All beverages containing certain alcohol (ethanol) components are collectively called "wine". Drinking is closely related to human health. The quality of drinking mainly depends on the amount of drinking. Experts have found that moderate drinking is beneficial to the human body. But if you drink a lot or indulge in alcohol for a long time, it will do great harm to the human body. Therefore, human beings should pay attention to scientific drinking in order to reduce or prevent the occurrence of diseases and safeguard human health. Scientific research shows that long-term heavy drinking or excessive drinking will cause harm to the body, affecting almost all systems and organs of the whole body, such as liver, pancreas and myocardium. , can cause alcoholic liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, etc. Serious and even life-threatening. Long-term excessive drinking can cause alcoholic liver disease, including alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. About 20% alcoholics suffer from fatty liver and hepatitis, and severe cases develop cirrhosis. Alcoholic liver disease is one of the main causes of death among young people in Europe and America. Long-term excessive drinking may also cause alcoholic pancreatitis. Alcohol inhibits the secretion of bicarbonate ions and enzymes, and has toxic effects on pancreatic acinar cells and pancreatic tubule epithelial cells. It can cause fat accumulation in glandular cells, swelling and degeneration of mitochondria, degeneration, necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in glandular tubules. Due to the inflammation of small glandular ducts and the blockage of necrotic and exfoliated components, coupled with the direct stimulation of alcohol, duodenal papilla edema is caused, which leads to poor drainage of pancreatic juice and activation of pancreatic enzyme components in the pancreas, resulting in autophagy and pancreatitis. Long-term excessive drinking can also cause alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Due to the direct toxic effect of alcohol on myocardial cells, the integrity of myocardial cell membrane can be damaged, the function of organelles is abnormal and the process of lipid peroxidation is abnormal. In addition, the contents of alcoholic beverages (such as arsenic, cobalt, copper, iron, etc. ) may play a direct or indirect role in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Other aspects include: causing gastric acid reflux and increasing the incidence of oral cancer and esophageal cancer; In the stomach, it interferes with the mucosal layer, stimulates the increase of gastric acid secretion, delays gastric emptying and causes the risk of gastric ulcer; Change the metabolism of bile salts, further interfere with the digestion of fat, leading to fatty diarrhea, that is, diarrhea; Alcohol can inhibit the activity of intestinal mucosal enzymes, interfere with active transportation, reduce the absorption of nutrients, and lead to malnutrition; Alcoholics, increased loss of amino acids and minerals in urine; Long-term drinkers' mitochondrial function is affected, which will lead to hypoglycemia; Long-term drinkers will be blind at night; Long-term alcoholics can lead to alcoholism, including ophthalmoplegia, unsteady gait, unconsciousness, confusion of memory and so on. Vitamin treatment is effective but brain injury cannot be recovered; Excessive drinking can also lead to ed, causing a series of adverse reactions, decreased sexual ability and even erectile dysfunction (ED). But scientific research also found that moderate drinking is good for health. A small amount of wine can promote appetite, promote blood circulation and increase the concentration of HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) in blood. Therefore, a little wine is healthy, and the calories of two servings of fat are about 90 calories =250c.c beer =90c.c red wine =40c.c whisky =40c.c brandy. In addition, the study shows that a large amount of drinking at one time is more harmful than a small amount of drinking at different stages, and daily drinking is more harmful than intermittent drinking. Choose good side dishes when drinking to reduce the harm of alcohol. Let's look at wine again. In recent years, people began to accept that wine is good for health. Is there any scientific basis for this? Let's take a look at the following analysis. According to the regulations of the International Grape and Wine Organization (OIV, 1978), wine can only be obtained by completely or partially fermenting crushed or unbroken fresh grape berries or grape juice, and its alcohol content should not be lower than 8.5%(V/V). However, according to the climate, soil conditions, grape varieties and special quality factors or traditions in some wine producing areas, the minimum total alcohol content of wine can be reduced to 7% (V/V) in some special producing areas. The main component of wine is water, accounting for 70-90%. But the water in wine is directly absorbed by the roots of grape plants from the soil, so it is biological pure water. Water is the source of wine "life". The alcohol content in wine is