973 intel developed an 8-bit microprocessor 8080; 1In August, 973, Hoff and others developed an 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8080, which replaced the P-channel with an N-channel MOS circuit, and the second generation microprocessor was born.
The 8080 chip with a main frequency of 2MHz is 10 times faster than 8008, and it can access 64KB of memory. It uses 6000 transistors based on 6 micron technology, and the processing speed is 0.64 MIPS (one million instructions per second).
1975 In April, MITS released the first universal Altair 8800, with a price of 375 USD and a memory of 1KB. This is the first microcomputer in the world.
1976, intel company developed MCS-48 series 8-bit single chip microcomputer, which is also the advent of single chip microcomputer.
Z80 microprocessor developed by Zilog Company 1976 is widely used in microcomputers and industrial automatic control equipment. At that time, Zilog, Motorola and Intel were the three pillars in the field of microprocessors.
In the early 1980s, Intel introduced MCS-5 1 series 8-bit high-end single-chip microcomputer based on MCS-48 series single-chip microcomputer. MCS-5 1 series single-chip computers have greatly improved the on-chip RAM capacity, I/O port function and system expansion.
Extended content
Discussion on electrical automation single chip microcomputer
abstract
In the past, the teacher-centered MCU course was too comprehensive, and students could not accept many knowledge points in the learning process. Through the combination of project-oriented and modular reform of this course, the teaching content and resources are reasonably arranged, the entry threshold for beginners is lowered, and students are guided to be interest-oriented, which greatly improves the willingness of learners to acquire knowledge actively and obviously improves the teaching effect of this course.
Modular teaching; Project driven; reform in education
"Single Chip Microcomputer Technology" is a compulsory course for electronic information majors in undergraduate colleges. This course is a professional and applied comprehensive course based on electronic technology, programming language and computer theory knowledge. Based on the above characteristics, it is often difficult for beginners to master the theoretical knowledge of single chip microcomputer correctly, which makes it difficult for beginners to learn. But after years of teaching experience, this kind of course has strong application and practicability. Project-based teaching can promote students' interest in learning, and modular teaching design can lower the entry threshold for beginners. The combination of the two teaching methods has obviously improved the teaching effect of this course.
1, project-driven teaching method of single chip microcomputer
In the past, the teaching mode of single chip microcomputer was teacher-centered, and teachers taught theoretical principles and knowledge points step by step in class according to textbooks or syllabus; Classroom teaching is the center, and students' learning is passively accepted. Because of comprehensive knowledge and profound theory, students often have low interest in learning and lack practical opportunities, and the teaching effect is generally unsatisfactory. Project-driven teaching method takes students as the main body, teachers as the leading factor, takes practical application as the fundamental goal, constructs the teaching content system around specific projects, and completes the teaching activities of a specific project through the joint participation of teachers and students. The focus is not on the final result, but on the process of project completion. In the teaching and implementation of the project, students learn as needed and practice in person. In the process of project practice, students understand knowledge and master skills, learn to become participatory creative practice, and cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. The introduction of single chip microcomputer project teaching method breaks the original teaching organization arrangement, takes the project development steps as the teaching content, decomposes the course content into small projects, from project introduction to project analysis to task decomposition, and then to knowledge point explanation and finally knowledge point application, and inserts the single chip microcomputer knowledge points in the original teaching plan into the specific project development process. This includes a series of teaching activities from the construction of soft and hard platforms to the development and completion of projects, which makes students change from passive learning to active learning. According to this method, we turn the knowledge content in the previous teaching system into several engineering projects, and then focus on the task development of these engineering projects, and at the same time carry out teaching, so that students can carry out teaching work with specific work objectives. It is conducive to stimulating students' learning enthusiasm and innovative ability and mobilizing students' learning enthusiasm. In this whole process, students can grasp the knowledge requirements of the course well, and in the process of experiencing innovation and exploration, they also cultivate their ability to analyze and solve problems and team spirit.
2. Modular MCU teaching method.
Any complex system is composed of functional module circuits with complete basic functions, and so is the application system of single chip microcomputer, which is generally composed of cpu system, interrupt system, I/O port and so on. At the same time, any complex circuit system can be decomposed into multiple module circuits with a single function. According to this idea, we can also start with the functional module circuit of the single chip microcomputer system. According to students' cognitive law and the method of learning the general principle of single chip microcomputer, we divide the teaching module of single chip microcomputer into several parts, and each part has its own special module [3]. Such as program function part and hardware part; In the part of hardware circuit design, modular design is carried out, and each functional module of single chip microcomputer appears in the form of independent schematic diagram. We divide the hardware of single chip microcomputer into keyboard module, digital tube display module, sensor control module, analog-to-digital conversion module, display module and communication module according to functions, as shown in figure 1. Each module is connected with the system motherboard through the connector reserved on the bread board, and then assembled into the required system through the cable. In the teaching process, we should constantly collect various hardware function module circuits, find out their working principles, performance characteristics, specific functions and usage methods, decompose the system into parts, and establish our own hardware module library. Guide students to learn to collect and analyze the functional module circuits in other people's design cases, papers and related books, and constantly enrich their own functional module circuit library. Over time, students will feel that their single-chip system design ability is getting stronger and stronger. Finally, in the process of module decomposition, the function of each module should be as specific as possible, and the connection should be as simple as possible, so that the modules can be independent and convenient for actual module teaching.
3. Summary
Newly-built undergraduate colleges are oriented by application-oriented teaching and aim at cultivating application-oriented innovative talents. On this basis, taking project-driven teaching and modular teaching as the main line, and aiming at practical application, the teaching reform idea of "Single Chip Microcomputer Technology" can make students step by step in the process of project modularization. This teaching method breaks away from the boring preaching mode, and enables students to devote themselves to learning in a relaxed state in the working environment of specific design projects. Thinking ability, hands-on ability, learning ability and teamwork ability have all been significantly improved. Various circuit system modules accumulated in the process of modular learning also promote the construction of important module libraries for students to practice scientific and technological innovation and participate in college students' innovation and entrepreneurship training, and stimulate students' initiative and sense of accomplishment. Spange, a French cultural educator, once said: The ultimate goal of education is not to teach what you already have, but to induce people's creativity. The teaching reform of this course is developing in this direction.
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