The general survey of adults over 0/8 years old in China/KLOC found that there were more hepatitis A in rural areas than in cities. In cities, such patients are often related to water and diet. So now we find out how patients with hepatitis A are infected. Their so-called secretions are infectious, including serum, urine, bile and duodenum. Moreover, it was found that patients with jaundice had the largest amount of virus two weeks before jaundice. The virus got worse in three weeks.
In addition, the route of transmission from feces to oral cavity is the most important mode of transmission of hepatitis A. Including kindergartens, school students, military and university dinners, fairs, family seasons and close contact in life. Will spread hepatitis a.
Now that many patients have come, it is obvious that they can ask his contact person. The spread of water in life plays an important role in hepatitis A. The disinfection of water is not complete, and the disinfection of swimming pools is not complete, which leads to water pollution. Especially in the south, you pour the toilet on it and use this water below. Therefore, after a heavy rain in a city, well water pollution washed the identification of hepatitis virus into this water, and 13.6% residents got hepatitis A.
In addition, food contact is very important, especially for hepatitis A chefs. If they don't wash it clean, this dish will infect others. The United States 1973 reported a typical case. In a school, the chef got hepatitis, and as a result, these students ate hepatitis A. There is also a rural area where they sell a kind of shellfish, and 629 local residents got hepatitis A.
In China, 1983 and 1988 happened twice, both because they ate clams and were not familiar with them, and they were infected. We need to pay attention to these. Of course, the disease comes from the mouth, and animals such as flies need to pay attention. Of course, hepatitis A virus can spread through blood, and the handles on the bus are not clean. China people have a bad habit of counting money with saliva, and found that two of 13' s bills have viruses. If he spits a little, people will spit out his tongue. There is no obvious report on this, but according to our experimental results, it should attract everyone's attention, so you must wash your hands when counting money.
So this has something to do with living conditions, sanitation and living environment. In addition, children born within 10 to 20 years have a better life, and their parents pay attention to hygiene, so the antibody to hepatitis A has declined. Therefore, everyone should pay attention to giving them hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis A also has seasonal regularity, and the incidence rate is relatively high in autumn and winter. In addition, there are periodic onset, which has a certain relationship with age. Now it is found that the peak of hepatitis A is 5 ~ 14 years old, and the number of patients with hepatitis A decreases obviously after 45 years old.
There are more men than women. The most serious outbreak of hepatitis E in China was 1986-88, and an epidemic occurred. In two years, there was a * * * 280,000. The main problem of this 280 thousand is that the melting stream in Tianshan Mountain is polluted. They want to eat the pie in that area. The water is polluted and the pie is infected. So many of them got sick. Why didn't they get sick when they found our troops? They drink boiled water because it looks clean. They drink water while eating cake, which is very infectious. At the same time, there is a very important lesson, that is, pregnant women get this disease very seriously after pregnancy, and the mortality rate can reach 10-20%.
Therefore, we can clearly know the mode of transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E, which is related to fecal mouth, drinking water and living habits. How to prevent this hepatitis A and hepatitis E? Prevention of hepatitis A is beneficial. Now China's common vaccine 18 yuan. The United States wants to play two, and the price is more than 280 yuan.
The curative effect is also positive. However, they say that you can't be sick for life, which may increase his own immunity. But their whole experimental process did not exceed 10 years, so this statement is a bit big. Anyway, after he was vaccinated, the protection period was longer. Moreover, it is found that all people who want to travel abroad and travel to hepatitis A epidemic areas will travel on business today, which can ensure that your hepatitis A virus is not easy to invade your body during the tourism stage. So this prevention has played a very good role.
People exposed to hepatitis and hepatitis E can be vaccinated with globulin if there is no vaccine at that time. Ordinary adults can take 6 ml to prevent the whole hepatitis virus from invading our body and damaging the liver. As long as you are new to it, playing these balls can prevent hepatitis.
At the same time, the virus of hepatitis A should be isolated. If you are not hospitalized, you should be isolated at home for three weeks. If children find hepatitis A in the catering industry, including kindergartens, the medical observation should last for 45 days. Kindergarten children can only re-enter the class after 45 days of contact and nothing to do. In addition, people engaged in the cooking industry, environmental protection work and canteen work should have a health check every six months. If they don't pay attention to their work, it's easy to infect people. It seems that in addition, it is very important to hope that everyone will develop the habit of washing their hands before and after meals.
