Argument, argument and argumentation are the three elements of argumentative writing that we often mention. Among them, debate is the soul, debate is the flesh and blood, and debate is the bone. Argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove", argument is to solve the problem of "what to prove" and argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". If the three are closely related, a complete demonstration process can be formed.
In argumentative writing, what needs to be solved is the argumentation of argumentative writing. We will focus on how to demonstrate argumentative writing.
Argumentation is the method and process of proving an argument with arguments. It mainly organizes arguments and arguments according to certain logical relations to prove that the arguments are correct and credible. The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments. Logically speaking, argumentative writing is a series of reasoning and proof by using concepts and judgments, and it is an important step to link arguments with arguments in argumentative writing.
Argumentative writing is the key and difficult point in learning argumentative writing. In the actual writing operation, students often have many problems in this link.
2. How to write a dialectical composition? First, the composition should learn to accumulate "reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "a clever woman can't cook without rice", which explains the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects.
"Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room. (A) language to establish a "vocabulary".
Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups.
There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": the first is reading. Usually, you should read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook, or make reading cards.
The second is life. At ordinary times, we should capture the fresh language in the popular spoken language and write it down in a small notebook or card that we carry with us. Over time, we can say it chapter by chapter and write it beautifully.
(2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article.
Because many students usually don't pay attention to accumulating materials, they are worried every time they write a composition, or edit or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials.
Usually, you can take a video camera and tape recorder with you, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record your experiences in family life, campus life and social life in time in the form of sketching, keeping a diary and writing observation notes. When recording, we should grasp the details and the characteristics of people, things, things and scenery.
The article written in this way is flesh and blood. (3) We should strengthen ideological accumulation.
Opinion is the soul of an article. The center of the article is not clear, or the thought is not profound, which often shows that the author's thought is superficial.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful.
"One more miss, one more gain." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "how" when something happens.
So you can see the essence through the phenomenon. It is also necessary to record the "sparks" of thinking and the conclusions of thinking at any time.
The second is compilation, that is, extracting famous sayings and aphorisms. In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be regularly counted, sorted and classified to continuously enrich and expand.
Second, to write a good composition, first learn to observe that Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points when answering the question of "how to write a good article" for literary youth: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "seeing more" means observing more.
This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing. Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise your own observation, as if it were second nature. "
It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and remarkable. Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time.
This is the process of observation. In the process of observation, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) Observation should never be limited to "seeing with eyes". Broadly speaking, more practical observation refers to mobilizing all the five senses of people: listening with ears, feeling with the body and, more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that the observation will be more delicate and profound.
(2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is better than bad writing.
Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things. (3) Pay special attention to perseverance in observation.
Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles. Learning to observe plays a great role in laying the foundation and promoting a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write.
May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice. Third, if the meaning is high, the meaning will be better, that is, to establish the center and intention of the article.
So what problems should the article pay attention to when expounding ideas? (1) Correct conception is the first meaning of the article. The so-called correctness is to ensure that the feelings and thoughts of the article are correct, in line with the nature and laws of objective things, in line with China's basic political principles, in line with people's basic moral requirements, and can give people positive inspiration. (2) Intentional singleness "The thing of composition is singleness, specialization is success, and dispersion is stupidity."
No matter how complicated things are, the main idea cannot be dispersed. An article should explain both this problem and that point of view, and it is ambiguous to ramble.
In fact, if you want to cover everything, it is definitely not in place. Moreover, an article can only have one center. Instead of "biting off more than one can chew", it is better to concentrate on expressing a center with pen and ink. Even if we express the center through several things, we should stick to the center, keep the same goal, pay attention to the combination of materials and centers, and let all the forces contained in materials point to the center. (3) The idea should be novel. Don't follow the crowd, the novel angle is the core of composition innovation.
The novelty of conception requires jumping out of the old box, not following the advanced thinking, habitual thinking or the original psychological formula, but examining the alternative content contained in the topic from a unique perspective to avoid what others often write and what others have not written. Even the same writing object can always be cut from multiple angles. As long as we break the mindset, stand at the height of the times, avoid "vulgarity" and seek "difference", think from multiple angles and sides, or associate, or expand, or analogize, or reverse, we can find what people have not done.
3. composition; How to write dialectical relationship is the duality of things. They exist in a unity, which is both opposite and unified. Without one side, the other side will not exist. Therefore, when we analyze the problem, we should consider it from two aspects, weigh the pros and cons, and make a scientific judgment.
Dialectical negation:
A philosophical concept representing the essential characteristics of negation. It refers to the internal negation of things and contains positive factors. Dialectical negation is self-denial driven by internal contradictions of things, and it is a dialectical process of self-movement and self-development of things. Dialectical negation is the development link of things, the metabolism of things, the leap from old things to new things and the result of dialectical negation of things. Only through dialectical negation of things can we realize the transformation from old things to new things and realize the leap from old quality to new quality. Dialectical negation is also the connection between things. New things are developed from old things, and they are internally related. Dialectical negation of things themselves is not simply abandoning the original things, but abandoning the old and negative things in the original things, absorbing and retaining the positive and vital things in the original things, and taking the form of transformation as the condition for their own existence and development.
