What is "depression and frustration"? "Depression" refers to the ideological content of poetry. "Shen" means "deep" and "depression" means "product", which means that the content of poetry is profound and dignified. On the other hand, "frustration" refers to the pause and turning point of poetry, that is, the tone with emotional twists and turns and rhythm. Chen Tingzhuo, a lyricist, said, "When you are depressed, words are the best." Not only words, but also poems. The "depression" of the ideological content of Du Fu's poems is expressed through the artistic form of "depression", which forms a unique artistic style.
To understand the gloomy ideological content of Du Fu's poems, we must understand Du Fu's experience, background and ideological tendency. In addition, to understand the artistic features of his poem "Frustration", we should also know a little common sense of poetic rhythm.
Du Fu's poems are full of realistic content of worrying about the country and the people. The poet's thoughts and feelings at the expense of himself constitute his "gloomy" poetic style, showing solid ideological connotation and dignified historical consciousness. His style is determined by the real content.
First of all, Du Fu's poems show unprecedented concern and sympathy for the people. "Worrying about Li Yuan in poor years, sighing in the intestines" and "The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("Going to Feng County to celebrate the bosom") not only fully expresses the poet's deep sympathy for the people, but also points out the reality that the people are exploited and humiliated. He also spoke for the people in some poems: "county officials are worried about asking for rent. How can they pay?" ? We know that having a son will bring bad luck, and having a daughter will be much better. Who can marry and live in a neighbor's house, give birth to a man and bury his life with herbs? " He even protested to the ruler: "Your color soil is rich, and there is more to be explored!" " In the face of people's miserable life, he sacrificed himself without hesitation. When the house was cold, the child was not sick and couldn't sleep all night, he also sighed: "Jun Lu alone is enough to freeze to death!" ("The hut was broken by the autumn wind")
Secondly, Du Fu's poems reflect the poet's worries about the fate of the country. The poet's joys and sorrows are closely related to the fate of the motherland. When the Anshi Rebellion endangered the future of the country, facing the dilapidated mountains and rivers, he was "where the petals have shed tears and the lonely birds have sung their grief." When he heard that the government forces had recovered Henan and Hebei, his eyes were full of tears. In the long expectation and running, he even "had bad luck, so Sue stopped for a drink."
Du Fu's sympathy for the people and his concern for the fate of the country reflect the social unrest and people's displacement, on which the author's poems rest, which is profound and profound.
Du Fu's "frustrated" style is mainly embodied in his five-character and seven-character poems. Du Fu's narrative poems mostly use five-character and seven-character ancient poems, while his lyric poems mostly use five-character and seven-character modern poems. Their modern poems pay attention to the circular care of structure, the sonorous suppression of syllables and melodies, and the stability of duality, which has high aesthetic value.
To understand the style characteristics of Du Fu's poems, we must understand the reasons for the formation of style, that is, the author's life experience, ideological tendency and poetic characteristics.
Before Du Fu was 35 years old, he mainly studied and traveled. At that time, the society was rich and stable, which was the preparation period of his creation. At the same time, deeply influenced by Confucianism, he established the political ideal of "an upright man is open and poised, and then make the customs pure". 45-48 years old, the society is in an Anshi rebellion. The poet was trapped in the enemy line, fled to danger and actively resisted the enemy. The fate of the country is at stake, and the people's disasters are deep, which makes him feel the pain of the country's destruction. From the age of 49, he lived in the southwest for eleven years. Although he was embarrassed and often went hungry, he wrote thousands of poems, which reflected his feelings of worrying about the country and the people. "I have been worried about the tears of the country. I am very lonely." However, this poet, who always paid attention to the fate of the country and the sufferings of the people, finally died on a broken ship from Changsha to Yueyang. The Confucian consciousness of "people-oriented", "governing the country" and "leveling the world" and the life experience closely related to the fate of the country are the main factors that form Du Fu's poetic style.
Du Fu expressed life and reality with five-character or seven-character modern poems, reflecting people's livelihood and state affairs, and played the role of modern poems. Du Shi-te did not pay attention to melody, and the harmony and stability of antithesis formed a unique melody beauty. In his creation, he also pays special attention to the circular care of poetry structure, so that people can appreciate the aesthetic taste.
The style of "depression and frustration" in Du Fu's poems has long been discussed by predecessors. We will take Du Fu's masterpiece Ascending the Mountain as an example to explain it in detail and deepen our understanding.
Climb the balcony
In the sharp wind from the vast sky, the ape sobbed, dived into the water to clean the sand, and then flew back.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
The first four sentences of this poem describe a landscape and outline a magnificent picture of climbing high and overlooking. "Sky high", "sand white", "ape whistling" and "bird flying" are typical scenery of the Three Gorges in autumn, with majestic and lofty realm; Only when the wind is strong and urgent can I smell the "rustling" of falling wood and see the "rolling" of the waves. In Xiao Suo's desolate scene, the poet is full of endless feelings, as if reading a poor Confucian standing on a high platform, but this unspeakable emotion is not directly pointed out, but permeated in the picture.