If you wash your hands before and after meals, it should become a habit. Boiling water should be prepared at school, so that they can use it themselves. Tableware and tableware in the service industry should have a certain system. Cut off the problem of disease from mouth to mouth. In addition, disinfection should be paid attention to in some places. Children's toys, for example, can be disinfected by spray.
If the virus vomits and pollutes things, it can be stirred with bleaching powder twice as much as the pollutants, and then left for two hours. Tableware and care can be cooked 15-20 minutes. Or soaked in bleach. The patient's excrement is cooked and thrown away. Otherwise, it may contain a virus. Hands touching patients can be soaked in acetic acid. Viral clothing, laboratory tests and RMB can be disinfected with ethane, which has high permeability and can be disinfected for 6 hours.
If you drink water, you must boil it. It is necessary to be able to disinfect and drink. Mainly the general disinfection of life can probably achieve the preventive effect through this method. Hepatitis A is prevented, but hepatitis E is not vaccinated. This requires better management of patients, sources of infection, discrimination, water and food, and environmental sanitation to prevent diseases from entering the mouth.
When hepatitis E occurs, close contacts should be observed for 9 weeks. Bleaching powder can also be used to disinfect patients' feces. In addition to the problem of water pollution of food, patients with hepatitis A and hepatitis E should also pay attention to shellfish and aquatic products. For example, the hepatitis virus in Scapharca subcrenata can continue to reproduce, so this virus is highly contagious. Today, we are going to prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis E, and we should popularize this knowledge. Let everyone know how to do good personal hygiene habits.
Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and hepatitis D are blood diseases. The transmission route just now is ok for hepatitis A and hepatitis E, but it is not the main transmission route for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and the main transmission is related to patients first. The patient's own serum, white blood cells, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, sweat, milk, amniotic fluid, urine and feces. It is found that one in a million blood is infectious. If it's one millionth of a milliliter of blood, it can make you sick. It seems that things on medical devices and needles are very likely to spread hepatitis B. Of course, the spread of hepatitis B is also related to drug abuse and needle abuse. It was not a disposable syringe before, so this kind of needle is easy to be contaminated.
Dental fillings, especially dental drills, are not completely disinfected, and Li Siyong is easy to be infected. Moreover, when doing hair and tattoos, this needle will be contaminated if it is not clean. On the other hand, it may spread that lesbians get their ears pierced. And some hospital equipment. Therefore, in addition to the body fluids of hepatitis B patients and hepatitis B carriers, it seems that the spread just now shows that the spread of medical devices is worthy of attention.
But in China, the transmission of hepatitis B is related to mother-to-child transmission and family transmission. Especially when the mother is a big third child, when pregnant, the mother's blood can pollute the whole uterus through the placenta. Children in it weaken the mother's polluted things and can also be infected. Generally speaking, this kind of infectivity can be produced in children after five months, and only 5- 10% is infected after five months.
90% cases infected by mothers are mostly birth canal. During childbirth, the mother's blood is squeezed into the child's mouth to absorb amniotic fluid. At the same time, there may be surgical instruments in the middle of the whole production process, which causes the mother's blood to infect the child. This possibility now seems to be the greatest. Therefore, it is for this reason that prevention can be carried out in the middle of the production process.
At present, there is leucorrhea in the middle of the fetus, and the infectious spread of amniotic fluid and equipment extrusion is great. In order to extract amniotic fluid, the child's mucosa is torn, which may also be contagious. Lesbians' menstrual blood is also contagious. We did the first saliva test in the morning, and 40% of the patients had big three-positive. General hugs and kisses rarely spread hepatitis B obviously.
In addition, heterosexuals, especially homosexuals, are completely likely to spread hepatitis B virus. When heterosexual, there was a survey that investigated 56 couples who got married without hepatitis B vaccine. When these patients were followed up, one of these couples was positive and the other was negative. After 15 months of life, it was found that 20% turned negative.
Or he developed antibodies after negative infection. Genital-anal contact and oral contact are relatively contagious In terms of communication, the life of husband and wife is even worse. 1974, Britain reported two hospitals, of which 63% were gay men. 75% patients with hepatitis B are E-positive, which is also very contagious. Can daily contact spread hepatitis?
Can ordinary life contact spread hepatitis, including toothbrush and mucosal damage. If there is no breach in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, it will not spread. So the spread of this virus is also conditional. Another point is about the active spread of insects, saying that African mosquitoes are big, and one person bites another after biting. There are also some bedbugs, and these animals are quite powerful.