As the development and connection of things, dialectical negation is "sublation", that is, both overcoming and retaining. Overcoming reflects the discontinuity in the development process of things, while retaining reflects the dialectical negation or "sublation" of continuity in the development process, which is the unity of opposites to overcome and retain the development, discontinuity and continuity of things themselves.
There are various ways of dialectical negation, and there is no fixed pattern. This is determined by the particularity of contradictory nature of things and the diversity of conditions. Things of different nature and the same thing under different conditions often have different dialectical negation methods. People's dialectical negation of things must be analyzed from the characteristics and specific conditions of their own contradictions.
Dialectical negation and metaphysical negation are opposites. Everything in the world, including people's understanding, develops by sublating itself because of its own internal contradictions. They deny themselves, but they also contain some affirmation of themselves, which is an infinite dialectical chain. Dialectical negation is a scientific summary of the dialectical relationship between affirmation and negation, discontinuity and continuity, change and inheritance. Therefore, it requires that the negative process of each specific thing should be treated differently and analyzed divorced from reality, which cannot be simplified. The metaphysical view of negation denies the contradiction of things themselves, regards the negation of things as an external force, and separates negation from affirmation, which is absolutely opposite. It either only sees affirmation, only recognizes the growth and increase or decrease of things, does not recognize the transformation of things, and regards negation as the disaster and destruction of things, thus affirming everything; Or regard negation as a simple abandonment of what is positive, and deny the connection between negation and affirmation, thus arbitrarily denying everything. These two tendencies will lead to one-sidedness and absoluteness of thought, which goes against the dialectical nature of things' own negation and is not conducive to people's understanding and practice.
4. Write a composition of not less than 800 words with the topic of people and road and dialectical style. The relationship between man and road is very close. Without people, the road will cease to exist. Without roads, people will be unable to move, and people and roads will be harmonious and unified. A person's life is a road.
On this road, people need to think. Burke once said, "Only those who are creative and think independently can create great achievements". Creation is the essential quality of human beings, and thinking is the basic condition of creation. Only in constant thinking can people keep moving forward; Only in constant thinking can people make the road of life more exciting!
On this road, people need to pay. At that time, King Hussein and Lanny were respected by people because they were attached to the people and benefited them. Love is the most beautiful language in the world, and dedication is its support. The structure of the word "person" supports each other, and each of us can only get the true feelings with our hearts. Only by giving can you get it; Only dedication can gain. The road of life needs to be paid and paid to be colorful!
On this road, people will fail and then succeed. Edison invented the electric light, and took thousands of failures as gains, because after all, he knew that thousands of materials could not be used as filaments, which laid the foundation for the success of electric light. A fall gains wisdom. The road of life is to learn from failure and move towards glory step by step!
On this road, people will always gain something. When young, harvest youth and vitality; After adulthood, harvest maturity and charm; Gain experience and wisdom in old age; Harvest peace and tranquility in old age. When you fail, you reap sadness and lessons; When you succeed, you reap happiness and joy. The road of life is always fruitful, and I believe that different seasons will yield different fruits. In the face of success, I learned to be calm; In the face of failure, I learned to be indifferent and tolerant because of wealth. This is the biggest gain of my life!
On this road, everyone, like Kuafu, is always chasing the sun in his heart and struggling to catch up. In the hard pursuit, you may not catch up with the ideal sun, but you drive away laziness and emptiness, exercise your body, enrich your life, taste the pleasure of climbing constantly, and add color to your life!
Some people say that there is no road in the world, and more people walk, it becomes a road; It is also said that there was a road in the world, and there were many people walking, but there was no road; In fact, people and roads are inseparable. Where people are, there is a way! Life is a road, which needs to be thought, paid, failed, succeeded and gained!
5. Write a dialectical composition with examples from life. It was a very sultry Saturday morning, and there was no wind. My mother and I go shopping in the supermarket. After we checked out the goods, my mother found that I forgot to buy drinks. My mother said to me, "Daughter, I am very thirsty. This is ten yuan. Can you buy a bottle of iced black tea for my mother? " I hesitated, frowned and said, "I'm afraid of being cheated." I don't know if others give me less change! " "Mom smiled and said," Silly boy, you can use the math knowledge you have learned to solve this problem! ""I reluctantly took the money and walked to the door of the supermarket.
I searched in the supermarket for a while and saw all kinds of drinks in the freezer, so I took a bottle of iced black tea and walked towards the cashier. I gave the cashier ten yuan and thought: a bottle of iced black tea is 2.20 yuan. I paid ten dollars. How much should I get back?
I subtract two yuan from ten yuan, leaving eight yuan, and then one of the eight yuan subtracts twenty cents, leaving eighty cents, oh! You should get seven dollars and eighty cents back. At this time, the cashier returned the money to me. I counted and found seven yuan and eighty cents for me. I happily went out to find my mother with iced tea and money. I gave the money and receipt to my mother. My mother looked at it and asked, "Do you know you got the right change?" I said happily, "Of course, I found the right one. My own calculation is the same as the money menstruation got back. My aunt didn't lie to me. " Mom nodded happily and said, "You are so smart!"
I am glad that I can apply what I have learned in my life. I will study harder and solve all kinds of math problems in my life in the future.