usually 7- 16%(V/V), but the alcohol content of some natural sweet wines and fortified wines can reach 23%(V/V). Sugar in wine is usually the unfermented part of berries. The sugar content of dry wine is less than 4g/L, while the sugar content of sweet wine can reach more than 80g/L.. Glycerol is the main by-product of alcohol fermentation, and its content is usually 5-12g/L. There are two main types of acids in wine: tartaric acid, malic acid and trace citric acid. Acids produced by fermentation: lactic acid, succinic acid and acetic acid. Wine also contains tannins and pigments. There are many other substances in wine, such as esters, higher esters, fatty acids, aromatic substances, various minerals (including trace elements), trace carbon dioxide and sulfur trioxide, and various vitamins (VB 1, VB2, VB6, VB 12, Vc, Vh, Vp, etc. ) and various amino acids. The epidemiological survey of the World Health Organization (WHO) World Cardiovascular Disease Control System-"Monica Project" confirmed that the incidence and mortality of coronary heart disease in France are far lower than those in other western countries, especially in Britain and the United States. The mortality rate of coronary heart disease in the standard population (35-64 years old) is about 1/2 in Britain and 1/4 in the United States. For women, it is about 1/3 in Britain and 1/4 in America. The diet structure of the French is basically the same as that of the British and Americans. The notable difference is that English people like to drink a distilled liquor called whisky. Americans love to drink beer, and the per capita beer consumption ranks first in the world; The French like delicious and romantic wine. This is obviously the biggest difference. Researchers found that wine contains resveratrol, an anti-cancer antioxidant. Resveratrol can prevent cell canceration and the spread of malignant tumor. Resveratrol can also inhibit cell inflammation. Resveratrol and salicylic acid contained in wine can inhibit platelet aggregation, so drinking wine often can prevent thrombosis. In addition, resveratrol has the functions of preventing and treating coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, antioxidation, scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation and anti-allergy. In a reasonable drinking range, wine can directly act on the peripheral nervous system and nerve motor center, giving people a feeling of comfort and euphoria. Regular moderate drinking is an ideal way to relieve stress. Wine has an anti-aging effect. Researchers have found that polyphenols such as anthocyanins and tannins in wine, especially dry red wine, have the function of scavenging active oxygen. Alcohol can also prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. The main cause of arteriosclerosis is the high content of bad cholesterol LDL (low density cholesterol). Once LDL combines with reactive oxygen species, it will accumulate on the inner wall of blood vessels, and blood vessels will gradually become narrower and narrower. If blood pressure suddenly rises, blood vessels will rupture, causing massive bleeding, which will lead to major diseases such as stroke and heart disease. In the case of moderate drinking wine, wine can increase the concentration of high density lipoprotein in blood. High-density lipoprotein can transport cholesterol in blood to the liver, where it is converted into cholesterol-cholic acid to prevent cholesterol from depositing on the intima of blood vessels, thus preventing arteriosclerosis. In addition, polyphenols and oligosaccharides in red wine have good antioxidant effect, which can directly protect skin, promote skin metabolism, and prevent the formation of wrinkles, skin relaxation and fat accumulation. Therefore, drinking 1-3 glasses of dry red wine every day is also a good recipe for beauty. Wine can also prevent the overeating reaction caused by mental stress, and indirectly achieve the purpose of losing weight. Drinking a proper amount of dry red wine every day can effectively prevent Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Diabetic patients will develop arteriosclerosis about 10 years earlier than normal people. If we can drink dry red wine in moderation and control the intake of sugar, wine can play its potential benefits in preventing and treating diseases. But when diabetics choose wine, they can only drink sugar-free wine, that is, dry wine. Although wine plays an important role in health, people are not encouraged to drink wine indefinitely regardless of the occasion. On some special occasions, drinking is unreasonable and even illegal. For example, drunk driving is illegal, so pregnant women don't have to take risks. On more occasions, moderate and correct drinking is necessary. People who often drink wine must not forget to drink water. The amount of water you drink every day is about 1 to 1.5 liters. Wine is best drunk with meals. Men had better drink 1 ~ 4 glasses of wine every day, and women had better drink 1 ~ 2 glasses of wine every day. In a word, as long as you drink alcohol scientifically in moderation, it will be of great benefit to your health.