In five or six sentences, the above is a natural transition, which expresses a person's suffering life troubled by illness and vagrancy, as well as his touching and sad inner feelings. Wan Li and Hundred Years contain time and space, expressing the poet's lonely and miserable mood. The autumn wind is bleak, and he is sick in his later years. Looking at this progressive and frustrating brushwork, he strongly expresses the depressed and sad feelings contained in the poet's heart. Tian Zi, who was hated by the shipwrecked, not only had patriotic feelings that could not be relaxed, but also wrote about personal life experiences and embarrassment, which also reflected the social turmoil and people's drift from place to place at that time. All these make him "as cold as ice" and need wine to drive him away, but because of the embarrassment of life and because of old age and illness, he has to give up drinking. So how to explain this stagnation?
The tortuous brushwork of poetry makes the author's feelings more profound and dignified.
From the artistic form, the first three parts of climbing the mountain are stable. Poetry often has double tones overlapping, beautiful melody and harmonious syllables. Among them, the "hard-to-hate" is only flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone; Reading a word, the beauty of four tones is amazing. "Numerous frosty temples" and "turbid wine glasses" are flat and even, flat and staggered, with clear rhythm. In the twists and turns of the whole poem, the poet's wandering pain is shown.
Is "depression and frustration" the only style feature of Du Fu's poems?
Of course not. On the style of Du Fu's poems, Chen Tingzhuo's "Bai Yu Zhai Hua Ci" said: "Ling Du's poems, including everything, are ethereal, vast and varied, but they are extremely depressed, loyal and peaceful." This evaluation has always been recognized. But this "repressed frustration" is its main style, not its only style. The styles of Du Fu's poems can be said to be diverse. There are both depressed and frustrated, indifferent and quiet, fresh and natural, and more unrestrained and sincere. Such as the poem "The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army":
The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army.
The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat.
Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.
Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
Eight-line poems are full of the poet's infinite joy, and they are so radical and straightforward from thoughts and feelings to the momentum and rhythm of language.
Can the "frustration" in Du Fu's poems be explained in more detail so that we can understand it?
All right. Poetry developed greatly in the Tang Dynasty. Because it attaches great importance to the fluency, antithesis and formal structure of words, it tries its best to achieve aesthetic interest in the cadence of melody.
Quatrains and metrical poems pay attention to the use of flat words. The flat sound of ancient poetry is roughly equivalent to the flat sound of modern Chinese, and the flat sound is roughly equivalent to three or four tones. Modern poetry must rhyme, even the sentences must rhyme, the first sentence can be bet or not, and today's poetry must be rhymed without rhyme. The second and third duality of rhyme in modern poetry. This rhythm, rhythm and strict requirements of antithesis make poetry have musical beauty.
In the creation of modern poetry, the author pays great attention to the arrangement of structure, taking Du Fu's Book of Letters as an example:
Shu Xiang
Where is the temple of the famous prime minister? It is in a deep pine forest near the Silk City.
The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves.
The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations.
But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats.
The first four sentences of this poem are about things, and the last four sentences are about people. The first one asks questions with "where to find it" to praise the research situation and the urgency of finding it; Erlian wrote about the loneliness and coldness of the environment with "ego" and "emptiness", which became an emotional contrast and took a sharp turn for the worse. The triple writing of Wuhou's great achievements in the past century is another turning point. Finally, with the theme of "he died before he could conquer, and an immortal hero was not yet full-fledged", the author's emotions fluctuated in the turning point, which is the beauty of Du Fu's poems.
The formation of Du Fu's poetic style is influenced by his thoughts, main experiences and creative methods. The experience of different periods, the change of social conditions and the constant maturity of creative methods determine the diversity of his work styles. Some people regard Du Fu's main style of "depression and frustration" as the only criterion to measure his works, so it is difficult to fully appreciate the artistic charm of Du Fu's poems. Look at this poem:
Qingjiang river
The clear river winds around the village, and everything in the village looks elegant in the long summer.
I like seagulls in the water since I came to church.
The old lady is using a chessboard, and the younger son is making a hook with an injection.
The only thing many diseases need is medicine, and what is more needed here?
This poem obviously does not belong to the category of "depression". The style of poetry is fresh and lively From the content point of view, the villages near Shenghe River are still quiet and quiet, seagulls are flying, and how charming and intoxicating "from" and "love" are. The simple and natural movements of an old lady and a young child, "drawing chess" and "making hooks", reflect the leisurely life of Jiangcun, and also reflect the poet's inner peace and a moment of peace after endless turmoil. From the formal point of view, the second and third antitheses are neat, harmonious in phonology and brisk in rhythm. This poem is fresh, lively and natural.
In this sense, when reading Du Fu's poems, we must seriously appreciate their different styles and features, and we cannot generalize them.
1, late September-165438+1early October, at the beginning of the paper, the research direction was determined according to the discipline and specialty, the opini