But now, after passing through our country, at least mosquitoes in Beijing are not contagious. Shanghai has also done such an experiment, and there is no infection. At least in experiments, the conditions for the spread of this insect in China have not been confirmed. But it's hard to say in Africa, because no experiments have been done in this field. In this case, at least there is no possibility of blood-sucking insects spreading. But one thing, if the virus does not reproduce in the body, hepatitis B virus has not been confirmed to spread among blood-sucking insects. This reduces infectivity.
China is a big country with hepatitis B. At present, there are 23 deaths among 65,438+10,000 people every year. After getting liver disease every time, 23 out of 65438+ 10,000 people are related to hepatitis B virus. Let's talk about hepatitis C first, which is also a disease from blood. Both hepatitis B and hepatitis A are diseases from blood.
The spread of hepatitis C is not as strong as that of hepatitis A, and even the risk of transmission is different. However, hepatitis C has the characteristics of hepatitis C, and less acute hepatitis B becomes chronic after treatment. However, even if hepatitis C is treated early, the proportion of chronic hepatitis C is relatively large. In China, the proportion of hepatitis C found among blood donors is relatively high, reaching 15-49%. Only 9.5% voluntary blood donors. In the general population in China, the detection rate of hepatitis C is 2. 15.
According to an expert's estimation, in addition, before China 1992, anyone who received blood transfusion twice or more found that he was more likely to get hepatitis C. These people, especially those who received plasma transfusion, were often mixed-race, and these people were more likely to get hepatitis C.
Therefore, before 1992, people who have lost more than two times should pay special attention to whether there is any problem with hepatitis C, so the transmission route of hepatitis C is also blood transfusion. 56% of renal transplant patients are infected with hepatitis B. 24% of patients who frequently export are hepatitis C carriers. The rate of sexual promiscuity was 8.65%. People who have promiscuous sex have sexually transmitted diseases, and the detection rate of this hepatitis C can be increased to 12.7%.
Among medical staff, the detection rate of hepatitis C is 0.33%, so there are more hepatitis C infections among medical staff than hepatitis B, and hepatitis C caused by drug abuse is very contagious. Especially in the Golden Triangle, hepatitis C reached 6 1-64%. Therefore, hepatitis C in China is highly contagious among these people. For people with tattoos, beauty, dental implants, skin injuries and blood contact in the laboratory, we should be alert to the spread of hepatitis C.
How to prevent hepatitis B and C? First of all, your connections, you have to ask them if they are the three suns. Big Sanyang is more likely to spread hepatitis B. If the blood of carriers, especially lesbians, don't throw used paper casually. Male semen can also spread. The saliva spreads, all these are to see if this mouth is broken. And when you feed it, you can cook it later. Give it to the child after treatment.
Close contact in the middle of life, the mother's spread to her children is relatively large. Especially according to Chinese statistics, if the infection rate of women to their children is 9, then the infection rate of men to their children is 1. Mother spreads more than father. But it was brought by the nanny, grandma and grandpa, so we need to check whether they have the possibility of spreading.
Especially before the age of 30, it is likely to become hepatitis B, broken skin, especially for soldiers and athletes, which is very tiring to operate. There are often wounds. If it's a carrier's wound, you didn't handle it properly, and you broke your hand. This contagiousness may still exist. Pay attention to this kind of thing.
So toothbrush and razor can't be shared. People who are resistant to hepatitis B also need to pay attention. Everyone should be vigilant. At present, there is one person in 10, and there is no obvious spread. He himself is more careful, so it goes without saying that lending you a book at work will not be contagious. The contact of files will not spread.
We think it is necessary to spread sexual life, including buying medicine. The best way to treat hepatitis B is vaccination. In the past, water-based vaccine was used, which can prevent hepatitis B, and in Shanghai and Beijing, the percentage of people with the next generation of hepatitis B dropped significantly after the fight. The population over 30 years old is about 10%, and the children are 1%. It shows that this hepatitis B vaccine is very effective.
China gave this vaccine to children in big cities in 199 1. Now, since 2002, the government of China has given free hepatitis B vaccine to newborns. Therefore, it can produce greater social and economic benefits. So everyone must vaccinate their children.
How to vaccinate newborns? Is how to prevent neonatal hepatitis B. Generally, newborns should be vaccinated with 5VK hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours, one month and six months. We are all funding vaccination now. Within 24 hours and 6 months, the procedure is 0 16, and every injection of 5VK hepatitis B vaccine is in accordance with the procedure of 0 16. Maybe within a year or two, there will be better improvements in this plan. We found 0 16 and 12 schemes. That is to say, within 24 hours, one month, six months, 12 months, take four shots of hepatitis B vaccine.